# Amulet Essentials — every record, flattened

## โบมินกอง · Bo Min Gaung · Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/bo-min-gaung/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/bo-min-gaung.json
id: bo-min-gaung · level: kind
native: ဘိုးမင်းခေါင် (my)
aliases: โบมินกอง · อองมินกอง · รูปวิชชาพม่า · Bo Min Gaung · Bo Min Kaung · Aung Min Gaung · Bodaw Aung Min Gaung · Bo Min Gaung statue · weizza saint image
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall) · region: mm
origin:  ·  · Bo Min Gaung: born 2 May 1880 near Mount Popa, Kyaukpadaung Township; died 5 September 1952 at Mount Popa. Images are twentieth century onward. · Mount Popa, and altars across Myanmar
what (th): รูปของโบมินกอง วิชชาผู้เป็นที่นับถือที่สุดของพม่ายุคใหม่ เกิดใกล้ภูเขาโปปา มรณภาพที่นั่นเมื่อ พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๕ ศิษย์เชื่อว่าท่านยังอยู่ ให้ความฝัน โชคลาภ และความคุ้มครอง จึงตั้งรูปไว้บนหิ้งและพกติดตัว
what (en): Images of Bo Min Gaung, the most venerated weikza of modern Burmese Buddhism: born near Mount Popa in 1880, died there in 1952. Devotees hold that he did not die as others do, that he bestows dreams, wealth and protection, and his image sits on household altars and travels as a locket. A named being venerated through the object, which is what places it with the devas rather than with Buddha amulets.
story: Born in Kyaukpadaung Township in 1880, he spent his last years at Mount Popa, oversaw the Pyi Lone Chan Thar Kat Kyaw pagoda there in 1952, and died that September. His statue is enshrined at Shwedagon and his photograph on altars across the country. The tradition tells that he appeared only in photographs taken by certain devotees, and that he could send dreams, wealth and protection. Thai has no name for him beyond the transliteration.
keeping: Veneration: flowers, water, respect, a place on the altar. Worship, not parenting — nothing is fed and nothing is closed.
- look at: Lay dress: taikpon jacket, singlet, checked paso. A robed figure is a monk image, not Bo Min Gaung [cited]
- look at: Statues of Bo Bo Aung stand beside his on Burmese altars; two lay figures together is the weikza pair [cited]
- look at: Photographs are a primary medium: the tradition holds he appeared only in photographs taken by certain devotees, so framed prints and photo-lockets are as common as cast figures [cited]
- look at: His statue is enshrined at Shwedagon; commercial pieces copy the enshrined type [cited]
- look at: A cheroot in the hand is usual in the trade's images; treat it as a habit of the type, not a rule [tradition]
- vs rup-lersi: A Thai lersi wears a tiger skin and a topknot or antlered cap; Bo Min Gaung wears a Burmese jacket and paso. Both are non-monk sages kept for protection; Thai class leaves the lersi unplaced, this record venerates a named being.
- vs luang-pu-thuat: Luang Pu Thuat is a robed monk on a tablet or medallion; Bo Min Gaung is a layman. The robe decides it.
- vs rian-kechi: A Thai monk medallion shows a robed monk with Thai text; a Bo Min Gaung medallion shows a layman with Burmese text.
- vs rup-lo: Thai cast figures are of monks; a cast Bo Min Gaung is a seated layman, often with Bo Bo Aung beside.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/67081ea16d6cd0c438591548e5bf215f35c86ae19e6229ad071dbdf32c04bb5b.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ladybesttruthful at Burmese Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73561897
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fa0aab5655fcba6d08a33427ae5d636c782e3f6d9338679393b9cdc87cf2a398.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · YashiWong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4739848
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c672d047c02b490acb399b35ad9918f110776c6a587e13ca56ffc85696280388.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · YashiWong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4740037
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f352dd88d6956cc32d42091e32ac22cbaf9e78b2f84cfb02ccf17c425609e439.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Emily Khine · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72214358
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b088990d90171583774a93b21080849311103ccb44a96b3950a8bb76a4d8b95b.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Ladybesttruthful · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=143216569
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c36f4b2d2c807a3bacd4814a3f64035d077e02a9220d1624008e5b784bbf2f70.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157549862
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-bo-min-gaung — Bo Min Gaung — Wikipedia; s:my-wiki-bo-min-gaung — ဘိုးမင်းခေါင် — ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား; s:en-wiki-bo-bo-aung — Bo Bo Aung — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-weikza — Weikza — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระพุทธเจ้าประจำปีนักษัตรจีน · Phật bản mệnh · Birth-year guardian Buddha pendant
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phat-ban-menh/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phat-ban-menh.json
id: phat-ban-menh · level: kind
native: Phật bản mệnh (vi) · 本命佛 · 八大守護神 (zh) · 十二支守護本尊 (ja)
aliases: พระประจำปีเกิด ๘ พระโพธิสัตว์ · พระ ๑๒ นักษัตรจีน · phat ban menh · ben ming fo · ba da shou hu shen · life-Buddha pendant · eight zodiac guardians · natal Buddha
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: medallion · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: vn, diaspora
origin:  · โรงงานเครื่องประดับและร้านค้าออนไลน์ ไม่ผูกกับวัดใด Jewellery workshops and online sellers; not tied to a temple or a named maker · The twelve-branch guardian set is Japanese Shingon practice; Chinese Wikipedia notes it appears in no sutra. Its spread as a Chinese and Vietnamese retail pendant is recent and undated in the sources · Japan, then China and Vietnam
what (th): จี้พระพุทธเจ้าหรือพระโพธิสัตว์ ๑ ใน ๘ องค์ เลือกตามปีนักษัตรจีนของผู้ใส่ ชุดนี้มาจากนิกายชินงอนญี่ปุ่น ขายเป็นเครื่องประดับในจีนและเวียดนาม ไทยมีขายบ้างในชื่อ 'พระประจำปีเกิด นักษัตรจีน' ไม่ใช่พระประจำวันเกิดแบบไทย
what (en): A pendant of one of eight Buddhas and bodhisattvas, chosen by the wearer's Chinese zodiac year. The eight-figure set is Japanese Shingon practice, sold today as jewellery across China and Vietnam and, thinly, in Thailand under 'Chinese zodiac birth-year Buddha'. It is not the Thai weekday birthday Buddha.
story: Japanese esoteric Buddhism assigns eight guardian figures to the twelve branches. China took the set over as the 本命佛 'natal Buddha' and Vietnam as Phật bản mệnh; Chinese Wikipedia records that the pairing appears in no scripture, and that Tibetan-style sellers swap four of the figures. Today it is a retail pendant in jade, obsidian or silver, sold with a card giving the zodiac table. On Lazada Thailand one listing offers the set as 'Buddha of the 12 signs, Chinese zodiac, 8 bodhisattvas'.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed: a Buddha-image pendant in the vault's phra_khrueang sense, adoptable with no history. Whether it was ever consecrated is a question about the seller, not the class.
- look at: Eight figures share twelve animals (rat / ox-tiger / rabbit / dragon-snake / horse / goat-monkey / rooster / dog-pig); the figure must match the wearer's birth year, which is the first thing a reader checks [cited]
- look at: The set is Japanese Shingon in origin and absent from the canonical texts; a seller's claim of antiquity has no support in the tradition's own literature [cited]
- look at: Chinese lists differ from the Japanese table on two animals (monkey given to Acala, rooster to Amitābha in the zh table); check which table the seller follows [cited]
- look at: Not the Thai พระประจำวันเกิด: that system is by weekday (Sunday ปางถวายเนตร … Saturday ปางนาคปรก) and uses Buddha postures, not bodhisattvas [cited]
- look at: Sold as jewellery (jade, obsidian, silver, plated alloy) with no standing consecration rite; Chinese Wikipedia lists cards, jewellery, thangka and amulets among the commercial forms [cited]
- vs kuan-im: A Guanyin pendant is for anyone; the natal-Buddha pendant is keyed to the birth year, and its Rat figure happens to be the thousand-armed Guanyin, so count the arms.
- vs jade-buddha-burmese: A Burmese jade Buddha is a seated Buddha in meditation or earth-touching posture with no zodiac key; the same jade carries a bodhisattva here.
- vs locket: A Thai locket is a photograph of a monk under resin; this is a carved or cast bodhisattva.
sources: s:ja-wiki-shugo-honzon — 守護本尊 — ウィキペディア; s:zh-wiki-ba-da-shou-hu-shen — 八大守護神 — 維基百科; s:th-wiki-pang-phra-phuttharup — ปางพระพุทธรูป — วิกิพีเดีย; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ตั่วแปะกง · Tua Pek Kong · Tua Pek Kong medallion
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/tua-pek-kong/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/tua-pek-kong.json
id: tua-pek-kong · level: kind
native: 大伯公 · 福德正神 (zh) · Ông Bổn · Bổn Đầu Công (vi) · Tokong Tua Pek Kong (ms)
aliases: ต่าวเป๊กกง · ต้าป๋อกง · ฮกเต็กเจี่ยสิ้ง · ปึงเถ่ากง (ญาติใกล้) · Dabogong · Toa Pek Kong · Topekong · Tepekong · Fude Zhengshen · Ông Bổn · Grand Uncle · God of Prosperity · Southeast Asian earth god
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: medallion · materials: — · functions: ค้าขาย (trade, selling), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: my, sg, th, id, vn, diaspora
origin:  · ศาลเจ้าตั่วแปะกงในปีนัง สิงคโปร์ มาเลเซีย อินโดนีเซีย และศาลเจ้าปึงเถ่ากงในไทย Tua Pek Kong temples in Penang, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia; in Thailand the related Pun Thao Kong shrines · The Tanjung Tokong temple in Penang was established by 1792, the oldest site · Penang, then West and East Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and parts of Thailand
what (th): เทพผู้คุ้มครองของชาวจีนโพ้นทะเลในปีนัง สิงคโปร์ มาเลเซีย อินโดนีเซีย และบางส่วนของไทย รูปชายชราเครายาวถือไม้เท้าและก้อนทอง ทำเป็นเหรียญห้อยคอและรูปตั้งบูชา ให้ค้าขายรุ่งเรืองและปลอดภัย เป็นเทพที่บูชาผ่านวัตถุ ไม่ใช่ผี ในไทยญาติใกล้คือปึงเถ่ากง
what (en): The tutelary god of Southeast Asian Chinese communities, 'Grand Uncle': an old bearded man with staff and ingot, worn as a temple medallion or kept as an altar figure for trade and safety. A deva-tier resident venerated through the object, in the vault's sense, not a raised spirit. Thailand's Pun Thao Kong (本頭公) is the near relative.
story: The oldest temple, at Tanjung Tokong in Penang, was there by 1792. Who he was is argued: Zhang Li, a Hakka who reached Penang before Francis Light; Fu of the Fu Lu Shou triad; a Fujian sailor who gave his life for a companion. The cult grew with sworn-brotherhood societies and followed the diaspora to Sarawak, where Kuching and Sibu have landmark temples, to Singapore's Kusu Island and Pulau Ubin, to Batam, and to Chợ Lớn as Ông Bổn. Because his image is Tudigong's, the two are routinely merged, and in Penang the Nine Emperor rites include him.
keeping: Veneration, not feeding: incense, fruit and tea on the altar at the festivals and when asking, as for any deva-tier object in the vault. A worn medallion needs nothing beyond respect. Provenance sensitivity is medium, the class's own figure, and mostly a question of which temple issued it.
- look at: Seated old man with a long white beard, staff and ingot; the iconography is the earth god Tudigong's, which is why the two are conflated [cited]
- look at: Read the characters: 大伯公 or 福德正神 marks Tua Pek Kong; Thai shrines mostly carry 本頭公 (ปึงเถ่ากง), a related but distinct name Thai Wikipedia treats separately [cited]
- look at: Identity is contested: a Hakka settler Zhang Li who reached Penang before Francis Light, or Fu of the Fu Lu Shou triad, or a Fujian sailor; a medallion's inscription may pick one [cited]
- look at: In Vietnam the same figure is Ông Bổn / Bổn Đầu Công at Miếu Nhị Phủ in Chợ Lớn: a 1.5 m wooden statue, festival on the 15th of the 8th lunar month [cited]
- look at: Tudigong's birthday is the 2nd day of the 2nd lunar month; temple issues cluster on the festival, which the trade holds [cited]
- look at: No Lazada Thailand title carries the name in any spelling as of 2026-09-02; the medallions move through temples and Penang and Singapore shops, not Thai online retail [catalogue]
- vs rup-lersi: Both are bearded old men. The lersi wears a tiger skin and a hair knot and is a hermit; Tua Pek Kong wears a Chinese official's hat and robe and holds an ingot.
- vs chuchok: Chuchok is a gaunt beggar-brahmin with a staff and a begging bag; Tua Pek Kong is plump, smiling and holding gold. Same staff, opposite man.
- vs phra-siwali: Phra Siwali is a monk with an umbrella and bowl, no beard; Tua Pek Kong is a layman with a beard and a hat.
- vs rian-kechi: A Thai monk medallion shows a shaven-headed bhikkhu; here the head has hair and a hat and the face a beard.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/382b52b4e13884370d043c23d3a7360585e4f8462805e90627a8167de6087f3b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Kbseah · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=173229946
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1ec76f06196ff282bd6a161b561aa47de71d193c1b23955f751354f1b65c0118.jpg · Public domain · Gryffindor · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1566009
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/401b4c1d56494e532089b805debf99fec670228bf2d4c06891bb36ae970230ac.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Unknown authorUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8605000
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/74fd6172b0a8ed6be97a0fcedad19e15ab5b8e90fd3d31d833beb916ad83a11d.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Infawang at Indonesian Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23307775
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/08340ae4d27c9301a1d3dbb770118f78152c3ebb435506781811545c627b3cf2.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Clay Gilliland · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31660370
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ee510b4ad021bcd6a3c607bbb9c8ad4ff994f17bfafafae609d9f4decfae9fb4.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Nicolas Lannuzel from Singapore. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45047766
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/20395f919e824a040a71fa9aa64f6a9984f730d162b879160be53f2b8fd027a0.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Qingwu Zhou (周庆武) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54457749
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3b1905143cb223087ff4fd9e3fc4d4bac307aa602e92b62aab2ed5aaea21dbe4.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Sheba_Also 43,000 photos · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73362051
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/47ed7e8d6f72d88862b40de7212727e8245d4cdae5345f45e65da7e0026d10dc.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · marufish · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76715554
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c6591b65939af13c1fcb8979dba2648e246238b924c807ecc68d1bfd3bfd7d49.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Cun Cun · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90538815
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/728a11500f992630eac0332609e4159589ca8f08ec382d3df42ea8cba5ffde60.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · AnonymousUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=105121498
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5db3bcdc731b87b7445c95e427f3b737e1c5a5ca8a34d0b67f0c4c52bfc39fb3.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · This Photo was taken by Supanut Arunoprayote.

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- image: https://wichaa.net/img/64387836565b24a000a1e03445020eafad5f806d968ec2afbb645efaef668f26.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · 氏子 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=137700125
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/54fe410ee227ab0b0524650cd7ffd01d32e17e7ec104a96fa996a175c74cb9d7.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ScribblingGeek · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145718562
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c57ff5238389f387bb13b4d87076e870541ca3cc345bb724bb223deb1b3fe0ac.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=195934890
sources: s:en-wiki-tua-pek-kong — Tua Pek Kong — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-tudigong — Tudigong — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-pun-thao-kong — ปุนเถ่ากง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:vi-wiki-mieu-nhi-phu — Miếu Nhị Phủ — Wikipedia tiếng Việt; s:en-wiki-chinese-folk-religion-sea — Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia — Wikipedia; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ไอ้ไข่ · ai khai · Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/ai-khai/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/ai-khai.json
id: ai-khai · level: kind
aliases: ไอ้ไข่ เด็กวัดเจดีย์ · ไอ้ไข่วัดเจดีย์ · ตาไข่ · ai kai · i khai · ta khai · ai khai wat chedi · Ai Khai of Wat Chedi · the Wat Chedi boy
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th-south, th
origin: วัดเจดีย์ (ไอ้ไข่) ตำบลฉลอง อำเภอสิชล จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช Wat Chedi (Ai Khai), Tambon Chalong, Amphoe Sichon, Nakhon Si Thammarat · รูปไม้ทองหลางแกะโดยผู้ใหญ่เที่ยงก่อน พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๕ · รูปไม้ตะเคียนแกะ พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๔–๒๕๒๕ · วัตถุมงคลรุ่นแรกออกโดยเจ้าอาวาส พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๖ First figure carved from soft thonglang wood by a village headman named Thiang before B.E. 2525; a second in takhian wood in 2524–2525; the abbot issued the first amulet run in B.E. 2526 (1983), per Thai Wikipedia · Carvings before 1982, first run 1983; the national wave is the 2020s and the trade counts it the biggest since Jatukham · Sichon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, then nationwide; Thai Wikipedia's temple articles show copies housed at temples in Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao and elsewhere
what (th): วิญญาณเด็กวัดเจดีย์ อำเภอสิชล กระแสศรัทธาใหญ่ที่สุดนับแต่จตุคาม ขอเรื่องหวยแล้วแก้บนด้วยประทัดและของเล่นทหาร วัตถุมงคลเป็นพาหะของศรัทธา การรักษาคำบนคือการเลี้ยง
what (en): The boy-spirit of Wat Chedi in Sichon, the biggest devotional wave since Jatukham — asked for lottery luck and repaid in firecrackers and toy soldiers. The amulet carries the devotion; the vow-keeping is the keeping.
story: The temple's story makes Ai Khai a boy of nine or ten who followed Luang Pu Thuat from Songkhla toward Ayutthaya, was left to guard Wat Chedi, vowed to stay, and went into the temple pond to remain as its guardian; villagers asked him to find lost cattle. A soft thonglang-wood carving by a headman named Thiang, made before 1982, rotted; a takhian-wood figure carved in 1981–82 fixed the pose, right fist to the chest. The abbot issued the first amulet run in 1983. Firecrackers by the truckload and moulded cocks filling the grounds are the vows being paid; the 2020s wave carried copies to temples across the country.
keeping: Class unassigned: the largest new devotion of the era is not yet in the vault's class vocabulary. Kept mostly as a votive relationship — ask, promise, and deliver what you promised — rather than as a fed dependent; a knower may file it more precisely. A piece with unknown history carries an unpaid vow only if its keeper made one.
