{"type": "genre", "value": "law_customary", "key": "genre:law_customary", "label": "Customary Law · กฎหมายจารีต", "noun": "genre", "browseCol": "genre", "note": "Customary law — the Mangrai code and local ordinances.", "priority": false, "profile": {"count": 134, "priority": 0, "provinces": [{"value": "Phrae", "n": 23, "label": "Phrae"}, {"value": "Phayao", "n": 23, "label": "Phayao"}, {"value": "Nan", "n": 23, "label": "Nan"}, {"value": "Lampang", "n": 23, "label": "Lampang"}, {"value": "Chiang Mai", "n": 14, "label": "Chiang Mai"}, {"value": "Lamphun", "n": 7, "label": "Lamphun"}], "temples": [{"value": "Wat Sung Men", "n": 12, "label": "Wat Sung Men"}, {"value": "Wat Si Khom Kham", "n": 12, "label": "Wat Si Khom Kham"}, {"value": "Wat Phra That Lampang Luang", "n": 5, "label": "Wat Phra That Lampang Luang"}, {"value": "Wat Na Pang", "n": 5, "label": "Wat Na Pang"}, {"value": "Wat Lom Raed", "n": 5, "label": "Wat Lom Raed"}, {"value": "Wat Lai Hin Luang", "n": 5, "label": "Wat Lai Hin Luang"}], "scripts": [{"value": "tham_lanna", "n": 132, "label": "Tham Lanna · อักษรธรรมล้านนา"}, {"value": "tham_lao", "n": 2, "label": "Tham Lao · อักษรธรรมลาว"}], "languages": [{"value": "Pali and Lan Na", "n": 132, "label": "Pali and Lan Na"}, {"value": "Pali and Lao", "n": 2, "label": "Pali and Lao"}], "materials": [{"value": "palm_leaf", "n": 125, "label": "Palm-leaf · ใบลาน"}, {"value": "mulberry_paper", "n": 2, "label": "Mulberry paper (saa) · กระดาษสา"}], "date": {"min": 1772, "max": 1974, "dated": 62}, "samples": ["Untitled (Awahan khong phanya manglai)", "Untitled (Kotmai mueang nan)", "Kadi lok kadi tham", "Untitled (Kotmai mueang nan, Anacak lak kham, etc.)", "Untitled (Kotmai khong pha cao menglai mahalat)", "Nangsue kong anacak, Nangsue hom sappa tang muan", "Anacak lae thamma tiam kan", "Untitled (Kotmai phanya manglai)"]}, "lede": "Customary Law · กฎหมายจารีต accounts for 134 catalogued manuscripts. It clusters in Phrae (17% of the corpus for this genre), ahead of Phayao and Nan. Nearly all (99%) are written in Tham Lanna · อักษรธรรมล้านนา script. By support it leans to palm-leaf · ใบลาน (93%) over mulberry paper (saa) · กระดาษสา (1%). Dated witnesses run 1772–1974 CE (62 of 134 carry a date).", "findings": [], "authored": {"exists": true, "status": "published", "title": "Customary Law", "see_also": ["genre:tamnan_chronicle", "genre:didactic_moral"], "body_html": "<h2>What this is</h2><p>This is the <strong>constitutional memory of Lanna</strong>: how the muang governed itself, written down. The catalogue files all 134 witnesses cleanly as <em>Law</em>, and the titles name a tradition with a clear two-layer structure.</p><p>At its foundation sits the <strong>dhammasattha</strong> (Lanna <em>Thammasat</em>) — the Mon-Burmese root-of-law treatise that gives the northern codes their frame: <em>Thammasat luang</em>, <em>Thammasat lae calit papeni</em>, <em>Thammasat lacasat</em> (the <em>dhammasattha</em> paired with the <em>rājasattha</em>, the king&#x27;s law). On top of it rests the <strong>Mangraisat</strong> — the code attributed to King Mangrai, founder of the Lanna kingdom, which recurs here under every spelling: <em>Kotmai phanya manglai</em>, <em>Manglaisat</em>, <em>Nangsue manglai</em>, the <em>Tamnan phanya manglai</em>. And running through both is a recurring ideological figure — the <strong>two wheels</strong>, <em>āṇācakra</em> and <em>dhammacakra</em>, royal authority and religious law &quot;made equal&quot; (<em>anacak lae thammacak tiam kan</em>). Law in Lanna was never purely secular: its very titles insist that the king&#x27;s wheel and the dhamma&#x27;s wheel turn together.