- look at: A boy figure, never a Buddha or a monk portrait [catalogue]
- look at: Right fist to chest, left arm down: the reference pose from the 1982 takhian carving [cited]
- look at: Sold with its own yantra cloth and incense; fighting cocks and firecrackers are the vow's signature. A listing bundling them is selling the devotion, not the object [catalogue]
- look at: Everything hangs on the name Wat Chedi, Sichon; a piece that names no issuing temple is a generic boy figure [inference]
- look at: Bodies run cast metal, fired earth and powder; the material fixes nothing here, the temple and run do [tradition]
- vs kuman-thong: Both are child figures. A kuman thong houses a raised child-spirit fed as family (class kuman); Ai Khai is kept as a vow — ask, promise, pay with firecrackers — and the vault has not placed him. The keeping is the tell, not the shape
- vs jatukham: The previous Nakhon Si Thammarat wave: a large disc medallion of a deva-king (class thep_thewada). Ai Khai is a boy, cast or pressed, from Sichon
- vs luang-pu-thuat: The legend makes Ai Khai the boy who followed Luang Pu Thuat; a Luang Pu Thuat piece shows a robed monk (class phra_khrueang), Ai Khai a shirtless boy
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4ed1516140d270d56da7fbd7c38b908578e1f1907a4d6eb13a631787cb7cf0c1.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Eqqpwppr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92116571
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a46c828282a9604f8d75421951769de2ab621fa8cab151156852759545eb7c44.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Eqqpwppr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92118651
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6fa4aeb64d1c56d33833116394dc725e1c8d9157b7a4abcf1c452e3781dfe7a6.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Eqqpwppr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92119787
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6af9c6ce3ca63a56e3225be84d7c0c182f278d101b8246e8d2fe0472c7c5b9f3.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Eqqpwppr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92121218
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b82e14b6adbf6cdcc10e6b6832010ae9fe2b89934afdc190e4e308436181a2dd.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Eqqpwppr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92121541
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0de34f77865ebfcebeac96019864c984c00cf9dd16e4c4cf34e4609a229edeea.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · OraMAAG · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121735840
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:th-wiki-wat-chedi-ai-khai — วัดเจดีย์ (ไอ้ไข่) — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## เบี้ยแก้ · bia kae · Bia kae (warding cowrie)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/bia-kae/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/bia-kae.json
id: bia-kae · level: kind
aliases: เบี้ยจั่น · เบี้ยแก้หลวงปู่บุญ · bia gae · bia kae · mercury cowrie · counter-charm cowrie
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: shell · materials: ตะกั่ว (lead) · functions: มหาอุด (stopping projectiles / misfire), กันผี (warding spirits), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th-central
origin: วัดกลางบางแก้ว Wat Klang Bang Kaeo · ท่านเจ้าคุณพุทธวิถีนายก (หลวงปู่บุญ) ตามที่ตำราระบุ Chao Khun Phutthawithinayok, Luang Pu Bun, per the treatise's own ascription · Undated treatise; the ascription is the treatise's, not verified here · Central Thailand
what (th): หอยเบี้ยบรรจุปรอทผนึกไว้ ถักเชือกหรือหุ้มโลหะ เครื่องราง แก้ คลาสสิกที่หันภัยและคุณไสยออกไป ตำราในคลังนี้มีวิธีสร้างที่ระบุว่าเป็นของหลวงปู่บุญ วัดกลางบางแก้ว
what (en): A cowrie shell loaded with sealed mercury and bound in cord or foil — the classic 'undoer' that turns aside harm and bad medicine. The formulary in this corpus carries a making ascribed to Luang Pu Bun of Wat Klang Bang Kaew.
story: The treatise consecrates one baht-weight of mercury with the asisati-thanu formula 108 times, pours it into the cowrie, seals it with a closing katha 108 times, stops the mouth with underground stingless-bee resin while reciting tho-utthang 108 times, sheets it in beaten lead inscribed with the na maha-ut glyph, plaits, lacquers and gilds it, and wakes it with the eight-direction Itipiso 108 times. It is for maha-ut, against sorcery-workings, and against pob and forest ghosts. Thai Wikipedia adds the trade's condition: the keeper must think and act well or it may not hold.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; mercury inside, so do not open it.
- look at: A real cowrie, not a casting: the shell's toothed lip may show at the edge of the lead [cited]
- look at: Mouth stopped with underground stingless-bee resin, then sheeted over with beaten lead [catalogue]
- look at: Finished by cord plaiting, lacquer and gilding; the outer skin reads as dark lacquered cord with worn gold [catalogue]
- look at: The recipe loads one baht-weight of mercury; a bia kae is heavy for its size next to an empty shell [catalogue]
- vs takrut: Both get the plaited-cord finish; a takrut is a rolled sheet with a cord channel, a bia kae a shell with no channel and a domed back.
- vs khot-kala: A khot kala is a natural concretion kept as found, its class natural talisman; a bia kae is manufactured and consecrated, its class inscribed object.
- vs lek-lai: Lek lai is a dark lustrous metal held to be alive; a bia kae is a shell whose weight is mercury. Different class, different story.
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-bia-kae — เบี้ยแก้ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ · bát quái · Bagua mirror
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/bat-quai/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/bat-quai.json
id: bat-quai · level: kind
native: gương bát quái (vi) · 八卦鏡 (zh)
aliases: ยันต์แปดทิศ · กระจกแปดเหลี่ยม · โป๊ยข่วย · ปากว้า · gương bát quái · bagua jing · pat kwa · poi kwai · eight-trigram mirror · feng shui mirror · pa kua mirror
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: other · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: vn, diaspora
origin:  · ร้านฮวงจุ้ยและโรงงาน ไม่ผูกวัด Feng shui shops and factories; no temple or maker attached · The trigrams are attributed in legend to Fuxi; the door mirror as an inexpensive self-administered remedy is modern and undated in the sources · China, spread wherever Chinese houses are
what (th): กระจกในกรอบแปดเหลี่ยมมีตรีลักษณ์ ๘ ล้อม แขวนเหนือประตูด้านนอกหันออกเพื่อสะท้อนสิ่งไม่ดี ไม่ใช่ของใส่ตัว เวียดนามเรียก gương bát quái ไทยเรียกกระจกยันต์แปดทิศหรือโป๊ยข่วย พลังอยู่ที่แผนภาพ ไม่มีผู้สถิต
what (en): A mirror in an octagonal frame of the eight trigrams, hung outside above the door and facing away, to turn back harmful qi from a road or a building edge. Not worn, not venerated: an impersonal diagram doing a job at the threshold. Vietnamese gương bát quái, Thai กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ.
story: The trigrams come from the Yijing and are credited in legend to Fuxi. The door mirror is the cheapest feng shui remedy there is, chosen and hung by the householder without a master: flat to reflect, convex to scatter, concave to absorb. It goes outside and only outside. Because it works by sending harm back where it came from, angling one at a neighbour is a provocation, and Hong Kong has recorded mirror feuds fought house against house. On Lazada Thailand it sells beside pendant versions of the same diagram, which are worn and are a different object.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. It hangs and is left alone; a cracked one is replaced. The only care the trade names is not to bring it indoors and not to aim it at people.
- look at: Three mirror types with three stated jobs: flat reflects, convex disperses, concave absorbs or converges [cited]
- look at: Hung above the front door or window, facing out; never installed indoors. It is a feng shui remedy against sha qi from a road or a building corner, not an instrument [cited]
- look at: Octagonal for the eight directions; round examples exist [cited]
- look at: A newer variant is a square mirror printed with the trigrams and Daoist charm-script, cheaper to make than the true octagon; seen in a Commons photograph from Taipei [inference]
- look at: Pointing one at a neighbour's house reads as hostile; Hong Kong has documented mirror feuds. Useful for reading why one is angled the way it is [cited]
- vs pha-yan: Both are impersonal inscribed objects, but a yantra cloth is worn or hung inside; the bagua mirror is architectural, outside, facing away from the house.
- vs fu-talisman: A paper fu is pasted above the same door, but it is written paper, burnable and replaceable; the mirror is a permanent fixture.
- vs pixiu: A pixiu is a beast figure at the shop door or on the wrist and receives offerings; nobody makes offerings to a mirror.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/93e4d2baa013c3e2a8d335ffb578e46418f7a5a749dd4edffad5fe56f6f64c1c.jpg · CC0 · Physicist1204 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=188158250
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/97ff2258d887c451be000333d52a0f1064aef7884bcd2e6c13c2eb86abcef9f2.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · gitane · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3512500
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c41a7a86a86ee99b7b4759e8121295a108aabda8bf4bd4cf5346145fa213ccc3.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Fengshuimestari · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5020480
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/05a904bfeeec79b906893b261e0c2831fbf100fe5be4c14940b26aa961516a15.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Fengshuimestari · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5020492
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ecc71c393a910e601b2c0b7ebff3f8d2090c5acb704570d48334ba72fb04ac11.jpg · CC0 · 玄史生 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62617841
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0482ac89f64a51b6f1c6e9843c6bc54c9ca55494f7d4e22ad1aeb9fe28252014.jpg · CC0 · Daderot · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=150395238
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a24a20a41516dfa27052c12137df398b9a25571e6173ac30304895da018a08cb.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Fengshuimestari · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5020498
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9bc82d906bb0c2fd13a6546b51954a0cb50a675152aedd6ba159191e2d638bb1.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Dietmar Rabich · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=186805825
sources: s:en-wiki-bagua — Bagua — Wikipedia; s:zh-wiki-bagua-jing — 八卦鏡 — 維基百科; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ยันต์กระดาษเวียดนาม · bùa · Vietnamese talisman (bùa)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/bua/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/bua.json
id: bua · level: kind
native: bùa · bùa hộ mệnh (vi) · 符 (zh)
aliases: บั่ว · บั่วโห่เหม่ง · เครื่องรางเวียดนาม · bua · bùa hộ mệnh · bùa bình an · phù · Vietnamese amulet · protective charm (bùa hộ mệnh) · peace charm (bùa bình an)
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: other · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: vn
origin:  · วัด (chùa) ศาลเจ้า (đền) พระสงฆ์ หรือหมอผี (thầy) Buddhist temples (chùa), shrines (đền), monks and ritual specialists (thầy pháp, thầy cúng); parents bought them for children · Continuing practice; early-twentieth-century accounts describe them commonly given to children for health · Vietnam
what (th): เครื่องรางเวียดนาม คำว่า bùa ครอบคลุมยันต์กระดาษแบบจีน เหรียญยันต์ และ bùa hộ mệnh ที่พกติดตัว ส่วนใหญ่เป็นกระดาษเขียนอักษรจีนหรือโนม พับใส่ถุงผ้าห้อยคอ พลังอยู่ที่อักษรและพิธี ไม่มีผู้สถิต
what (en): The Vietnamese talisman: a paper written with Chinese or Nôm characters and talismanic strokes, folded into a cloth pouch and worn, or pasted in the house. The word bùa also covers coin charms, jade and metal pieces, and spoken spells; power sits in the writing and the rite, nobody is home.
story: Early-twentieth-century accounts have parents buying a bùa hộ mệnh at a temple or from a thầy for a sick or vulnerable child. The writers are Taoist priests (đạo sĩ), exorcists and monks; the stated purposes are warding a place (trấn yểm) and driving off harm (trừ tà). Older Vietnamese protective practice, tattooing water-spirit designs, sits behind the paper form. Vietnamese speakers often call every Chinese-model paper talisman a bùa Lỗ Ban.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed: an inscribed object in the vault's yantra_wattu sense. When worn out it is burned or returned to the temple rather than thrown away, which the trade holds and the record does not verify. Bùa ngải and bùa yêu, made with herbs and directed at a person, are a different matter that shares the word.
- look at: A small paper written with incantations or Classical-Chinese characters, folded and wrapped in a coloured cloth pouch at the neck: the standard bùa hộ mệnh form [cited]
- look at: Where the paper follows the Chinese fu model it reads in three parts, header, body and foot, with a seal; the Vietnamese name for that model is phù lục [cited]
- look at: Metal (coins, rings), jade, stone and small figures are also called bùa hộ mệnh; the form does not settle what the object is [cited]
- look at: Temple-issued bình an charms handed out around Tết are usually printed; a hand-brushed sheet usually points to an individual master. The trade holds this; not verified against a source [tradition]
- look at: Vietnamese speakers commonly lump all fu-type talismans under the name bùa Lỗ Ban (Lu Ban charms), so a seller's label may be broader than the object [cited]
- vs fu-talisman: Same class, same paper model. The fu is the Taoist sheet itself, yellow paper and red ink; bùa is the Vietnamese frame around it, which also takes Nôm script, the sewn cloth pouch, and metal or jade objects under one word.
- vs pha-yan: Thai yantra cloth is a printed cloth sheet in Khom script, hung or folded in a wallet; a bùa is paper sewn into a small cloth pouch.
- vs takrut: A takrut is rolled metal foil in a tube; a bùa is folded paper in cloth. Both impersonal, both worn.
- vs jimat: A Malay jimat carries Arabic or Jawi writing; a bùa carries Chinese or Nôm.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1f0a327725bff846413d292e9dea72460c485e922d3124ce16b372829124d8b9.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Phương Huy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103384983
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/699695d7aba91c8366a7dbb184a8f4182f35ecc7426717f3ca7355f6cd61eab3.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Vietnamese Women's Museum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32119047
sources: s:vi-wiki-bua-ho-menh — Bùa hộ mệnh — Wikipedia tiếng Việt; s:vi-wiki-phu-luc — Phù lục — Wikipedia tiếng Việt; s:zh-wiki-fulu — 符籙 — 維基百科; s:en-wiki-vietnamese-folk-religion — Vietnamese folk religion — Wikipedia; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## จะปิ้ง · cha ping · Cha ping (child's modesty plate)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/cha-ping/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/cha-ping.json
id: cha-ping · level: kind
aliases: จับปิ้ง · ตะปิ้ง · กระจับปิ้ง · chaping · jabping · tapping · modesty shield · child's genital cover · araimudi (Tamil cognate)
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: other · materials: กะลา (coconut shell), เนื้อเงิน (silver), เนื้อนาค (copper-gold alloy (rose gold)), เนื้อทองคำ (gold) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th, my, id
origin:  · ช่างทอง ช่างเงินตามฐานะครอบครัว Household jewellers; the metal follows the family's standing · Attested from the Srivijaya centuries through early Bangkok; museum examples bought in Bangkok in 1887; rare on children today · Siam, the Malay world, Java, and Tamil south India (araimudi)
what (th): แผ่นปิดของลับสำหรับเด็กเล็ก ผูกเชือกคาดเอว ทำจากทองเหลือง เงิน นาก ทอง หรือกะลา รูปหัวใจหรือใบไม้สำหรับเด็กหญิง โล่สำหรับเด็กชาย พิพิธภัณฑ์สตอกโฮล์มที่ซื้อจากบางกอกใน พ.ศ. ๒๔๓๐ จดว่าเป็น “เครื่องราง”
what (en): A child's modesty plate worn on a waist cord — brass, silver, nak, gold or coconut shell; heart or leaf for girls, shield for boys. The Stockholm museum that bought a set in Bangkok in 1887 catalogued them as amulets, and the Thai article notes the Tamil cousin is a talisman against spirits.
story: The Swedish frigate Vanadis called at Bangkok in 1885 and the Museum of Ethnography catalogued the purchases in 1887: among them a run of brass cha ping, larger and smaller, hearts for girls and shields for boys, each labelled 'ornament (amulet)'. They are the only museum-quality free photographs of a Thai child's protection we have found.
keeping: Nobody home and no rite: a worn protection, not a consecrated one. The vault vocabulary has no class for it and that refusal is recorded.
- look at: A thin plate with a loop or holes at the top edge for the waist cord — never a bail for a neck chain [catalogue]
- look at: Heart or leaf outline for girls, shield outline for boys — the museum's own 1887 labels make the split [cited]
- look at: Brass is the common body; silver, nak and gold mark wealth; coconut shell the poorest [cited]
- look at: No Buddha, no yantra, no temple: it is a worn protection, not a consecrated one, which is why the vault vocabulary has no class for it [inference]
- vs palad-khik: Both hang at a child's waist for protection, but a palad khik is a consecrated phallus and a cha ping is an unconsecrated plate that covers
- vs kala-ta-diao: A one-eyed coconut is found and kept whole; a coconut-shell cha ping is cut and shaped
- vs locket: A locket hangs at the neck and carries a monk's picture; a cha ping hangs at the waist and carries a pattern
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2670650401c862127cecd599465a06a02beccfc0b13983493df4ae092a000632.jpg · CC0 · Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) · https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300843?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bd7fb637684a7744269d09eabbff16a1b0da5cf53ae9406fb2bf0292f6655065.jpg · CC0 · Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) · https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300804?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/839f20be42a5a78f74dd226e3a981e4f5f889abad998e1507a2186661c9a290e.jpg · CC0 · Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) · https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300842?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5812a396a8ad35de1c95bb356d30c10f7d154c58dcd8ae54559db83b034b558f.jpg · CC0 · Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) · https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300797?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/256dde35e4894762d6c385234313b1db19e058e31375f4d484d5bb96a6465a6b.jpg · CC0 · Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) · https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300840?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/be61e719b631258783d383831a9916a55c545fd3a10adf39fe36c230a08d0bbe.jpg · CC0 · Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) · https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300841?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo
sources: s:th-wiki-cha-ping — จะปิ้ง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:smvk-vanadis-1887 — Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) — objects bought in Bangkok 1887 on the Vanadis circumnavigation, series 1887.08.3791–4102, via Europeana; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-03

## ฉันหมาก · chan mak · Chan mak (a monk's chewed betel quid)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/chan-mak/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/chan-mak.json
id: chan-mak · level: kind
aliases: ชานหมาก · ชานหมากหลวงปู่ · ลูกอมชานหมาก · สมเด็จชานหมาก · chan maak · charn mark · chaan mak · betel-quid relic · chewed betel amulet · the master's chewed betel
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: natural · materials: เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th
origin: ไม่มีวัดเดียว · วิกิพีเดียไทย: วัดจันทาวาส ตำบลท่าทอง อำเภอกาญจนดิษฐ์ สุราษฎร์ธานี (พระครูคลาย คนฺธสุธมฺโม) · วัดราชโยธา กรุงเทพฯ (หลวงปู่ทอง อายะนะ) · วัดชำปะง่าม (สมเด็จชานหมาก) No single temple. Thai Wikipedia names Wat Chanthawat, Kanchanadit, Surat Thani (Phra Khru Khlai, abbot from 1972, whose famous item it is); Wat Ratchayotha, Bangkok (Luang Pu Thong Ayana, 1820–1937); and Wat Champa-ngam (สมเด็จชานหมาก tablets) · พระเกจิที่ฉันหมาก ผู้ใดก็ได้ที่ศิษย์เก็บชานหมากของท่านไว้ การ์ดอ้างอิงเอ่ยหลวงปู่สี และหลวงพ่อทบ ว่าราคาสูงสุด Any revered betel-chewing monk whose disciples kept the quid; the reference card names Luang Pu See and Luang Pho Thob as the top of the price range · Betel chewing was campaigned against from 1940 and faded from the cities, so the supply is mostly monks of that generation and rural elders since — an inference from the betel article, not a dated claim · Nationwide
what (th): ชานหมากที่พระเกจิผู้เป็นที่เคารพเคี้ยวเอง ตากแห้งเก็บไว้ — พระธาตุจากร่างกายในความหมายตรงที่สุด ราคาในตลาดเป็นไปตามนั้น พลังคือบารมีของท่าน การเลี้ยงคือความเคารพธรรมดา
what (en): A quid of betel a revered monk himself chewed, dried and kept — a bodily relic in the most literal sense, priced accordingly in the living market. Power is the master's barami; keeping is plain respect.
story: A Thai quid is betel leaf, areca nut and red lime, sometimes tobacco; chewed, it leaves a red-brown residue. Disciples kept what a master spat out, dried it, lacquered or wrapped it, and cased it. Thai Wikipedia records the quid as the famous item of Phra Khru Khlai of Wat Chanthawat in Surat Thani, and among the objects of Luang Pu Thong Ayana of Wat Ratchayotha, beside ลูกอม balls and somdet-form powder tablets. The state's 1940 campaign against betel made the habit, and so the supply, rarer. Nothing is inscribed and nothing is consecrated in the usual sense: the object is the monk's own body's trace, which is why the trade prices it above every manufactured category.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed; class phra_khrueang per the holding key. Handled with the respect due a master's bodily trace. Its provenance question is attribution and price, never spiritual safety — and attribution is the whole object, so the record that says whose it was is worth more than the lump.
- look at: Not made for the wearer: a residue, not a mould product. No press marks, no seams [catalogue]
- look at: Areca fibre and lime, red-brown from the reaction of nut, leaf and red lime — the same stain that reddened chewers' teeth [cited]
- look at: Usually lacquered, gilded, foil-wrapped or thread-bound and cased. The attribution cannot be read off the object; only the temple's own record supports it — the same logic the materials axis applies to hair and robe relics [catalogue]
- look at: ลูกอมชานหมาก balls and สมเด็จชานหมาก tablets are derivatives: a pressed tablet with the word in its name is a powder amulet with quid as an ingredient, not the relic itself [cited]
- look at: Highest average listing price of any category surveyed (฿30–15,500, average ฿785), so the pressure to fabricate is high — a statement about the category, never about an object [catalogue]
- vs phra-somdet: A สมเด็จชานหมาก is a pressed rectangular powder tablet with the quid as one ingredient; the relic proper is an unmoulded lump. Same class, different object
- vs rian-kechi: A monk medallion is struck metal bearing his likeness — the same barami, but a made thing; the quid came from his own mouth. Portrait versus residue
- vs takrut: A takrut is an inscribed metal sheet rolled into a tube (class yantra_wattu); a foil-wrapped quid can look alike, but inside is residue, not a yantra, and the power claimed is the monk's body, not an inscription
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:th-wiki-wat-chanthawat — วัดจันทาวาส — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-luang-pu-thong-ayana — หลวงปู่ทอง อายะนะ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-betel-chewing — การเคี้ยวหมากในประเทศไทย — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## จตุคามรามเทพ · chatukham ramthep · Jatukham Rammathep
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/jatukham/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/jatukham.json
id: jatukham · level: kind
aliases: จตุคาม · องค์จตุคาม · ท้าวจตุคาม ท้าวรามเทพ · jatukam ramathep · jatukham · chatukham · Jatukam Ramathep · the wealth guardian
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: medallion · materials: เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), เนื้อว่าน (sacred-herb paste), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), ค้าขาย (trade, selling), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th-south
origin: วัดพระมหาธาตุวรมหาวิหาร นครศรีธรรมราช Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat · พล.ต.ต. ขุนพันธรักษ์ราชเดช เป็นผู้มีบทบาทหลักในรุ่นแรก Pol. Maj. Gen. Khun Phantharak Ratchadet had the central role in the first run · First run 1987 (BE 2530) at the city-horoscope ceremony; the boom peaked in 2006–07 after Khun Phantharak's cremation · Nakhon Si Thammarat, southern Thailand
what (th): เหรียญกลมใหญ่รูปเทพผู้รักษาวัดพระมหาธาตุ นครศรีธรรมราช — ท้าวจตุคามและท้าวรามเทพ ภายหลังนับเป็นองค์เดียว กระแส พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๐ ทำให้เป็นวัตถุมงคลแห่งชาติชั่วคราว เป็นเทพที่บูชา ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): A large disc bearing the guardian devas of Wat Phra Mahathat, Nakhon Si Thammarat — Thao Jatukham and Thao Rammathep, later read as one being. The 2007 boom made it a national wealth phenomenon for a season; a deva venerated through the object, nothing to feed.
story: Jatukham and Rammathep are the guardian devas of the Great Relic at Nakhon Si Thammarat, held in legend to be a Srivijaya king who became a bodhisattva; the four in the name (จตุ) were once four directional guardians. The first run was pressed in 1987 for the city-horoscope ceremony with the police general Khun Phantharak Ratchadet at its centre: a sun-moon powder disc ringed by eight Rahus. When he was cremated early in 2007 the country bought everything with the name on it — the 49-baht first-run disc was quoted in the tens of millions, nearly a thousand variations were issued, an estimated 22 billion baht changed hands, a woman died in a crush at a temple release, and there were killings over pieces. Then it cooled, which is the part of the story a buyer should know.
keeping: Deva tier: veneration, not feeding; can be set down. Its provenance question is which run and what it cost, not who kept it.
- look at: Size: a disc around 5 cm, larger than ordinary amulets; a small Jatukham is a later variant or a locket [cited]
- look at: A seated deva at the centre with a ring: eight Rahus on the first type, zodiac animals on many later ones [cited]
- look at: City pillar on the reverse [cited]
- look at: Herbal powder and metal bodies across nearly a thousand variations, so the run name on the disc carries more than the form [cited]
- look at: Srivijaya-style modelling of the figure [cited]
- vs phra-rahu: A Rahu amulet is one head swallowing a disc, usually in shell; the Jatukham is a big disc where eight small Rahus ring a seated deva.
- vs thao-wessuwan: Wessuwan is a standing giant with a club; Jatukham is a seated four-armed deva on a disc.
- vs rian-kechi: A monk medallion shows a monk at coin size; the Jatukham shows a deva at twice that.
- vs luang-pu-thuat: Both are southern; Luang Pu Thuat is a monk in robes, Jatukham a crowned deva.
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-jatukham — Jatukham Rammathep — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-jatukham — จตุคามรามเทพ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## จิ้งจกสองหาง · chingchok song hang · Two-tailed gecko
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/chingchok-song-hang/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/chingchok-song-hang.json
id: chingchok-song-hang · level: kind
aliases: จิ้งจก ๒ หาง · จิ้งจกหางแฉก · jingjok song hang · jing jok 2 hang · forked-tail gecko charm · double-tailed house gecko
class: เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ (natural talisman) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: natural · materials: — · functions: โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th
origin: วัดโพธิ์รัตนาราม ราชบุรี (พระสมเด็จหลังจิ้งจกสองหาง พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๐) Wat Pho Rattanaram, Ratchaburi — the one named issue, a somdet with the gecko on the reverse, c. B.E. 2520 (th.wikipedia) · พระอธิการคง จิตตคโม (พระสมเด็จหลังจิ้งจก) Phra Athikan Khong Chittakhamo for that issue; the natural charm has no maker · The belief is undated folk knowledge; one named issue is 1977 · Thailand
what (th): จิ้งจกบ้านที่หางงอกใหม่เป็นสองแฉก ถือเป็นของหายากตามธรรมชาติ เก็บแห้งไว้เพื่อโชคลาภเมตตา ไม่ต้องเสก ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ของแกะเลียนแบบมีมาก
what (en): A house gecko whose regrown tail forked in two, kept dried as a natural rarity for luck and favour. Nothing conferred and nothing to feed; carved imitations far outnumber the real thing.
story: A gecko drops its tail to escape and regrows it in two to six weeks; now and then the regrowth forks. That animal, found dead or kept, is dried and boxed as a windfall charm. A temple in Ratchaburi put the two-tailed gecko on the back of a somdet around 1977 — evidence the belief was common enough to borrow. Ms 6983 does not mention it; this is folk knowledge, not treatise.
keeping: Kept dry in its box. No offerings owed, nobody home. Safe to adopt with unknown history, the same as any natural talisman.
- look at: On a real specimen the regrown fork is duller and coarser-scaled than the body and lacks the original tail's segment lines — regrowth, not a second tail [tradition]
- look at: A dried gecko is brittle, shrunken, eye-sockets sunk; a glossy plump one is resin [tradition]
- look at: A carved or cast gecko is an image, not the anomaly; class shifts from natural talisman to consecrated object and the seller should say which [catalogue]
- look at: No consecration is required for the natural piece; its claim rests on the anomaly, as with the one-eyed coconut [catalogue]
- vs kala-ta-diao: Same class, different anomaly: a coconut shell with one eye versus a lizard with two tails.
- vs salika: A salika is a carved or cast bird for speech-charm, never a real animal; a two-tailed gecko in its natural form is the animal itself.
- vs khot-kala: A khot kala is a concretion, formless; the gecko is a creature with a legible anomaly.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7b8e296f0331eb24a1b8f2616de4ba052f0c6422d3e12e0865082feb23ff986f.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Albert kok · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10059777
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:th-wiki-wat-pho-rattanaram — วัดโพธิ์รัตนาราม — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories)
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ชูชก · chuchok · Chuchok (the beggar of the Vessantara Jataka)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/chuchok/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/chuchok.json
id: chuchok · level: kind
aliases: พ่อปู่ชูชก · ตาชูชก · พราหมณ์ชูชก · chujok · choochok · jujaka · Jujaka · the beggar brahmin
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass) · functions: ค้าขาย (trade, selling), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th-central, th
origin: ไม่มีวัดต้นกำเนิดเดียว · วิกิพีเดียไทยเอ่ยถึงมณฑปพ่อปู่ชูชกและรูปชูชก “ใหญ่ที่สุดในโลก” ที่วัดป้อมรามัญ ตำบลสวนพริก อยุธยา No single origin temple. Thai Wikipedia names a Chuchok pavilion (มณฑปพ่อปู่ชูชก) and a claimed world's-largest Chuchok at Wat Pom Raman, Tambon Suan Phrik, Ayutthaya · หลายวัดหลายเกจิ ไม่มีผู้สร้างต้นแบบ Many temples and monks; no founding maker · The character is canonical — kan 5 of the thirteen kan of the Maha Wessandon Jataka is his. The charm is modern; the trade treats it as a recent devotion, and no dated first issue is named here · Central Thailand, then nationwide
what (th): พราหมณ์ขอทานผู้ไม่รู้จักเหนื่อยในชาดก คนขายและคนขอพกไว้ด้วยตรรกะว่าไม่มีใครเคยปฏิเสธเขา เป็นศรัทธาของตลาด ทั้งรูปบูชาและจี้ห้อยคอ
what (en): The jataka's tireless beggar, carried by sellers and askers on the logic that no one ever refused him. A statue-and-pendant devotion of the marketplace.
story: In the Vessantara Jataka Chuchok is an ugly old brahmin beggar with a young wife, Amittada; mocked by the village women, she refuses to fetch water until he finds her servants. He walks to the forest hermitage, asks Vessantara for the children Kanha and Jali, is given them, and drags them off on a cord; at King Sanjaya's court the grandchildren are redeemed for a fortune, and at his first meal as a rich man he eats until he bursts. The thirteen kan of the story are preached every year in the Thet Mahachat, and kan 5 is his. The market keeps one line of it — he asked and was given — and a temple in Ayutthaya now houses what it calls the world's largest Chuchok. Describing the devotion is not endorsing it: the story's own verdict on him is the belly.
keeping: Class unassigned: not in the vault's vocabulary. Traders keep him as an asking-figure — venerated with respect and offerings, not fed as a dependent — and this record files him that way ahead of a knower's ruling. Nobody is raised in the figure, so history matters less than with a kuman.
- look at: An old man with a beggar's kit, never a monk portrait or a Buddha; the figure is the tell [catalogue]
- look at: Hunched and pot-bellied: the jataka kills him by overeating, so the belly is the signature [cited]
- look at: Often with the two children on a cord, or bag and staff — scenes from kan 5 and kan 8 [tradition]
- look at: The logic is 'asked and was never refused' — a seller's figure. Nothing is fed [catalogue]
- look at: Cast brass or resin statuettes and small cast pendants; the material adds nothing to the kind [tradition]
- vs rup-lersi: Both are bearded old men. A lersi wears a tiger skin and topknot and is venerated as a teacher; Chuchok carries a beggar's bag and staff and is asked for the asking-luck of the story's villain
- vs phra-siwali: Phra Sivali is a robed arahant with umbrella and bowl to whom gains come unasked (class phra_khrueang); Chuchok is a lay brahmin who asks. Robe versus rags settles it
- vs nang-kwak: Both sit on shop shrines. Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman venerated as a deva; Chuchok is an old male beggar the vault has not placed
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/65f937b0d59520f64f03aea9f65a19c5ac4a1a5718edae7148252824a2ad8cb3.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chin Jirayu · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146439230
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8f186e347aa78140eb68aef390354faecce462b3621e4f1b76bdc8b5ab6a3f92.jpg · Public domain · Anonymous (Thailand)Unknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18842628
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/921069a97e1379313a86a8ddb5d27ed63a12cafc585fd779037fd5724502944d.jpg · Public domain ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27326252
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-maha-wetsandon — มหาเวสสันดรชาดก — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-vessantara-jataka — Vessantara Jataka — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-wat-pom-raman — วัดป้อมรามัญ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ลูกแก้วธาตุ · dat-lone · Dat-lone (weikza alchemical ball)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/dat-lone/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/dat-lone.json
id: dat-lone · level: kind
native: ဓာတ်လုံး (my)
aliases: ดั๊ตโลน · ลูกธาตุพม่า · เหล็กไหลพม่า · dat lone · datlone · dhat lone · pyada lone · alchemical ball · weizza ball · Burmese philosopher's stone
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: bead · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: mm
origin:  · วิชชาสายปรอทและสายเหล็ก Weikza of the mercury (pyada) and iron (than) paths · Undated; the weikza movement as now known is placed in the Konbaung period · Myanmar
what (th): ลูกกลมโลหะที่วิชชาพม่าหุงขึ้นจากปรอทหรือเหล็ก เชื่อกันว่าเมื่อสำเร็จจะให้คงกระพัน อายุยืน และเป็นบันไดสู่ความเป็นวิชชา เป็นคู่เทียบของเหล็กไหลไทย แต่เหล็กไหลเป็นของที่ไปเอามา ส่วนดั๊ตโลนเป็นของที่ทำขึ้น
what (en): The alchemical ball of the Burmese weikza tradition: mercury or iron fired through the stages until it is held to be finished. Carried for invulnerability and long life, and for the adept a step toward becoming a weikza. The Burmese counterpart of Thai lek lai — but lek lai is fetched from a cave and a dat-lone is made in a fire.
story: The mercury-path weikza study transmutation, producing gold and silver from common metals; the finished ball is the dat-lone. The tradition holds that the accomplished adept keeps or swallows the ball and does not die as others do, but withdraws to wait for Maitreya — which is how many Burmese speak of Bo Bo Aung and Bo Min Gaung today. Six paths are named in the Burmese article: mercury, iron, medicine, in, mantra and the spirit-infused blade.
keeping: Nobody home and nothing owed. The Thai class vocabulary leaves it unplaced: not a natural talisman (it is made), not a yantra object (no inscription), not a Buddha image. That refusal is the record.
- look at: A worked, polished ball rather than a rough fragment; the object was made, not found [tradition]
- look at: No inscription and no figure — unlike a takrut or a Buddha, its claim rests on the material alone [catalogue]
- look at: An iron-path ball answers a magnet; a mercury-path ball does not. The magnet separates the two paths and exposes a plated substitute [inference]
- look at: Dense and cold, and it does not stretch under flame; the Thai lek lai story is of a metal that softens and draws like thread when heated with honey [cited]
- look at: Thai listings have no fixed word for it; anything sold as 'Burmese lek lai' should be asked whether it was made or dug, because that is the whole difference [tradition]
- vs lek-lai: Lek lai is a natural metal fetched from a cave by rite; its power is held to be inherent, and the Thai class calls it a natural talisman. A dat-lone is made: a weikza fires mercury or iron up through the stages until the ball is finished, so the power is in the work. Same look in the hand — a dark lustrous lump — opposite provenance question. Both have nobody home. Ask 'found or fired?' in either direction.
- vs luk-om: A Thai luk om is a ball of pressed powder or wax, light and soft; a dat-lone is dense metal.
- vs mustika: A Malay-Indonesian mustika is a stone or pearl found inside an animal or plant, a natural object; a dat-lone is manufactured metal.