</p><p>A nice conceptual key sits in the recurring <em>Lokawinai</em> / <em>Wohan lokawinai</em> — &quot;worldly <em>vinaya</em>&quot;: law understood as the layperson&#x27;s discipline, the secular counterpart to the monastic code. And at the edges the corpus shades into recorded <strong>custom</strong> proper — <em>Kotmai lae phapeni</em> (law and tradition, <em>prapheni</em>) — which is why it is <em>customary</em> law.</p><h2>The shape of the collection</h2><p>Its physical profile is fully canonical: <strong>93% palm-leaf</strong>, an all-but-total <strong>99% Tham Lanna</strong>, entirely Pali-and-Lan Na. The dated witnesses run from the late 18th to the late 20th century, clustering in the 19th. But the striking pattern is geographic — see below.</p><h2>Notes</h2><ul><li><strong>Perfectly even geography — and it means something.</strong> Phrae, Phayao, Nan and Lampang each hold almost exactly a sixth of this genre; no library dominates, and Wat Sung Men&#x27;s usual gravity is absent. Law was copied to <em>every</em> muang because every muang had to be governed by it. Better still, the codes were <strong>localised</strong>: <em>Kotmai mueang Nan</em> — Nan&#x27;s own ordinances — shows the tradition adapting to each polity. The local recensions are the most historically valuable objects here, and the genre&#x27;s even spread is a genuine regional sample rather than a survival artifact.</li><li><strong>Two layers worth separating.</strong> The imported <em>dhammasattha</em> root-of-law and the local <em>Mangraisat</em> royal code are different kinds of text bound under one &quot;Law&quot; label; pulling them apart, and pulling out the customary <em>prapheni</em> material, is the obvious next pass.</li><li><strong>Law is inseparable from religion here.</strong> The <em>anacak / thammacak</em> pairing is not decoration — it is the genre&#x27;s governing idea, and it is telling that one witness was raw-labelled &quot;General Buddhism.&quot; Read this corpus beside the <a href=\"/a?s=genre:tamnan_chronicle\">chronicles</a>, where the same <em>Tamnan Phanya Mangrai</em> supplies the polity&#x27;s historical charter, and beside the <a href=\"/a?s=genre:didactic_moral\">didactic</a> literature, where conduct and custom overlap.</li></ul>"}, "dbPresent": true, "connections": [{"rel": "includes", "key": "entity:thammasat", "label": "Thammasat (dhammasattha)", "authored": true, "weight": null, "dir": "in"}, {"rel": "includes", "key": "entity:mangraisat", "label": "Mangraisat (Mangrai code)", "authored": true, "weight": null, "dir": "in"}, {"rel": "related to", "key": "genre:didactic_moral", "label": "Didactic & Moral · คำสอน", "authored": true, "weight": null, "dir": "in"}, {"rel": "related to", "key": "genre:tamnan_chronicle", "label": "Chronicle (Tamnan) · ตำนาน", "authored": true, "weight": null, "dir": "out"}, {"rel": "related to", "key": "subgenre:tamnan_chronicle:Buddhist Chronicle", "label": "Chronicle (Tamnan) · ตำนาน › Buddhist Chronicle", "authored": true, "weight": null, "dir": "in"}, {"rel": "related to", "key": "subgenre:tamnan_chronicle:Secular History", "label": "Chronicle (Tamnan) · ตำนาน › Secular History", "authored": true, "weight": null, "dir": "in"}], "image": {"src": "/imgthumb/a8b4910fc38b28ae1d338b08482db6d2026efd2b1f9378302a45f5a29041ec17_480.jpg", "kind": "scan", "mid": 233, "sha": "a8b4910fc38b28ae1d338b08482db6d2026efd2b1f9378302a45f5a29041ec17", "starred": false, "caption": ""}}