- vs khot-kala: A khot kala is a concretion found in a coconut shell, not metal, and not made.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f352dd88d6956cc32d42091e32ac22cbaf9e78b2f84cfb02ccf17c425609e439.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Emily Khine · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72214358
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5e076cab0e951c7edd6491df9fcaa6b357ea616a2299cb2a37974ce2cd0fd13b.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Hintha · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11340616
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1bc676c37f85754345f88fca0f807472ea2d3dc36424df5df542995818777dce.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Lionslayer · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39768471
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-weikza — Weikza — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-bo-bo-aung — Bo Bo Aung — Wikipedia; s:my-wiki-weizzadhara — ဝိဇ္ဇာဓိုရ် — ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား; s:th-wiki-lek-lai — เหล็กไหล — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: low · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ยันต์ฮู้จีน · fu · Taoist paper talisman (fu)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/fu-talisman/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/fu-talisman.json
id: fu-talisman · level: kind
native: 符 · 符籙 (zh) · phù lục · bùa (vi)
aliases: ฮู้ · ฮู้จีน · ยันต์จีน · ยันต์กระดาษจีน · ยันต์เซียนจีน · fulu · hu · hu-a · phù · phù lục · fulu · Chinese paper charm · Daoist talisman
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: other · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: diaspora, th, my, sg
origin:  · ดาวสือ (道士) หรือหมอพิธี (法師) และศาลเจ้าจีน Daoist priests (daoshi) and ritual masters (fashi); in Southeast Asia also spirit mediums and shrine counters · Han-dynasty fu survive on bamboo slips; the practice is continuous · China, carried by Chinese communities into Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam
what (th): กระดาษเหลืองเขียนหมึกแดงหรือดำเป็นอักษรคำสั่งและเส้นยันต์ตามแบบเต๋า ประทับตรา ใช้ติดบ้าน พกติดตัว หรือเผาละลายน้ำดื่ม ศาลเจ้าจีนในไทย มาเลเซีย สิงคโปร์ออกให้ ไทยเรียกยันต์ฮู้จีน พลังอยู่ที่อักษรและตรา ไม่มีผู้สถิต
what (en): The Taoist paper talisman: a yellow strip written in red or black with commands to spirits and asemic strokes, sealed, and then pasted over a door, carried folded, or burned into water and drunk. Chinese shrines in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore issue them; Thai retail calls them ยันต์ฮู้จีน. Power in the writing and the seal, nobody home.
story: A daoshi or fashi who has received the craft writes it, and the writing is meant to be unreadable: instructions to deities, exorcistic signs, occasionally a recipe. The type names the job: 平安符 for safety, 鎮宅符 to settle a house, 護身符 to guard the body, 五雷符 the five thunders. Han-dynasty examples survive on bamboo. In Bangkok the Chao Pho Suea shrine sells printed sheets; online, Thai sellers list ยันต์ฮู้จีน as already blessed, to carry or post at home, and a cloth version printed with Nezha.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. When it has done its year or is torn it is burned, not binned, which the trade holds and the record does not verify. A fu that a medium wrote for a named person is still impersonal in class; the personalisation is in the writing, not in a resident.
- look at: Yellow paper, cinnabar-red or black ink; the colours are the first read [cited]
- look at: Three parts, header with three ticks, body, foot, plus a seal impression; a sheet missing the seal is unfinished by the tradition's own account [cited]
- look at: Three uses: pasted, carried, or burned into 符水 talisman water; the type name (平安符, 鎮宅符, 護身符, 五雷符) says which [cited]
- look at: Irregular strokes that stretch or stack characters and mix in non-characters; deliberately unreadable to the uninitiated [cited]
- look at: Thai retail sells it as ยันต์ฮู้จีน for carrying or posting at home, and also a cloth version printed with a deity (ฮู้ยันต์ผ้า); the cloth form is a Thai-market crossover with ผ้ายันต์ [catalogue]
- look at: Fu issued by spirit mediums at the Nine Emperor / vegetarian festival are said to be written in trance, sometimes with the medium's blood. The trade holds this; not verified against a source here [tradition]
- vs bua: Bùa is the Vietnamese word around the same paper, extended to cloth pouches and metal; the fu is the Taoist yellow strip itself.
- vs pha-yan: Thai yantra cloth is cloth, in Khom script, in grids; the fu is yellow paper in stretched Chinese script. Thai shops now sell a cloth ฮู้ that sits between the two.
- vs takrut: A takrut is rolled metal; a fu is folded paper. Both carried, both impersonal.
- vs khmer-yantra-cloth: Khmer yantra is cloth in Khmer script; the fu is paper in Chinese.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3a04f38f9fc07c5a779b273fcb23b093841f282c442d6f2818dae4adcf0f3ef8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · HMGiovanniV · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133835109
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/305b550d860a27eba462fae7074e0090ba49cb9cce42a7bd0bfebebfb46f86b1.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Mkckim · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7901081
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bdf82950b4b7bd7ed2c0b4ae586da868826588352b6dd03eac8f0847b9f266de.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Taiwankengo · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69524929
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c628bbfe5dc745f5d6c57c56aed026f4f812260b507ab4ce533877a5fbd790ea.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Nomad112 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=101261192
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3f526efaecf60239ee1b1d6be35d27ed817336ed9088a2f7a008c792f1f73ba7.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Unknown authorUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139244364
sources: s:zh-wiki-fulu — 符籙 — 維基百科; s:en-wiki-fulu — Fulu — Wikipedia; s:vi-wiki-phu-luc — Phù lục — Wikipedia tiếng Việt; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## หนุมาน · hanuman · Hanuman figure
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/hanuman/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/hanuman.json
id: hanuman · level: kind
aliases: พระหนุมาน · หนุมานเชิญธง · หนุมานแกะ · hanuman · phra hanuman · Hanuman amulet · monkey-general charm
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อว่าน (sacred-herb paste), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), มหาอุด (stopping projectiles / misfire), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), ล่องหน (invisibility), สะกด (subduing, binding, putting to sleep), ถ้อยความ (legal dispute — made to retreat), มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างหนุมาน 8 แบบ ใน ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ms 6983) · ปัจจุบันหลายวัด Eight recipes in ms 6983; modern pieces from many wats · The Ramakien Hanuman of the Thai court tradition; the treatise is a nineteenth-to-twentieth-century compilation of older formulas (tradition) · Central Thailand for the treatise tradition; nationwide today
what (th): รูปหนุมาน ทหารเอกลิงเผือกของพระรามในรามเกียรติ์ ทำเป็นเครื่องราง ตำราเก่าให้แกะจากรากไม้หรือปั้นจากว่านแล้วอมไว้ในปาก ปัจจุบันเป็นรูปหล่อและเหรียญห้อยคอ
what (en): A figure of Hanuman, Rama's white-monkey general of the Ramakien, made as a charm. The old treatise carves him from root or moulds him from herbs and has the bearer hold him in the mouth; today he is a cast figure or medallion at the neck.
story: Ms 6983 gives eight recipes. Method 1 carves double-jasmine root into a seated Hanuman, inscribes syllables on legs, chest and back, consecrates it 108 times; held in the mouth after seven recitations, blade and spear cannot strike, and the text prices it at one chang of gold. Method 3 is a squatting Hanuman with hands over his eyes, kneaded in lac and consecrated a thousand times; the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here. The household he enters falls asleep. Method 7 is another making whose ingredients are likewise not reproduced; it promises that held in the mouth 'all disputes withdraw' and lords fear the bearer. Method 8 is made in the ubosot and, steeped in scented oil, shuts the eyes, ears and mouths of a house.
keeping: The modern cast Hanuman is kept as a deity: respect, no feeding. The treatise Hanuman is commanded and carried in the mouth, and classes.md places that courtroom Hanuman with the hun phayon; several recipes use ingredients this catalogue does not reproduce, so its making and maker are the provenance question. Class here follows the market object; the making, not the shape, decides any given piece.
- look at: Treatise figures are one finger-breadth tall, carved from double-jasmine root or moulded from diamond-herbs and nyctinastic leaves in lac, then lacquered and gilded [catalogue]
- look at: Method 1 places อะกะถะตะสะ on both legs, นะมะการา on the chest, อุปัทธะเว on the back — a loupe finds the inscription where the text says [catalogue]
- look at: Postures the recipes name: seated cross-legged, squatting, eyes covered, kneeling with palms joined [catalogue]
- look at: Market pieces are cast metal, the 'Hanuman raising the banner' pose standing with a flag, the wat on the base [tradition]
- look at: The Hanuman as a yantra design (tattoo or cloth) is read for คงกระพัน and เมตตามหานิยม [cited]
- vs hun-phayon: A hun phayon is a man-shaped effigy animated to guard, fed daily. The treatise Hanuman, held in the mouth and commanded, belongs with it per classes.md; the market Hanuman is a venerated deity figure. The making settles the class, not the shape.
- vs rup-lersi: A hermit figure is a bearded old man in tiger skin; Hanuman is a crowned monkey
- vs phaya-khrut: Garuda has wings and a beak; Hanuman has a monkey's face and no wings
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/da91e7b0b12cb530e5b763407561a0343e894e49363ca75829eccd8a52e2940f.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50815794
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dba7cbfc842694ca9636cab169069b2fef6f40208ba1f726d1d07ec9f1f635bb.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · No machine-readable author provided. YURiN~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims). · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3894752
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9f44351cfe408c48612781c265e4ba33347daa8799b725cb43922dede93f4902.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ms Sarah Welch · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73991044
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/43f620518d8c2ed8a507a9bdb32674d4336342a6f6cb31ce59ebfe5195ff2484.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ich Thanomsak · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=100194938
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/eb94d762e69d406362a4a4a4b7cdffb28af69d392262a67d631e33ec19b3bbc5.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Jl FilpoC · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=144425921
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/551258f483dc5b988acc239497b0d8b2f3f068d8833030e4fdb4608869dd136e.jpg · CC0 · Prof Ranga Sai · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=174853020
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c552b632a66a3f6d586c59d1611b88ed89e72d980b038c5f00bf72055b981be8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · No machine-readable author provided. YURiN~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims). · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3894738
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4d854355b9fba7ea47ce8789f21a38d84ae08c2c02883d232b0c7c297b6bdb85.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · No machine-readable author provided. YURiN~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims). · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3894743
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6283d0d31d14b8bd4b599a6cac2680a54b8b155409bbe86cfc1674e4c203128f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Hartmann Linge · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25676001
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/52be73a68dfa9914b98e9c8922def5514a00cc1f0dac6f0425293542a44fcc52.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946213
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5d9629ba0eb4c3eb80aa7fc4f9f60f10d20434df4e53001b6d6144ad7fd1ccf2.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946214
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4b8fe4cb1f20f16839f3e431bc753c9efa013aef26d8aa59d7730eaae5c32f9d.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946216
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fdfd65dafe5029fe7cb9c4459dee1471b8dc5b2f64354761ddd3ca005fa5afc0.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946364
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/99bef8ebb8c44f887e144259d9c71f7b7aa44dc7bf4a3814ff682a08c3c74286.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946365
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2c62a1aa3f45500a8c9c89ad2a820c0476851ecc5324b836423be02ad077b90b.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946366
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d6fccf406c7a8a1e99d30d50daecdddf486c9789f660c291e45834220c41a7ce.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946368
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f4702f8a2c16a86673e5dee8e4d6dc9f5902bb9a82db9c3e56846e108c7f5a06.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946381
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/475c80de8221f54d5ab783c1bc39c4bc008ca2208d9367dca238902f510b3cc0.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946383
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/80e5005131f66c39af385dae5dcfd2acb7fd70119c22eaee7b1c9cc1574e84c4.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946396
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d4162250fa9b3699439947c535339da4b96c32a4c98f02789632678bc6de1c50.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946397
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5b0e9bfc4338fc481cca22eced579a6bb09e67112c017173b61a0141177a3707.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946398
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b6bc6912d2989885ce4f7fee3b9987f48cf4924553fd4c2c082e934610600dc9.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · S Pakhrin from DC, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33946399
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3745f633aabcf2c005fcd2cc26389598a05f5fdbb9049180fc28c574aa6a1c08.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35592037
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/beb90bdffc56b74a4844c2875cd4fcbf34565f3f00033d7de428422840b8d2c7.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50816059
sources: s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-hanuman — หนุมาน — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-sak-yan — การสักยันต์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## หุ่นพยนต์ · hun phayon · Hun Payon (animated effigy)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/hun-phayon/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/hun-phayon.json
id: hun-phayon · level: kind
aliases: พยนต์ · หุ่นพยนต์เฝ้าทรัพย์ · หุ่นฟาง · hun payon · hoon payon · hun payont · hun phayont · servant effigy · straw golem · guardian effigy
class: หุ่นพยนต์ (animated effigy / servant-golem) · resident: animated · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: th-central, th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983 · Undated treatise; the practice is older than any surviving print of it · Central Thai tradition
what (th): หุ่นรูปคน — ดิน ฟาง ผ้า หรือโลหะ — ที่ถูกปลุกด้วยยันต์และคาถาให้ทำหน้าที่เป็นผู้รับใช้หรือผู้เฝ้า ผู้อยู่ในหุ่นคือสิ่งที่ถูกบังคับให้ขยับ ไม่ใช่ผีที่มีชื่อหรือเทพที่บูชา จึงเป็นหมวดของตัวเอง
what (en): An effigy — figure, cloth, or metal — animated by yantra and spell to act as a servant or guardian. The occupant is a compelled animation rather than a named ghost or venerated deva, which is what makes it its own class.
story: The treatise gives two recipes. In the first, earth is moulded into a man holding a club; a yantra wrapped round a fueang of quicksilver goes into the belly, and the maker resolves aloud that it should watch for thieves and cause them only hardship, never death. In the second, thirty-two stalks of rice straw are bound with splints, wrapped in cloth, given a spear, and the maker meditates through the thirty-two parts of the body while binding, then wakes it with a katha whose Thai words are simply 'wake, wake, wake'. For both, the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here. It goes into a small shrine, gets liquor and rice every day, and is told its instructions. Thieves, the text says, see it as a living person.
keeping: Kept with respect: offerings and regard, and told its job. Worth asking who kept it before you.
- look at: It is a person-shaped figure, never a Buddha image or a medallion [catalogue]
- look at: Body is earth, straw, cloth or cast metal, not pressed powder [catalogue]
- look at: Look for a yantra wrapping and a sealed cavity in the belly where the charge sits [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise houses it in a small shrine and feeds it liquor and rice daily. A kept-and-fed object is a hun payon or a kuman, never a phra khrueang [catalogue]
- vs phra-somdet: A hun payon is a figure compelled to serve and fed; a somdej is a pressed Buddha tablet with nobody home. Ask what the object is shaped like and whether its keeper feeds it — both answers separate them.
- vs kuman-thong: A kuman thong is a child figure housing a raised child-spirit, kept as family; a hun payon is an armed adult figure whose occupant is an animation, not a named ghost. Class and upkeep differ.
- vs nang-kwak: Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman venerated for trade; a hun payon guards property and frightens thieves
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/aeb7c0f63953dc29d01809edd868cb3b8a2d0e09f15eb116c5e31c6cdc3d91f4.jpg · CC0 · วิถีชนเผ่า · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=149191229
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fb763138a73c75022118f4b710b4b82493cd83cd0f1be0ec9691bcf2974e7dc9.jpg · CC0 · วิถีชนเผ่า · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=149191240
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07)
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## ยันต์พม่า · in · In (Burmese cabalistic square)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/in-yantra/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/in-yantra.json
id: in-yantra · level: kind
native: အင်း (my)
aliases: อินพม่า · ยันต์อิน · ตารางยันต์พม่า · inn · in yantra · in-saya work · Burmese yantra · Burmese magic square · cabalistic square
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: cloth · materials: ผ้ายันต์ (inscribed cloth) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), กันผี (warding spirits), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: mm, shan
origin:  · ครูอิน (in-saya) และวิชชา (weikza) สายอิน In-saya (square-masters) and weikza of the in path; the tradition holds the in path the most powerful beside the iron path · Undated; the weikza movement as now known is placed in the Konbaung period · Myanmar and Shan State
what (th): ตารางยันต์ของพม่า เรียกว่า อิน แบ่งเป็นช่องใส่เลขและอักษร คำนวณจากวันเวลาเกิดของผู้รับ เขียนบนกระดาษหรือผ้า สลักบนโลหะ หรือสักลงบนผิว ถือกันว่าคุ้มครอง กันภัย และให้เมตตา
what (en): The Burmese in: a cabalistic square whose cells hold numerals and letters, cast from the recipient's birth date and time by an in-saya or weikza of the in path. Drawn on paper or cloth, engraved on metal, or tattooed. The Burmese counterpart of the Thai yantra, with a grid where the Thai sheet has figures.
story: The weikza paths divide by medium: mercury, iron, medicine, and the in. The in path and the iron path are held the most powerful. The square is calculated from the wearer's birth date and time, and the tradition credits a square scratched on a house or tree with drawing lightning to it. That cuts both ways: an in protects, and an in written wrong is a hazard, which is why the square-master is a specialist.
keeping: Nobody home and nothing owed: an inscribed object, kept clean and high like any blessed thing. What matters is who wrote it and whether it was written for you.
- look at: A grid of numerals in Burmese script. Thai yantra carry Khom or Tham letters around figures; the script alone places the sheet [cited]
- look at: Drawn, engraved in stone or metal, or tattooed; the same square travels across media [cited]
- look at: Cast from the recipient's birth date and time, so two squares of the same purpose need not match cell for cell [cited]
- look at: Cotton shirts written edge to edge with squares, attributed to Mandalay in the nineteenth century, sit in the Textile Museum at George Washington University (Commons file titles below) [inference]
- look at: Burmese tattooing is htoe kwin; the yantra-tattooing article names it apart from Thai sak yant [cited]
- vs pha-yan: Both are impersonal inscribed objects. A Thai pha yan draws lines and Khom letters round a Buddha, lersi or animal; a Burmese in is a numbered grid in Burmese script with no central figure.
- vs yan-lanna: A Lanna yan is written in Tham script; an in is written in Burmese script and numerals. Shan cloths sit between the two, so read the letters.
- vs takrut: A takrut is a rolled tube; an in stays flat on paper, cloth or skin.
- vs khmer-yantra-cloth: Khmer yantra cloth is Khom letters and figures; the in is a grid of numbers.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/623e0f13f1fe42501aa782def44f8418d8312ea50134d9fd8902162aa96324ce.jpg · Public domain · Unknown authorUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2656859
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/996b5105b2441aae7801730d1a6b4fefd787a293a92314ed02e51ffc483a5df9.jpg · Public domain · Daderot · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48618970
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/94e942c5098a85745fcec1560ef6dd88c2309b8d3217d78807dbd1f5e15811aa.jpg · Public domain · Daderot · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48618971
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1581e0e522bb6781b4b598ef98a1cbbf1b51ead9f2e7cdf02bcf6874b42ecfc4.jpg · Public domain · Daderot · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48618972
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/334c4878a9f388243db116e6d2112441761f5ead369b00367f3c262c88c0f13e.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Tun Dipa · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=117586786
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/907a855953520854f7fb93303a0551b11ab18ec4908dfa1d15f0be38bf8dbeab.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Myanmar Wik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=181969699
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/70421191202845f784a4a62323f7171a2a145f80fbb9f1d9658c291dc0874ddf.jpg · Public domain · Sakyant at English Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2732156
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/af933b9e6bd8fe0f267bef3b33ffebc0fa7745876d7db7430854374b6fe883d6.jpg · Public domain · Sakyant at English Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2732163
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8cfcef9b034bf95b11c0c337b1d079c9bf271478a06c8f5d5a1b57f7f488898b.jpg · Public domain · Sakyant at English Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2732178
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/599860b0f644ccedf9cb337c0e3faa1b8a6d1421324cf63fe7947b8d1aa3459c.jpg · Public domain · Love Krittaya · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2941046
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f7e5235d4c1c72dea632e6851f65e980086462462551f01d7be6e06fad33561a.jpg · Public domain · Love Krittaya · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2941054
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/22f800ac8738d273a0864babb7234f0acfd9a2a715f924acd131d79578da390b.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · YashiWong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5789648
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f9a3631953f9b4f14fb58e0ff3255f12316ad551a37e2685fa6fd06509c1c1e4.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Mikhailovich · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15561392
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/699fb35cf92a1597ec342132fa3562446a274e3ae8b6c0d0a1f2842b74e3520b.jpg · Public domain · User:Phydoughx · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55252880
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/21b487deaf6b1a9a36d0fd23a1586cf17a9eee083b9091db4d24f31bdd061653.jpg · Public domain · Sakyant at English Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61515050
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f661379fe7fc0dc1c5993b6d64bf3ecd8f5a41665e3d70629e450950eb3a88ab.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443096
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9044c7e59569667cdad7b22c12b449a2e50474268752f3ea00f85c0bfa91d167.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443097
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9fa6ec2d86c8c157b5efccd86c1e958bfb4c2803d6e9657327d4d5a178cbc526.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443098
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/50a26ccfbc94017d35354e684757d1807ff73eb5bd0a8bf06bbb091ae4ab6bb8.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443100
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ca055ed494e5902c0ae745764f2200e85e27c040df257dc00d75a7e8f8fd38f7.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443101
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/051997efd840eddba163babbd568f69ee277ec8c3d2492d2e721f4595a06bf28.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ryaninuk · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92977566
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-weikza — Weikza — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing — Yantra tattooing — Wikipedia; s:my-wiki-in-talisman — အင်း(လက်ဖွဲ့) — ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ยันต์มลายู · jimat · Jimat / azimat (Islamic-Malay written amulet)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/jimat/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/jimat.json
id: jimat · level: kind
native: جيمت / عزيمة (Jawi) · jimat / azimat (ms) · jimat / azimat (id) · عزيمة (ar)
aliases: จิมัต · อาซิมัต · ตะกรุดมลายู · azimat · azimah · tamimah · ta'wiz · Malay talisman · Quranic amulet · taweez
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: other · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), ค้าขาย (trade, selling), มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure) · region: my, id, sg
origin:  · โต๊ะครู / ดุกุน / กียาอี Written by a religious teacher (tok guru, kyai), a bomoh or a dukun; the writer's standing is the object's credential · Arrived with Islam in the Malay world; the paper-and-Arabic form is continuous with the ta'wiz of the wider Muslim world · Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java
what (th): เครื่องรางเขียนของโลกมลายู: กระดาษหรือผ้าจารอายะฮ์อัลกุรอาน พระนามพระเจ้า หรือตารางเลข พับเล็กพกติดตัว ผูกรถ หรือแขวนบ้าน พลังอยู่ที่ตัวเขียนและผู้เขียน ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): The written amulet of the Malay world: Quranic verses, names of God or a numbered square, set down in Arabic on paper or cloth by a teacher or bomoh, folded small and carried, tied to a vehicle or hung in a house. Power sits in the writing and the hand that wrote it; nobody is home.
story: Azimat is Arabic ʿazīma; jimat is what Malay made of it, and ta'wiz is the same thing in South Asia. Indonesian Wikipedia defines it as an object or writing hung on a body, a vehicle or a building to turn aside sickness and misfortune (tolak bala). The theological fight is part of the object: stricter schools call it shirk — seeking protection from other than God — while others accept it when the text is Quran alone. The Malay trade also sells it for kebal (invulnerability), pelaris (custom for a shop) and pengasihan (attraction); those three are what the vault's function keys are doing here.
keeping: Impersonal — nothing is owed and nothing is fed. Keepers treat the writing as scripture: kept dry, kept out of unclean places, and the trade holds that the fold is not opened.
- look at: It is writing, not an image: Arabic or Jawi letters and Arabic numerals. A figure means it is something else [cited]
- look at: A grid of numbers or letters whose rows sum alike — the wafq al-a'dad, in occult use since the 13th century [cited]
- look at: Folded flat into a pouch, locket, armband or sewn into clothing — not rolled into a tube like a takrut [cited]
- look at: Hung on a person, a vehicle or a building — the same object serves all three [cited]
- look at: A baju rajah is a whole shirt written over as one jimat; the Commons example belonged to a 1948–49 fighter [cited]
- vs takrut: Same class, different script and fold: a takrut is a metal sheet in Khom letters rolled into a tube; a jimat is paper or cloth in Arabic folded flat. Neither is fed.
- vs rajah: Rajah is the written formula; jimat is the carried object that holds it. Indonesian usage lets rajah stand alone on skin or a shirt, and jimat cover unwritten charms too.
- vs in-yantra: A Burmese in is a grid yantra in Burmese letters from a Buddhist weikza lineage; a jimat is Arabic in an Islamic one. Same idea of a squared diagram, different script and sacred language.
- vs pha-yan: A Thai pha yan is a large cloth carrying figures — Buddha, hermit, animals; a jimat is aniconic, text only.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/708d408beae22908cfd4dafb34e554dfa61cbe33e83a09895abe1d5173f148bb.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Muhamad Izzul Fiqih · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156701516
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:id-wiki-jimat — Jimat — Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; s:ms-wiki-azimat — Azimat (Tangkal) — Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu; s:en-wiki-tawiz — Ta'wiz — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-magic-square — Magic square — Wikipedia (wafq al-a'dad section); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## กะลาตาเดียว · kala ta diao · One-eyed coconut shell
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/kala-ta-diao/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/kala-ta-diao.json
id: kala-ta-diao · level: kind
aliases: กะลามะพร้าวตาเดียว · มะพร้าวตาเดียว · กะลาตาเดียวแกะราหู · kala ta diew · kala tah diao · single-eyed coconut · one-eyed coconut Rahu
class: เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ (natural talisman) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: natural · materials: กะลา (coconut shell) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall) · region: th-central, th
origin: วัดศีรษะทอง นครปฐม (ตามการ์ด) Wat Sisa Thong, Nakhon Pathom, per the reference card · หลวงพ่อน้อย วัดศีรษะทอง (ตามการ์ด) Luang Pho Noi of Wat Sisa Thong, per the reference card — the Rahu-carving lineage the trade names · · Central Thailand
what (th): กะลามะพร้าวที่มีตาเดียวแทนที่จะมีสาม ของหายากตามธรรมชาติ ไม่ใช่ของทำ เก็บทั้งลูกหรือแกะเป็นราหู ความหายากนั่นเองคือของขลัง
what (en): A coconut shell with a single eye where every normal shell has three — a natural anomaly, not a crafted thing, carved (often into Rahu) or kept whole. The rarity IS the charm.
story: The treatise's Rahu chapter tells of two hermits on Mount Yugandhara who made the Suriyaprapha and Chanthaprapha yantra to relieve human poverty, and its first instruction is to find a one-eyed coconut shell and carve from it a Rahu swallowing the moon and a Rahu swallowing the sun. Offerings run to the planets' numbers — six of each for the sun, fifteen for the moon — the work is done on a full moon or an eclipse day, and the finished plaques go into gold and silver cases. The trade's best-known lineage is Wat Sisa Thong in Nakhon Pathom; uncarved rings and pendants are the commoner, cheaper form.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Once carved into Rahu it takes Rahu's veneration — the deva class, not the shell's; the tradition's black offerings on Rahu's days are the Rahu record's business.
- look at: A normal shell has three eyes; this one has one. The anomaly is the charm; nothing was carved to make it [tradition]
- look at: The treatise's Rahu recipe starts by finding a one-eyed shell and carving two Rahu from it — one swallowing the moon, one the sun — then inscribing the Chanthaprapha and Suriyaprapha yantra [catalogue]
- look at: Shell ages by wear, not patina. A true eye is a germination pore with a fibrous rim; a bored hole is round and clean — a statement about coconuts, not a verdict on a piece [tradition]
- look at: In listings กะลา is mostly the carved palad khik; form settles it [catalogue]
- look at: The card counts it the most-attested of the market's newer terms, at low retail prices; counts are rebuilt from catalog.db at build time [catalogue]
- vs khot-kala: A khot kala is a stone-hard nodule found inside the nut; a kala ta diao is the shell itself with one eye. Same tree, two different finds, both natural class.
- vs phra-rahu: Phra Rahu is a venerated deva, carved from a one-eyed shell by preference but from anything at hand; the uncarved shell is a natural object with no resident. Once carved and inscribed the object is both.
- vs palad-khik: A palad khik carved from shell is a phallus; the one-eyed shell is kept whole or carved as Rahu. The material term กะลา covers both, which is why the search uses the compound.
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ตะกรุดเขมร · katha (Khmer takrut) · Khmer katha scroll (rolled inscribed talisman)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/khmer-katha/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/khmer-katha.json
id: khmer-katha · level: kind
native: គាថា (km)
aliases: ตะกรุดขอม · คาถาเขมร · ตะกรุดกัมพูชา · kathâ · kata khmer · gatha scroll · takrut khmer · Cambodian takrut · rolled gatha amulet · Khmer scroll charm
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tube · materials: ตะกั่ว (lead), ทองแดง (copper), เนื้อเงิน (silver), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: kh
origin:  · ครูขแมร์ / อาจารย์ (อาจาร) Made and blessed by kru khmer and achar — lay ritual specialists of the yogavacara line — and by monks · Undated tradition; the script and formula practice descend from the Angkor and post-Angkor Theravada world, damaged under the Khmer Rouge · Cambodia
what (th): แผ่นโลหะจารคาถาบาลีด้วยตัวขอม ม้วนเป็นหลอด ของขลังเขมรที่ตะกรุดไทยสืบมา พลังอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): A metal sheet inscribed with a Pali gatha in Khmer letters and rolled into a tube: the Cambodian ancestor of the Thai takrut. Power sits in the inscription and the rite; nobody is home and nothing is owed.
story: In Cambodia a gatha (គាថា) is a Pali formula chanted, inscribed on amulets and cloth, and tattooed on skin, always in the Khom hand that is reserved for sacred text and held to carry power of its own. The Khmer Wikipedia article on the gatha names amulets, yantra cloth and sak yant as its three carriers. Makers are kru khmer and achar, lay specialists of the yogavacara line that François Bizot documented at Angkor; the same esoteric Theravada that gives Thailand its katha and takrut. Under the Khmer Rouge nearly every temple and library was destroyed and the monkhood fell from tens of thousands to under three thousand, so surviving lineages are thin and much of what is sold as Khmer today was made afterwards.
keeping: Impersonal: carried with respect, nothing fed, nothing owed. Ask which kru wrote it; that is the whole provenance question.
- look at: The letters are the Khmer Mul / Khom hand used for Pali and yantra on cloth, paper and brass in both Cambodia and Thailand, not modern Khmer print [cited]
- look at: Khom Thai is the Khmer script adopted in Thailand around the 10th century with letterforms added around the 15th; the hand alone rarely settles whether a tube is Cambodian or Thai [cited]
- look at: Thai, Khmer and Lao practice share the form — Pali mixed with the local language, seldom Sanskrit — so language of the formula does not separate them either [cited]
- look at: Sheet is gold, silver, nak, lead or an alloy, incised with a steel stylus; the same metals the Thai takrut article lists [cited]
- look at: In the Thai trade 'takrut khmer' usually names a maker's lineage (southern Isan or a Cambodian kru) rather than a form; no Lazada TH listing title in catalog.db carries เขมร or ขอม at all [catalogue]
- vs takrut: Same class, same rolled-tube form: the Thai takrut descends from this tradition and the Khom letters on it are the Khmer script. What separates them is the maker's lineage and hand, never the shape.
- vs khmer-yantra-cloth: A Khmer yantra cloth is a drawn square of fabric hung or folded; the katha is a rolled metal tube. Same class, different form.
- vs in-yantra: A Burmese in is a square sheet in Burmese letters, folded or flat; the katha is rolled and written in Khmer.
- vs lao-yan: Lao yantra is written in Tham letters of the Lanna family; the Khmer katha in Khom. Round Tham versus angular Khom is visible under a loupe.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/abc5a5c5ec6233e9c92673a67fe27ff295826828a63f67b02c5abd024c196c4c.jpg · CC0 · Unknown artistUnknown artist · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106114895
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/42da48bcb5d896d53fc5aa9a6787d61e78a751b4046867aacc23cd11fbb26032.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Majmunka · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18277331
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/54c6ea9374217c2da09eab3968255fc90f04176c23a3aa705099dd1ffeef76f2.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ms Sarah Welch · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73992293
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-khmer-script — Khmer script — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-khom-thai-script — Khom Thai script — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-khom-thai — อักษรขอมไทย — วิกิพีเดีย; s:km-wiki-gatha — គាថា — វិគីភីឌា; s:en-wiki-southern-esoteric-buddhism — Southern Esoteric Buddhism — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-achar-khmer — Achar (Khmer lay ritualist) — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-kru-khmer — Kru Khmer (traditional healers) — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-buddhism-cambodia — Buddhism in Cambodia — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-saiyasat — ไสยศาสตร์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-takrut — ตะกรุด — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing — Yantra tattooing — Wikipedia; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## กริช · keris · Keris / kris (the heirloom dagger)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/keris/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/keris.json
id: keris · level: kind
native: كريس (Jawi) · keris (ms) · keris (id) · ꦏꦼꦫꦶꦱ꧀ · keris (ngoko) / dhuwung (krama) (jv)
aliases: กริชมลายู · กริชชวา · กริชปัตตานี · kris · kriss · creese · dhuwung · wangkingan · karih · kris dagger · pusaka blade
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: blade · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: — · region: id, my, th-south, sg
origin:  · เอิมปู (empu) ช่างตีที่ต้องมีทั้งฝีมือและบารมี The empu, a smith expected to hold technical skill and spiritual standing together; Javanese tradition credits him with literature, history and the occult besides · Old Java: inscriptions of 901–904 CE name keris among offerings (id.wikipedia); the recognisable form is attested by 1361 under Majapahit (en.wikipedia). UNESCO intangible heritage list, 2008. · Java, then across the archipelago, the peninsula and southern Thailand
what (th): มีดสั้นสองคมของโลกมลายู-ชวา โคนไม่สมมาตร ใบตรงหรือคดเลขคี่ ลายพามอร์จากเหล็กซ้อนชั้น ถือเป็นปูซากา (มรดกศักดิ์สิทธิ์) ที่มีทัวะห์หรือ “ผู้อยู่” ในเล่ม ล้างน้ำมันปีละครั้ง ห้ามชักเล่น ห้ามชี้
what (en): The double-edged dagger of the Malay-Javanese world: asymmetric base, straight or odd-waved blade, pattern-welded pamor. Kept as pusaka — a sanctified heirloom held to carry tuah, and in Javanese belief an isi or presence of its own — washed and oiled once a year, never drawn idly, never pointed.
story: Javanese legend has keris that move of their own will and kill at will; an owner tested the match by sleeping with the blade under the pillow and reading the dream — bad dreams meant the blade should go. Every year in Sura (Muharram) the jamasan strips old oil and rust with lime, noni or coconut water, re-etches the pamor with warangan, and lays down fresh jasmine or sandalwood oil. The empu who forged it was expected to be a spiritual as much as a technical master; pamor once used meteoric iron, now nickel. Pointing a keris at someone is held to foretell their death, which is why silat players touch the tip to the ground before a demonstration. UNESCO listed it in 2008.
keeping: Class null: the vault has no pusaka category — the keris is neither a venerated deva, a fed ghost, nor an animated servant, and khong_thammachat (inherent power) misses the isi belief. What the keeper owes is nonetheless specific: a high resting place, the yearly jamasan wash and oiling, never drawn for show, never pointed, and passed on if the dreams say the match is wrong. A keris whose history is unknown is, in its own tradition, a keris you sleep on before you keep.
- look at: The base is asymmetric — one side flares wider — with the ganja as a separate crosspiece [cited]
- look at: Count the waves: always odd, usually 3 to 13, rarely up to 29. An even count is a mark against the type [cited]
- look at: Pamor is laminated iron and nickelous iron, brought up by etching with warangan (arsenic) and lime juice; a painted-on pattern has no depth under a loupe [cited]
- look at: The tang (pesi) seats in the hilt and comes apart; hilt and sheath are routinely younger than the blade, so date the blade alone [cited]
- look at: Tangguh is the trade's dating of a blade by period and region; the categories overlap and the source says so [cited]
- look at: Worn at the back in Java and Bali, at the front by Bugis and Malays — how it is worn in a photograph places it [cited]
- vs mit-mo: A mit mo is a Thai ritual knife the maker uses on other objects — straight blade, yantra on the hilt; a keris is an heirloom in its own right, asymmetric base, pamor, an odd count of waves.
- vs jimat: A jimat is carried writing; a keris is a blade held to carry its own tuah. One is scripture, the other is a pusaka.
- vs mustika: A mustika stone is sometimes set into a keris hilt or ring; the stone is the mustika, the blade is the keris, and each carries its own claim.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1b35cc871b0d52fb3f2d681923a8ede9bd6ac3e9c7bef1eabeb077fe6f5872a1.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Yu Chu Chin · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=181810364
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/07492c34c8435b1d6aca1af7559466d2b4ab31d12a62626807a041af4ca49598.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · de:User:Gwes · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34361861
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/40e1b4b95ce34aec4708c7454fd0a55fa9a3321d0965e44cdbbc04a2f10f80e4.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Orhanghazi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68479074
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/14f9810b812a458a66b9e74b28415ada90db233af44f719bb4425b95fdf017bc.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · DANAR ISWOYO · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109490267
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/639a1ec04de5b1dbab038027c67f06ef06f4e3210c358215653fa6bc05bd70e1.jpg · CC0 · Farishhamka · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146213450
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7048f8599d50103be9e78767a63e1d8b89facb8941cd8c74460f49b2b7656734.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Yu Chu Chin · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=181857524
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8b22f85c87a334d716f96d8d9e012488a3ef81d910c0af0866dfce0a42e28d59.jpg · Public domain · Immanuel Giel · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=561238
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ef3b70b3c13523241b0ecf302e7d69f20e681a34eba3a745fe63628485fbb17e.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · No machine-readable author provided. World Imaging assumed (based on copyright claims). · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=892900
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a5a0dd916122b4a1b600db18bd67748014aa4f86243863a870357ad5b11e2dae.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · BrokenSphere · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3596723
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d5c8b685ff891ed4ffdd98c2682bf84dc29cb6da67d7c451687aee878d0c7f1f.jpg · Public domain · Jjarivera · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4538991
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9f72b32cbd100952dbe90ffb6575adcb3261b02f37bfb81e4b0c27b0fd3839d7.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Mahsuri · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8338802
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f363f709d32697ca9e379e6fe1bc146927fc91156458405911f3b3734efb670a.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Tropenmuseum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11029381
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/14ab7264b5c3558d7917de6b9033a57bb00bb865ac406c157e0a01fda2204abc.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Tropenmuseum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11029384
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f903c992c77c24dbd62347153582e5e0139f162d67ff7b966e3dbfb58a8f015d.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Tropenmuseum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11029388
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4c9f5b2a21209672280cd598b6ed49d6a75577d8887266b040146349b9053815.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Tropenmuseum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11029394
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cd032d6ca3647a21b4afcf0a19d9468fa8afefa04f5885158c0a628d9d2a9857.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Tropenmuseum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11031942
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1a4512c68480258a445d61e7f5b08a8e22c027e4f1a6a4823d2f620fa2f12f5c.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Tropenmuseum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11031945
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/105d39d33c13953b9bfc5dac323054a49cd6081255dfa8be4776d846f008a772.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · MittlererWeg · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12089867
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f515b3c238cbc5e201390c23056dfb84c01e1861cfe205cff3887471db4a18c6.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · MittlererWeg · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12089887
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e2121fed16658e144f75781cac85c737679360e1c027aca803f90b4e88d98272.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · MittlererWeg · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12089920
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/49ee6a5c4b3222c078bd293a38f69090d4b7fa431d4e135d54d9affbcaf9bcbd.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · MittlererWeg · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12089931
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/556d3823bd1f33d2cd51094bb01984cb332bddb762245c3331049c832d8454fb.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · MittlererWeg · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12112253
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a53897aaef4a2dff7b82f83d501121920463b321e07842bab38f2a078e9a79d4.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · MittlererWeg · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12122569
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/692a96b1b419069f7a2b2d5496715c78c67227b380685f61ab56f94ce48850c7.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ma Hzi Wong at Malay Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27696805
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-kris — Kris — Wikipedia; s:id-wiki-keris — Keris — Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; s:commons-kris — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Kris (and subcategories)
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## คดกะลา · khot kala · Coconut-shell concretion
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/khot-kala/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/khot-kala.json
id: khot-kala · level: kind
aliases: คด · คต · คดมะพร้าว · khod kala · kod kala · coconut bezoar · khot stone
class: เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ (natural talisman) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: natural · materials: กะลา (coconut shell) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades) · region: th
origin:  ·  · · Thailand generally
what (th): ก้อนแข็งเหมือนหินที่พบเกิดในลูกมะพร้าว หนึ่งในตระกูลคด — หินที่ไม่น่าจะมีในสิ่งมีชีวิต เก็บทั้งก้อนตามที่พบ ฤทธิ์อยู่ในตัว ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): A stone-hard concretion found grown inside a coconut — one of the คด family of impossible stones found in living things. Kept whole as found; power inherent, none to feed.
story: There is no recipe for a khot and cannot be: it is found, not made. The treatise's preface files คต with fangs, horns and minerals as the self-potent natural objects people carried before anyone inscribed anything. The trade names each by its host — a khot kala grew inside a coconut — and holds it for protection and hardness against blades; those functions are the tradition's claim, not the treatise's, which says only that the thing has power in itself.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Keep it as it was found; safe to adopt with no history at all, since it never had a maker.
- look at: The treatise's own classification puts คต among the self-potent natural objects (ของทนสิทธิ์) beside fangs, horns and minerals — the first amulets humans used, it says [catalogue]
- look at: คด is a family named by host — coconut, stone, shell, termite mound and more; the trade holds that the host names the virtue [tradition]
- look at: Hard, dense, matte or glassy, with no tool marks; a nodule that shows carving is something else [catalogue]
- look at: A nodule still carrying a fragment of shell carries its own provenance; the material axis dates shell by wear [inference]
- look at: The bare word cannot be searched: 474 of 484 corpus hits were other words, so only the compound is carried [catalogue]
- vs kala-ta-diao: The one-eyed shell is the husk with a single eye; the khot is a stone-hard nodule from inside the nut. Same tree, two finds.
- vs lek-lai: Lek lai is a lustrous dark metal claimed from caves; a khot has no metallic sheen and a named plant or animal host.
- vs bia-kae: A bia kae is a cowrie a monk fills and seals — made; a khot is found. Both small, hard and cased.
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: low · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ขุนแผน · khun phaen · Khun Phaen tablet
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/khun-phaen/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/khun-phaen.json
id: khun-phaen · level: kind
aliases: พระขุนแผน · ขุนแผนพลายกุมาร · khun paen · khun pan · khun phaen phlai kuman · Khun Paen amulet
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th-central
origin:  · ตั้งชื่อตามขุนแผน ตัวเอกเสภาขุนช้างขุนแผน; สายที่วงการยกให้: หลวงพ่อกวย วัดโฆสิตาราม ชัยนาท (พลายกุมาร) และหลวงปู่ทิม วัดละหารไร่ Named for Khun Phaen, the epic's charm-master. The reference cards single out Luang Pho Kuai of Wat Khositaram, Chainat (Khun Phaen Phlai Kuman) and Luang Pu Thim of Wat Lahan Rai as the trade's benchmark lines · Epic first printed 1872; the trade holds that the tablet form predates the name, from Ayutthaya-period caches in the Suphanburi area — unverified here · Suphanburi, Chainat, Rayong by line
what (th): พระพิมพ์ในซุ้มเรือนแก้ว ตั้งชื่อตามขุนแผนผู้เชี่ยวชาญวิชาในเสภา — พระเครื่ององค์เดียวที่เรื่องมวลสารสำคัญเท่ากับพิมพ์ทรง บางองค์เป็นผงล้วน บางองค์ผสมมวลสารอื่น และผิวไม่บอก
what (en): A pressed tablet in the classic arch — named for the epic's charm-master, and the one amulet whose material story matters as much as its form. Some are pure powder; some are worked with other material, and the difference does not show on the surface.
story: Khun Phaen in the epic is the master of yantra and katha who raises a kuman thong from his own stillborn son; the tablet that borrows his name is made as a charm of attraction, and some lines state that 'prai kuman' material went into the body — that single fact is the seam between classes. The vault counted the seam rather than deciding it: of 389 listings naming กุมาร, 106 are ขุนแผน. The reference cards name Luang Pho Kuai's Khun Phaen Phlai Kuman as the trade's benchmark line. The hybrid is measured, not forced; a future class that splits form from material would resolve it, and this record does not pre-empt that.
keeping: Kept as an amulet: nobody to feed. But ask what went into the batch — the vault rates its provenance sensitivity medium to high because of the material, even though its upkeep is an amulet's.
- look at: A five-sided ruean kaeo arch, not the straight-edged rectangle and bell-glass arch of a somdet [tradition]
- look at: Some moulds show a kuman figure with the Buddha — the epic's Golden Child on the tablet [cited]
- look at: Powder or fired-clay body; the trade looks for a distinct-coloured plug at the back or flecks in the body, but what went in does not reliably show on the surface [catalogue]
- look at: Reverse often carries an embedded takrut or a hand-incised yantra [tradition]
- look at: The line name declares the material: the words in the title are the seller's own statement of what went in. Read the name before the surface [catalogue]
- vs phra-somdet: A somdet is a straight-edged rectangle with a bell-glass arch and a white body; a khun phaen is five-sided with a ruean kaeo arch. Same class by form, different provenance question.
- vs kuman-thong: A kuman thong is a child figure you feed; a khun phaen is a Buddha tablet kept like any amulet. The scanner tags both 'kuman' because the word is present; the class is not the same.
- vs phra-phong-suphan: Phra Phong Suphan is a triangular fired-clay cache tablet without the ruean kaeo arch; both are Suphanburi names, which is the confusion
- vs phra-kru: A cache-find khun phaen is old fired clay with nobody home; a modern temple khun phaen is powder with its own material story — the name is shared, the material story is not
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/17f9386728e454c3d7aef3080f735f4e712029d167b3b561103935a0eb6e1a07.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99829395
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d512b7fcc15c598fb79a105e145746fbc0897a4c813868e6da99ab9f1e9174c4.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99853135
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-khun-chang-khun-phaen — Khun Chang Khun Phaen — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-thai-amulet — Thai Buddha amulet — Wikipedia; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## เจ้าแม่กวนอิม · kuan im · Guanyin pendant
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/kuan-im/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/kuan-im.json
id: kuan-im · level: kind
native: 觀音 (zh)
aliases: กวนอิม · พระโพธิสัตว์กวนอิม · พระอวโลกิเตศวร · kuan yin · guan yin · chao mae kuan im · Kuan Yin · Avalokitesvara · Goddess of Mercy
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), เนื้อเงิน (silver) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th, diaspora
origin:  · ศาลเจ้าจีนและวัดพุทธหลายแห่ง Chinese shrines and Buddhist wats alike; no single maker · Avalokitesvara became female in East Asia by about the twelfth century; the Thai cult is Thai-Chinese and Mahayana in origin · Thai-Chinese communities, Yaowarat and nationwide
what (th): จี้หรือรูปเจ้าแม่กวนอิม พระโพธิสัตว์อวโลกิเตศวรในร่างหญิงชุดขาว เทพแห่งความเมตตาของคนไทยเชื้อสายจีน นิยมทำเป็นหยกแกะ
what (en): A pendant or small image of Guanyin, Avalokitesvara in her white-robed female form, the compassion figure of Thai-Chinese households. The classic body is carved jade, worn on a cord.
story: Avalokitesvara was male in India and became female in China, merged with the legend of Princess Miaoshan. Thai-Chinese families venerate her as Chao Mae, keep vegetarian days and skip beef; big images stand at Wat Yannawa and Wat Huai Pla Kang. Jade pendants were worn long before Thai wats began issuing Guanyin medallions.
keeping: Kept by veneration: flowers, water, precepts kept on her days. Not fed, not a ghost. The vault class is deva-tier though she is a bodhisattva; the keeping is the same.
- look at: A white-robed woman with vase and willow: not a beckoning Nang Kwak, not a Buddha [cited]
- look at: Thousand-armed form reads as a fan of arms round the figure [cited]
- look at: Carved jade pendants are cool in the hand and translucent at the edge; many are never consecrated at a wat at all, which is a class note, not a flaw [tradition]
- look at: Devotees commonly keep vegetarian days and abstain from beef; a keeper asking about diet is a tell for the cult, not the object [cited]
- vs nang-kwak: Nang Kwak kneels in Thai dress with one hand beckoning; Guanyin stands or sits in a white robe with a vase. Both deva-tier.
- vs phra-phrom: Brahma has four faces; Guanyin one, and female
- vs phra-siwali: Sivali is a monk with umbrella and bowl, class phra_khrueang; Guanyin is a bodhisattva in lay white
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f2e8e7485942b816fd10f98df199f3e1f64f4c06bfd0aec7ded93b9780e87880.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Thayne Tuason · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66414619
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c8cd073818d3d4aa4a8b9fb33fa2ab919229837bcd30a7c9711d9cc1f86bb696.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35525150
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/26286243c73b98a2635c11b6d828d0d9f1221ffc71cdaecf9eb48b0ab8215ef4.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35535268
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/da9951ef36d1efac21dd90830c0d66585d7eff1283887f760c4435b7adb6b735.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58877333
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5a574302e4d3951c9d599a8acfbcac26c8fa42487c40bef917bb09fdca3cd478.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · SietsL · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=142261065
sources: s:th-wiki-kuan-im — กวนอิม — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-guanyin — Guanyin — Wikipedia; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## กุมารทอง · kuman thong · Kuman Thong (raised child-spirit)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/kuman-thong/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/kuman-thong.json
id: kuman-thong · level: kind
aliases: กุมาร · พรายกุมาร · ลูกเทพ · kuman tong · guman thong · kumanthong · phrai kuman · golden boy · golden child · spirit-child effigy
class: กุมารทอง (raised child-spirit) · resident: raised_spirit · upkeep: feeding · provenance sensitivity: high
form: figure · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: ค้าขาย (trade, selling), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure) · region: th-central, th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983; modern figures are temple issues by many makers · Already in the Khun Chang Khun Phaen epic (first printed 1872; Prince Damrong's standard edition 1917–18); the practice is older than the print · Central Thai tradition
what (th): รูปเด็กที่ไม่ใช่รูปแทน แต่เป็นบ้าน — วิญญาณเด็กถูกผูกไว้แล้วเลี้ยงอย่างลูก ให้น้ำแดง ข้าว ของเล่น ตั้งชื่อ พูดด้วย ขอให้ช่วย ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ บันทึกวิธีสร้างแบบโบราณไว้เต็ม ในฐานะบันทึกประเพณี
what (en): A child figure that is not a depiction but a home: a bound child-spirit, raised as family — fed sweet red drink and rice, named, spoken to, asked for help. The corpus holds the historical making in full, framed as ethnography, at manuscript 6983.
story: In the Khun Chang Khun Phaen epic the hero cuts the stillborn son from his murdered wife Bua Khli and dries the body over a fire at a temple; the spirit becomes his scout and defender. Manuscript 6983 (pp. 84–86) records the same making as a recipe: seek the ghost of a mother who died with child, best on a Saturday or Tuesday; propitiate with spicy shrimp and fish salad; consecrate the knife; carry the child to the ordination hall, set a seven-turn sai sin enclosure under a white canopy hung with eight yantras; roast the body on a chaiyaphruek frame by night until dry before dawn; lacquer and gild it. Thereafter rice every day, woken and called before it eats, sent out with one katha and closed with another when put away. Thai Wikipedia says the old method gave way to moulded clay, wood or metal figures into which a spirit is invited, and that from 2015 the luk thep doll is the newest form.
keeping: Feeding. Rice, red drink and toys; a name; conversation. Neglect is the failure mode — a hungry, ignored kuman turns mischievous or leaves. Who raised it and what it was taught travels with it, so the history is the first question, not the price.
- look at: It is a child figure — never a Buddha image, never an armed adult (that is a hun phayon) [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise lacquers and gilds the whole body: a dark lacquer skin under gold leaf is the type mark and the reason for the name [catalogue]
- look at: Modern bodies are moulded clay, carved wood or cast metal, dressed as a Thai boy in a chong kraben [cited]
- look at: Look for a sealed cavity at the base or back where the filling sits; what went in is the provenance question [tradition]
- look at: Red drink, sweets and toys set before it mark a fed object; a kept-and-fed child figure is a kuman, not a phra khrueang [catalogue]
- vs hun-phayon: A kuman is a child figure raised as family; a hun phayon is an armed adult effigy animated to serve. Both are fed, but one is a named child and the other a compelled animation.
- vs khun-phaen: A khun phaen is a pressed Buddha tablet kept like any amulet even when its material carries prai-kuman powder; a kuman thong is a child figure you feed.
- vs nang-kwak: Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman venerated as a deva; a kuman is a bound child-spirit fed as family
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8c7c8424b560376523ed967ee6382af09e90449d2603aea911bf3d523e6ceeeb.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Greg Field · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30448412
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/79c1567c4d4186f483845577b56bafb4947f1a2e76259168825f88cf71612050.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Michelle von Bärlin · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30950388
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1c92dd8a0692c3be2fdaa69634209ee5dac7a07715a9bc8150ab3164cdf83f4f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Xufanc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39735042
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5e2b56e5fb176b4d94ba824c0d5adf0d364f90cf736a140b00773fa31976bb29.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Sailko · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54861211
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ab41f738b4ac186f3c07fa183b408ec78c9adaf651fd9010150eeaf3cd66219e.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Siamwebthai · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46658546
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:en-wiki-kuman-thong — Kuman thong — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-kuman-thong — กุมารทอง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-khun-chang-khun-phaen — Khun Chang Khun Phaen — Wikipedia; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระหยกพม่า · kyauk sein hpaya · Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/jade-buddha-burmese/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/jade-buddha-burmese.json
id: jade-buddha-burmese · level: kind
native: ကျောက်စိမ်းဘုရား (my)
aliases: จี้หยกพม่า · พระหยก · หยกพม่าแท้ · พระหยกเจไดต์ · phra yok phama · jade Buddha · Burma jade Buddha · jadeite Buddha pendant · jade Buddha pendant · Burma jade amulet · jadeite Buddha
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: mm
origin:  · ช่างแกะหยกมัณฑะเลย์และตลาดหยก Mandalay lapidaries and the Mandalay jade market; King Mindon (1857–78) let Chinese lapidaries set up there to work stone between Burma and China · Stone from the Hpakant mines, Kachin State, 350 km north of Mandalay on the Uyu River; Chinese sources note Burmese jadeite from the 10th century · Hpakant (stone) and Mandalay (carving and trade)
what (th): จี้พระพุทธรูปแกะจากหยกเจไดต์พม่า หินจากเหมืองผากันต์ในรัฐกะฉิ่น แกะและขายที่มัณฑะเลย์ ตลาดไทยขายในชื่อ 'หยกพม่าแท้' เรื่องสำคัญคือเนื้อหิน — เจไดต์หรือเนไฟรต์ ธรรมชาติหรือย้อม
what (en): A Buddha pendant carved from Burmese jadeite: stone from the Hpakant mines in Kachin State, cut and traded in Mandalay, sold in Thailand as 'genuine Burma jade'. A Buddha image with nobody home; the whole question is the stone — jadeite or nephrite, untreated or bleached and dyed.
story: Myanmar supplies around seventy per cent of the world's high-quality jadeite. Chinese sources note Burmese stone from the tenth century; the Qianlong Emperor went to war for green jade; King Mindon let Chinese lapidaries set up in Mandalay, and the market there still grinds, polishes and inspects it by UV torch. Hpakant's landslides killed more than a hundred in 2015 and more than 170 in 2020. The Myanma Gems Enterprise grades imperial, commercial and utility jade, the last for carving. The pendant on a cord carries all of that.
keeping: Nobody home and nothing owed: a Buddha image, kept as any phra khrueang. The provenance question is authenticity and stone grade, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Jadeite polishes to a vitreous lustre; nephrite polishes oily. Jadeite is denser and has the higher refractive index [cited]
- look at: Imperial green comes from traces of chromium, and colour in a single stone is usually uneven; a flat, even green across the whole pendant is the thing to look at twice [cited]
- look at: A untreated; B bleached and polymer-impregnated; C dyed; B+C both. Under a loupe dye pools in fractures, and polymer dulls the lustre [cited]
- look at: Mandalay traders inspect rough with a portable UV torch; polymer in B jade fluoresces where natural stone stays dull [inference]
- look at: Carved, not pressed: no mould seam, and tool marks read under the loupe. A moulded 'jade' with a seam is glass or resin [inference]
- vs kuan-im: Jade Guanyin pendants show a standing woman with a vase; a Burmese jade Buddha is a Buddha. Same stone, same trade, different figure and class.
- vs pixiu: A pixiu is a jade beast for wealth; this is a Buddha for veneration.
- vs rup-lo: A cast figure is metal with a seam; a jade Buddha is carved stone with tool marks.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c9939c50ed8b7a5574e363d9073e75bba49a7608bd27a2d479192224619187bb.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Lilaac · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7041422
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5b88e1167cb9c3181a88bae55b4f7d58e48ef13fa00959345ad51f4042a235d9.jpg · Public domain · Dave Dyet(http://www.shutterstone.com, http://www.dyet.com) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1956113
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b07e56490606464c2ae3c85a8c46acfdafbc5aea5937cebb3891a1e59bb2ebaf.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634159
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ed2941193dc7b2d1109dfe9eadf5aa8535ecd38f6729696a81d45f2f900c18e4.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634160
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/66febb0f928ca19080e0eeb0d192c3bc823eee32483a470a197cd813559dee64.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Etan J. Tal · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77336686
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3cd6e8c385fc2f89d9a767b3b3373dca8cfc1a67daaf6ed5979689de12c68028.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Joe Mabel · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85158883
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8246ffcf326b6c9aeba17da9855a3b5e1be8b703898d6d2ec8ae504c1d17cf11.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634130
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ac67c09434637e624933a20aa5afe3915e512b3aa7c7d7c367cae47e1381d0bb.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634131
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/53ded5407d259fac278b9ab676558d2118cbca89646671de1b84c254ec6b9180.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634132
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b91367fd908874693992cc5469049544eb8f9c4aa2e39a5313c8558efee14bd4.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634135
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/562ecb03faeced36e8f3996c9083277e8594c751f34bd77ae8df758c8073f330.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634136
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/829ff4847ed4260ca45e5b08b100ae35ec86c192f81194cadca46229bd30a962.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634137
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/74232cf0abce0be191ab8cb8e167ba4c551921b83ff86019cc83957f2e47cafc.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634139
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/82a0c5c594c0c978309b0c4c770f2846003b8d507a0668ddbadad2a86638edef.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634140
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e553c0cdd299f466aaf11e39c953946b640430311b82145d0ff4a34213bf7f9d.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634141
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/df98d58021b89248f155e805d048cee55d811e89c9bc3617a501932b8a4b78dc.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634142
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6d459675ac54f7d7ef0be3d4c650e6cd21ddeecf07d532af9839771fee6ab630.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634143
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/59b8040e9d64d0c55bb48dccd9cea474a94adb2dc7934257c79e3f3e92505b56.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634144
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9cdd80d6c9a50ed1c55f8128d490ed5f7adcc2e5a93dcf424a7322d4f0bf1815.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634146
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cbae92990a7eb3b87d5cb798c0882f8d48320c09cdfe071793c4916d0f80fdd4.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634147
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5f4fad4fec55a10878ad98704d91f1698dcc37da0f123d2e9c82e2752a7e3e78.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634148
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a39d0a71138156d4d7b6128d7568f726cb609889d19e8fd5d507981c09e8f475.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634149
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8fe0d3b5982840cb4629d60eb4e289e934ef3033dfd41d9f165ac65e851afe20.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634151
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/48199e0e38a979c586355ebb4b7decca143d12117225d8212a67efc432f0ba18.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Gerd Eichmann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634152
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-jadeite — Jadeite — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-hpakant — Hpakant — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-jade-trade-myanmar — Jade trade in Myanmar — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-jade — หยก — วิกิพีเดีย; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## เหล็กไหล · lek lai · Lek lai (living iron)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/lek-lai/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/lek-lai.json
id: lek-lai · level: kind
native: batu serandak (ms)
aliases: เหล็กไหลเงินยวง · เหล็กไหลเพชรดำ · เหล็กไหลท้องปลาไหล · เหล็กไหลปีกแมลงทับ · รังเหล็กไหล · ขี้เหล็กไหล · leklai · lek-lai · lekhlai · living metal · cave iron · batu serandak (Malay)
class: เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ (natural talisman) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: natural · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), มหาอุด (stopping projectiles / misfire), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th, my
origin:  ·  · · Caves, per the belief; Thailand and Malaysia (Malay batu serandak)
what (th): โลหะดำมันวาวที่เชื่อว่ามีชีวิต ตัดจากถ้ำด้วยพิธี ว่ากินน้ำผึ้งและกันคมอาวุธ ฤทธิ์อยู่ในตัวของมันเอง เป็นหมวดที่ของปลอมชอบที่สุด ซึ่งเป็นคำเตือนในตัว
what (en): A dark lustrous metal the tradition holds to be alive — drawn from caves by rite, said to drink honey and turn aside blades. Power inherent in the thing itself; the category every faker loves, which is its own caution.
story: The lore puts it in caves under the guard of devas, forest spirits, naga or giants; only merit or wichaa lets a person take it, and the harvest is done with honey smeared nearby and fire played on the mass until it stretches to the honey as a thread and parts. Near its keeper, the belief goes, blades, guns and gunpowder fail. Thai Wikipedia grades it — the metal, its 'nest', its 'residue' — names varieties by colour, dates the dictionary entry to B.E. 2525, and then explains the samples as low-melting metals or alloys, meteorite or silicate, with the rainbow sheen as thin-film interference. Both halves belong in the record.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed by the class. Some keepers offer honey because the lore says it drinks it; that is a courtesy from the story, not an upkeep the vocabulary records. Safe to adopt with unknown history; the risk is the price, not the spirit.
- look at: Thai Wikipedia grades three tiers: lek lai proper (lustrous, drawn out by fire), rang lek lai 'the nest' (duller, does not draw), and khi lek lai 'the residue' (wax-like, matte black, brittle) [cited]
- look at: Named varieties by colour: เงินยวง silver, เพชรดำ black diamond, ท้องปลาไหล eel-belly, ปีกแมลงทับ beetle-wing, among others in the article [cited]
- look at: An iridescent rainbow sheen is thin-film interference, per the article's sceptical section, which names low-melting metals and alloys (gallium, mercury), meteorite and silicates as what samples turn out to be [cited]
- look at: The lore's harvest: honey is smeared near it and fire played on it until it stretches to the honey as a thread and parts; ordinary people cannot take it, and it shocks the hand [cited]
- look at: The Royal Institute Dictionary lists lek lai beside takrut and yantra cloth as its examples of เครื่องราง; the treatise quotes that definition, and its tiger-waking katha wakes 'the lek lai and copper things' too [catalogue]
- look at: The holding key calls it the category every faker loves; a caution about the category, never about a piece [catalogue]
- vs khot-kala: A khot is a stone-hard nodule from inside a coconut with no metallic sheen; lek lai is a lustrous dark metal. Both natural class, found not made.
- vs bia-kae: A bia kae is a cowrie sealed over quicksilver by a monk — a made object; lek lai claims to be found. Listings pair them because both are 'living' fillings for a case.
- vs dat-lone: Lek lai is found — harvested from cave rock with honey and fire, class khong_thammachat; the Burmese dat-lone is made — fired by a weikza practitioner from metals and mercury. Found or fired is the question that separates them.
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-lek-lai — เหล็กไหล — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ล็อกเก็ต · locket · photograph locket
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/locket/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/locket.json
id: locket · level: kind
aliases: ล็อกเกต · ล็อคเก็ต · ล็อกเก็ตรูปถ่าย · รูปถ่ายติดกระจก · locket · lockget · rup thai tit krachok · monk photo locket · glass-fronted photo amulet
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: locket · materials: เกศา (hair of the master), จีวร (robe cloth), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), ผงพุทธคุณ (powder of the Buddha's qualities) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th
origin:  · วัดและสำนักทั่วประเทศ Temples nationwide · Follows the spread of photography; the oldest free Commons example is a photo-under-glass of Phra Phimontham (Nak), Wat Arun, dated BE 2475 · Nationwide
what (th): รูปถ่ายพระเกจิผนึกใต้กระจกหรือเรซิน หลังอุดผง เกศา หรือจีวร — คือที่บรรจุพระธาตุแบบพกพาในรูปของเครื่องประดับ พลังอยู่ที่มวลสารและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): A monk's photograph sealed under glass or resin, often with powder, hair, or robe-cloth packed behind the image — a portable reliquary in costume jewellery's clothes.
story: The older form is a photograph mounted under glass; the free Commons example is a diamond-shaped one of Phra Phimontham (Nak) of Wat Arun dated BE 2475. The modern form is a colour print under clear resin with the reverse packed with sacred powder, hair, robe cloth or a takrut and usually stamped with a code. The trade names the finishes by background — gold or plain — and the large sizes as jumbo.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed; a blessed object. What is behind the picture is a relic of the monk, not a resident.
- look at: The front is a photograph, not struck or cast relief [catalogue]
- look at: The reverse is a sealed packing; look for powder, hair, robe threads, a takrut [catalogue]
- look at: Glass or a domed resin front in a metal bezel [tradition]
- look at: The vault files it under blessed objects, not Buddha-amulets: power is in the relic packing and the rite, and nobody is home [catalogue]
- vs rian-kechi: A medallion is solid struck metal; a locket is a photograph under glass with material behind it
- vs takrut: A takrut is a rolled tube and may be one of the things packed inside a locket's back; the locket is the housing, the takrut the charge
- vs phra-somdet: A somdej is pressed powder through and through; a locket only has powder as packing behind a picture
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0f7380f3734b9e8dcdd3bc31d124d0cd8891ab76b768c00ba835dd38410c5024.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Witwatarun · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90798370
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/36684723491f017bfbd66a3d1baf13c81c193c1c2795c5a1e93d7ab8a3369bd9.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Witwatarun · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90905313
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## หลวงปู่ทวด · luang pu thuat · Luang Pu Thuat amulet
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/luang-pu-thuat/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/luang-pu-thuat.json
id: luang-pu-thuat · level: kind
aliases: หลวงพ่อทวด · หลวงปู่ทวดเหยียบน้ำทะเลจืด · หลวงพ่อทวดวัดช้างให้ · หลังเตารีด · luang phor thuad · luang pu tuad · lp thuad · Luang Phor Thuad · the monk who walked on water
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อว่าน (sacred-herb paste), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), สัมฤทธิ์ (bronze), เนื้อเงิน (silver) · functions: แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades) · region: th-south, th
origin: วัดช้างให้ จังหวัดปัตตานี Wat Chang Hai, Pattani · พระอาจารย์ทิม ธมฺมธโร เจ้าอาวาสวัดช้างให้ Phra Ajahn Tim Dhammadharo, abbot of Wat Chang Hai · The monk is Ayutthaya-period (1582–1682); the amulets begin in 1954 · Southern Thailand
what (th): พระเครื่องรูปหลวงปู่ทวด พระเถระสมัยอยุธยาแห่งภาคใต้ ผู้เหยียบน้ำทะเลจืด รุ่นแรกเนื้อว่านจากวัดช้างให้ พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๗ รุ่นหลังเป็นเหรียญและหลังเตารีด นับถือทางแคล้วคลาด
what (en): Amulets bearing Luang Pu Thuat, the Ayutthaya-period southern monk who is said to have turned seawater fresh. The first run is a wan-powder tablet from Wat Chang Hai in 1954; later runs are medallions and cast figures, carried for narrow escape.
story: Phra Ajahn Tim, abbot of Wat Chang Hai in Pattani, made the first batch in 1954 entirely of wan herbal material; medallions followed, and the cast flat-iron-back form from 1962. Devotees credit the amulet with surviving fatal road accidents, which is why it rides on dashboards nationwide. The tradition holds that the bearer cannot die a violent or untimely death.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang of a monk.
- look at: A seated bald monk, not a Buddha [cited]
- look at: The first batch is wan (herbal) material through and through: a brown vegetable body, not white powder and not metal [cited]
- look at: The flat-iron back is a metal casting with a raised reverse and exists only from 2505 on [cited]
- look at: The medallions read Wat Chang Hai and a year, like any rian kechi [tradition]
- vs rian-kechi: A Luang Pu Thuat medallion is a rian kechi of him; this kind also covers the wan tablets and castings the medallion form does not
- vs rup-lo: A cast Luang Pu Thuat is a rup lo with its own canonical form, the flat-iron back; other monks' castings do not have it
- vs jatukham: Both are southern; Jatukham is a large deity medallion from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Luang Pu Thuat a monk from Pattani
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e5eb63d6b499da1103ab64ddd06a6a21ca5316a76d0b07a9f3c1422fb8657981.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=124458460
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8833b5c42abac1eb321eeb0c1499cbfd30104f7a4cbf4d44b61558e81b02c35d.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Octahedron80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6960771
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/79cfe07ef289047431602c0dfc797af6b713f7b26842116c749ab8877fd74199.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · user:Octahedron80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16194747
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/43f03ccf5da177485901d9250fd96d1131a17cb8e652bffe236fade4f3647d9c.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Battery2029 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28090347
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c43dff5e26735ac592cc3779fd57c3fdcf34e40ef09176ef33f78ee0116832a8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · โจสุโข · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38177308
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cad63222f830f37f1e2e58e2c92a472df357a9a914fa10c43c15df47624520da.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Jijeruni · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38194907
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/da466e3b923a8e3f9790095075838715b5a5cf1d947cd14b6a79dacec1634ae3.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40192720
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/efea264a94501f7a5fc7b12648304e35d7dcf79b179b13f7ebf7dab308bd0f03.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Jaran pitagtum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47181230
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6f58f772a49ec878a3295608488ff62b1685c234215aa6a0bef4201b287580b1.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50795788
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dc3f88e2b8c96c9e9bbc57fdcd0f2233bb641c5d54c9e333dc95d6b045fc8085.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51238614
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9c9fb1ac43cc718bb680ad7da70222150634696a51441335f7a06c1fdf57f218.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · josef knecht · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53934221
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0952db1e28e516ede1496b73008fa55f9e8d6bf24d38b24a9339e39b6977b9bf.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · FredTC · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66417256
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b6b68550966cae32f8d222d91aa8914c2d85f2f040bf20546217bf6b5fac9619.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · FredTC · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66417258
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/acde6a1e87502ee8ecf4f26751228247876d4adfee5c28b5c4d8ea725acee2d9.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · samfotograf · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=123340814
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6ff3f3ebc66eb0df6c1c94461c162d853e4ac5eeca590bb7d964e24cac5e0a77.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=137887458
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ae39b94a0c4d00115e99af1ae682667d2c29b774ad93fb74735b998fe01fccd2.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147750384
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ae74f717ed2b3c32f2a2dd06c2cc8ebea31cf90d357c60db8f25b502bd234677.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147750387
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/456870e9562a097c59ea076be173bddf75f3cb359be36b4a1c62f88f040c0913.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147750388
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/deddc83fb054a5c9e57b0069e571d5fb952133bab59f4d19a85b6232bb96a4ff.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147750390
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/12c839f536dca02b64313bf313abfcfa78bf0087aab52a5c44c5c54ace6cc50f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147751527
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:en-wiki-luang-pu-thuat — Luang Pu Thuat — Wikipedia; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## ลูกอม · luk om · Luk om (mouth-held charm ball)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/luk-om/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/luk-om.json
id: luk-om · level: kind
aliases: ลูกอมผง · ลูกอมเนื้อผง · ลูกอมดำ · ลูกอมหมากทุย · look om · luk-om · amulet ball · sucking charm
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: bead · materials: เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), ผงพุทธคุณ (powder of the Buddha's qualities), เนื้อว่าน (sacred-herb paste), ตะกั่ว (lead) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง); วัดบางปะกอก (หลวงปู่พริ้ง) ทำลูกอมดำ; วัดหนองบัว กาญจนบุรี มีลูกอมหมากทุย Anonymous treatise ms 6983; th.wikipedia names Luang Pu Phring of Wat Bang Pakok (ลูกอมดำ) and the Wat Nong Bua line of Luang Pu Yim (ลูกอมหมากทุย) as makers, without recipe · Undated treatise; the named temple issues are 20th century by their makers' lives · Central Thai tradition
what (th): ลูกกลมเล็กที่ปั้นจากผงว่าน ม้วนจากกระดาษยันต์พันด้าย หรือกล่อมจากแผ่นตะกั่วลงยันต์ เสกแล้วอมไว้ในปากหรือพกติดตัว ตำราให้เพื่อคงกระพันแคล้วคลาด ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): A small consecrated ball — herb-and-powder paste, a thread-wound paper yantra, or an inscribed lead sheet worked round — held in the mouth or carried, for invulnerability and evasion. Power in the yantra and the chant; nobody home.
story: Five recipes. In the first, two 'diamond' herbs, lodestone, laterite and phet sangkhat are ground with a yantra drawn on the grinding stone, moulded, chanted 108 times, buried three days, dug up, chanted a thousand times and then held in the mouth against spear, sword, gun, thorns and fangs. In the second the Samphutthe yantra is drawn on paper, rolled round, wound with thread and held under the tongue. The third writes the Sixteen Buddhas formula on a slate and erases it to powder 108 times, mixing that with stupa lichen and pencil dust in lacquer — the same erased-chalk method that makes ผงพุทธคุณ. The fifth beats lead thin, inscribes it, works it into a ball and says a traveller who holds it can go without water. Named temple issues — the black luk om of Wat Bang Pakok, the ลูกอมหมากทุย of the Wat Nong Bua line — are on th.wikipedia by name only.
keeping: Nothing to feed. Kept like a takrut. The treatise's fourth recipe boasts the ball still works if swallowed; a lead one should not be.
- look at: A solid ball with no string hole; a pierced ball is a rosary bead or a luk sakot [catalogue]
- look at: Body tells the recipe: dull shrunken herb-paste, thread wound over paper, or lead with fold seams where the sheet was worked round [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise has it held in the mouth, so it is small; a fist-sized ball is an altar piece, not a luk om [catalogue]
- look at: The word is also 'candy' in Thai; listing counts under the bare term are mostly sweets [inference]
- vs luk-sakot: Luk sakot are several small pierced lead beads on a cord; a luk om is one solid ball. The lead luk om of recipe 5 is the closest — it has no hole.
- vs si-phueng: Si phueng is wax in a box, smeared on the lips; a luk om is a hard ball.
sources: s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:th-wiki-wat-bang-pakok — วัดบางปะกอก — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07)
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## ลูกสะกด · luk sakot · Luk sakot (lead subduing beads)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/luk-sakot/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/luk-sakot.json
id: luk-sakot · level: kind
aliases: ลูกสะกดตะกั่ว · สะกด · look sakot · luk sakod · sakot beads · binding beads
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: bead · materials: ตะกั่ว (lead) · functions: สะกด (subduing, binding, putting to sleep), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th
origin:  ·  · No dated attestation found; the function is in the undated treatise, the bead form is not · 
what (th): เม็ดตะกั่วเล็กจารอักขระ เจาะรูร้อยเชือก ชื่อมาจากหน้าที่ 'สะกด' — ทำให้คนหรือสัตว์นิ่งหรือหลับ ปัจจุบันขายคู่ตะกรุดในความหมายคงกระพันแคล้วคลาด ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): Small incised lead beads, pierced and strung, named for the function สะกด — subduing, putting to sleep — and now sold beside takrut as invulnerability-and-evasion beads. Power in the letters and the chant; nobody home.
story: Ms 6983 has no luk sakot recipe; it has the function. To subdue, hold the image under the tongue; wrap a rosary in paper and seven turns of a thread the treatise specifies and chant 108 times, and the whole house sleeps; steep a takrut in oil in a bronze bowl with the Trinisinghe formula. The strung lead beads of the modern market take the name of that function. What is on them, and who first strung them, this catalogue cannot cite.
keeping: Nothing to feed. Same keeping as a takrut on the same cord. Vault class is an inference from form and making; no source places ลูกสะกด by name.
- look at: Pierced for stringing; a solid ball is a luk om [tradition]
- look at: Lead is soft enough to take a fingernail and greys in the incisions; a bright hard bead is an alloy or a modern cast [catalogue]
- look at: Hand-incised single-line grooves, not raised stamped letters [tradition]
- look at: The name is the function, not the shape; the trade applies it to any small strung metal bead sold for that purpose [catalogue]
- vs luk-om: One solid ball you can hold in the mouth versus several pierced beads on a string.
- vs takrut: A takrut is a rolled sheet tube; a luk sakot is a solid pierced bead. They share a cord so often that a bead on a takrut string is the usual find.
- vs waen-phirot: A phirot is a plaited ring you put on; nothing is strung.
sources: s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: low · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## มีดหมอ · mit mo · Mit mo (ritual knife)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/mit-mo/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/mit-mo.json
id: mit-mo · level: kind
aliases: มีดครู · meed mor · mid mo · mit mor · exorcist's knife · doctor's knife · spirit knife
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: blade · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: กันผี (warding spirits), จังงัง (stupefaction, being frozen), สะกด (subduing, binding, putting to sleep), กำบัง (concealment, going unseen), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades) · region: th-central, th
origin: วัดประดู่ทรงธรรม Wat Pradu Song Tham, Ayutthaya · หลวงพ่อม่วง ตราพระขรรค์เพชร ตามที่ตำราระบุ Luang Pho Muang, 'seal of the Diamond Sword', per the treatise's ascription of Method 1 · Undated treatise; the knife appears in the poem Krai Thong among the hero's weapons per Thai Wikipedia · Ayutthaya, Central Thailand
what (th): มีดที่ตีและลงอักขระเป็นเครื่องมือของหมอผี ใช้ตัดสิ่งที่ผูกมัด ไม่ใช่ตัดให้เลือดออก ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ ในคลังนี้บันทึกตำรับเหล็กสิบชนิดจากวัดประดู่ทรงธรรม
what (en): A knife forged and inscribed as an instrument of the doctor-of-spirits — for cutting what binds, not what bleeds. Manuscript 6983 in this corpus records a ten-iron forge recipe from Wat Pradu Song Tham.
story: Method 1, ascribed to Luang Pho Muang, alloys ten irons from sources the treatise names — stupa, prang and prasat finials, Nam Phi iron, palace-gate iron and more — forged on a Saturday or Tuesday by a smith keeping the precepts, with bai-si trays left and right and monks chanting the Karaniya seven times, then quenched three and seven times and given a handle packed with consecrated powders; the treatise names the quenching liquid and it is not reproduced here. Method 2 forges old iron and broken blades, steeps the knife in scented oil in a bronze bowl and wakes it with a long vernacular rousing-katha. In use it scratches a line the enemy cannot cross, is planted at a hole to put a household to sleep, and is held before the face to pass unseen.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed, by class. The trade adds a custom Thai Wikipedia records: a dead practitioner's knife passes to someone able to command it. The treatise recipe packs the handle with consecrated powder and names other ingredients not reproduced here, so ask what went into it.
- look at: A curved lancet-like blade, neither a sword nor a kitchen knife [cited]
- look at: Glyphs on the blade and tang; an uninscribed blade is a knife, not a mit mo [catalogue]
- look at: The handle is usually a sealed cavity holding powder; look for the plug [catalogue]
- look at: A metal guard plate engraved with yantra numerals [cited]
- look at: The ten-iron alloy is not visible on the surface; nobody can read the forge from the skin [catalogue]
- vs hun-phayon: The treatise puts the knife beside the effigy recipes: the knife is the doctor's instrument with nobody home, the effigy is animated and fed.
- vs takrut: Same class, different form: a rolled tube versus a forged blade.
- vs wua-thanu: A wua thanu is a bull figure fed grass and water; the knife is fed nothing.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/be7f4a2af3f04275cf05d6a8a621648890dd8b56f7a80284b6a723b157fef794.jpg · CC0 · Gavin Symahanou · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=173338719
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-mit-mo — มีดหมอ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## หินมุสติกา · mustika · Batu mustika (stones and 'pearls' of inherent power)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/mustika/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/mustika.json
id: mustika · level: kind
native: موستيكا · batu mustika / geliga (ms) · batu mustika (id) · watu mustika (jv)
aliases: มุสติกา · หินเบซัวร์มลายู · เกอลิกา · batu mustika · mustika pearl · geliga · guliga · batu bertuah · bezoar · tuah stone · mustika pearl
class: เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ (natural talisman) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: natural · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall) · region: id, my
origin:  · ไม่มีผู้สร้าง — “พบ” หรือ “ถูกดึงมา” (tarikan gaib) โดยดุกุน Not made: found, cut from an animal, or 'drawn' (tarikan gaib) by a dukun — the finding story is the object's credential · The Asia–Europe bezoar trade of c. 1500–1700 valued Southeast Asian porcupine stones especially (en.wikipedia); the mustika cult on the modern Indonesian market is undated · Java, Sumatra, Borneo, the peninsula
what (th): หินหรือเม็ดธรรมชาติที่โลกมลายู-ชวาถือว่ามีทัวะห์ในตัว — หินแร่ หินเบซัวร์จากท้องสัตว์ (geliga) หรือ “ไข่มุก” จากพืชและสัตว์ — พบ ไม่ได้สร้าง มักเลี่ยมแหวน ตลาดอินโดนีเซียเติมความเชื่อเรื่อง khodam (ผู้อยู่) เข้าไป ซึ่งหมวดของ vault ไม่รองรับ
what (en): A natural stone or nodule the Malay-Javanese world holds to carry its own tuah — a mineral, a bezoar cut from an animal (geliga), or a 'pearl' claimed from a plant or creature. Found, not made; usually ring-set. The Indonesian market adds a khodam, a resident spirit, which the vault's natural-talisman class does not carry — noted, not adopted.
story: The bezoar — Persian pād-zahr, 'antidote' — went out of this region to Europe between about 1500 and 1700 as a universal poison cure, Southeast Asian porcupine stones the most prized, and counterfeits followed until buyers tested them with poisoned needles. On the modern Indonesian market the word mustika has widened to any stone with a story: taken from a snake, found in the forest, seen in a dream, or 'drawn' from the unseen by a dukun. The story is what is sold; the stone is what you get.
keeping: Filed as khong_thammachat: power inherent, nobody home, nothing owed, and an unknown history is a value question rather than a safety one. Some sellers prescribe oiling or incense — shop custom, not upkeep. A seller who says the stone carries a khodam has moved it out of this class by his own claim; that claim is the thing to ask about.
- look at: A true bezoar is a gut concretion; cut or chipped it shows concentric layers round a nucleus [cited]
- look at: Counterfeits are as old as the trade: 16th–17th-century buyers tested stones with poisoned needles and animals. The category's whole history is a fraud history [cited]
- look at: Mineral mustika are ordinary agate, quartz or pebble; the word names the story attached, not the stone. Ask the mineral question separately [tradition]
- look at: Market 'mustika pearls' are smooth rounded nodules whose claimed source — coconut, snake, shell — cannot be read off the object [tradition]
- vs lek-lai: Lek lai is a dark lustrous metal held to be alive; a mustika is a stone, nodule or animal concretion. Same class — power inherent in the thing — and the same buyer's caution.
- vs dat-lone: A Burmese dat-lone is a metal ball a weikza practitioner casts and charges; a mustika is found, never made. Made-versus-found is the line.
- vs khot-kala: A Thai khot kala is the hard concretion found in a coconut; in Malay terms it is one kind of mustika. Same logic, different name.
- vs luk-om: A luk om is a bead a monk makes from powder or herb; a mustika has no maker.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/12abde9f172ecc417efad5bfd467ef111b2a2fabac1509c53684cacc6e54c9fa.jpg · CC0 ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=141695901
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/792c4dafef115fd6181962a681b1740c35e0e806e3226714ae48fe9410ff584b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Bjoertvedt · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93474788
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-bezoar — Bezoar — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: low · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## นางกวัก · nang kwak · Nang Kwak (the beckoning lady)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/nang-kwak/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/nang-kwak.json
id: nang-kwak · level: kind
aliases: แม่นางกวัก · นางสุภาวดี · nang kwak · nang gwak · mae nang kwak · beckoning lady · Lady Kwak · shopkeeper's goddess
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), เนื้อดิน (clay body), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), เนื้อว่าน (sacred-herb paste) · functions: ค้าขาย (trade, selling), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure) · region: th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) ให้ ๖ วิธี Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, six methods · Undated treatise; the figure is older than any dated print · Nationwide
what (th): นางกวัก หญิงนั่งยกมือกวักเรียกลูกค้า — ทั้งรูปตั้งหิ้งและจี้ เป็นเทพที่บูชาด้วยความเคารพและเครื่องสักการะเล็กน้อย ตลาดทุกแห่งในประเทศทำมาค้าขายใต้มือของนาง
what (en): The shop-keeper's lady, hand raised in the customer-calling gesture — shelf statue and pendant both. Venerated with respect and small offerings; every market in the country works under her hand.
story: Manuscript 6983 gives six recipes. Carve her from rak-son root, the nang-kwak tuber, or the mistletoe of a fig tree taken from the branch that points east, after offering puffed rice, flowers, banana and sugarcane to the tree; the carver dresses in white, keeps the five precepts, sets a bai-si, and finishes in one day at a good hour. Then inscribe ทุ สะ มะ นิ on forehead and back (or breasts) and ธะนัง โภคัง on the arms, consecrate 108 times, and keep her in a money bag (method 1) or in a case of lip-wax with fragrant oil and krajae paste, a silver plate bearing her yantra lining the bottom (methods 3–6). She is given rice and water daily, called to eat with the household, and in method 6 bathed so the water can be sprinkled on the goods and the boat's prow; the same bath water on your own skin makes her a love charm. The katha names her as the only daughter of Pu Chao Khao Khiao, the forest lord, which is the origin Thai Wikipedia also records beside the Indianised tale of Supawadee blessed by the arahants Kassapa and Sivali.
keeping: Deva tier — the vault says 'arguably'. Owed veneration: red drink, a garland, rice and water, and the treatise says without fail; still worship, not the parenting a kuman needs. Can be set down; the shop that keeps her feeds her out of courtesy.
- look at: A seated woman beckoning: never a Buddha, and not a ghost figure [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise inscribes ทุ-สะ-มะ-นิ on forehead, breasts and back, and ธะนัง / โภคัง on the right and left arms; look for syllables on the body of an old carved piece [catalogue]
- look at: Treatise pieces are carved wood kept in a wax case with a silver yantra plate lining the bottom; the case and plate are part of the object [catalogue]
- look at: Shop lore reads the hand height: above the mouth 'never full', below it 'never enough' [cited]
- look at: Shopfront statues are usually painted resin or plaster in red and gold; pendants are metal or pressed powder [tradition]
- vs hun-phayon: A hun phayon guards property and frightens thieves and is fed daily; Nang Kwak calls customers in. One is a servant, one a patroness.
- vs phra-siwali: Phra Siwali is a standing monk with staff, umbrella and bag; Nang Kwak is a seated woman. The legend has Sivali bless her, and some money bags carry his name.
- vs kuman-thong: A kuman thong is a boy figure raised as family; Nang Kwak is an adult woman venerated as a deva.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cd5927be7278fb576b97913846dfb1067174ac2f74f47f214479b083c47f9294.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83747178
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ba594c43c8babb93ee08f3ba2d608978b74e1b67f5ab6117fcf3bec6797dab84.jpg · Public domain · Günter Trageser · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3756236
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/417dacdf9041230ec96ddc42f6ee96d1b2ab4ecbdf530aa5dd817dab623ee770.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11318563
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/83ae507fc487a0cf7206ef97c5c6d7f2b3d57e6d33729fbbe86fbf0607a624a6.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11318566
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2aada5773e45f4ef30ba210bff4cbad870585ab4b0d6c79788f601cc6689a651.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11318568
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/14073a1f2cbcc8305c32367bdf308d1ff72abcfe430ec320db1efe4ce57d696a.jpg · CC0 · hkgalbert · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14038196
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a7b51aa1996b045368cb0289d2ec522a1b0166e2e6e1e2324b6c9c102d7fdf7a.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Xufanc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16058994
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d667b4248faf42e910785e824ba285673161ff6798b2a532cb3e58d478fa6b96.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Xufanc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18219701
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1a10e00134dd18f588e08ef047c3de478ca772dc25c6281621cba2df320f87fd.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · rudy.rijen Dav · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54400007
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4a0f286819bc500942ac1007e7cc14ea667749db91ad133c11b2fe09b3c05a3b.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58303080
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8346fc445b429c05a62a2b5ffdc54beb6bc5468c68d86c26fda11e1b9c12d705.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Dennis G. Jarvis · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66986396
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fcb9026469bd4826391c05a5e7576597ecd6534c4473d24797af40571aab87f7.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=132071909
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/db05d53df651d62fec70560faeeb237133cb835d607f25c9cdd23997f17a6378.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=154352123
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-nang-kwak — นางกวัก — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-nang-kwak — Nang Kwak — Wikipedia; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## นัต · nat · Nat figure (Burmese spirit-deity)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/nat-figure/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/nat-figure.json
id: nat-figure · level: kind
native: နတ် (my)
aliases: รูปนัต · เทพนัต · เทพทันใจ · โบโบจี · ตะจาหมิ่น · มหาคีรี · nat · nat rupa · Bo Bo Gyi · Thagyamin · Mahagiri · thep than chai · nat statue · Burmese spirit figure · Bo Bo Gyi · Thagyamin · Mahagiri
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), ค้าขาย (trade, selling) · region: mm, shan
origin:  ·  · King Anawrahta (r. 1044–1077) fixed the official pantheon of 37 Great Nats; Thagyamin was set at its head · Across Myanmar; Mount Popa is the centre of nat worship
what (th): รูปนัต เทพารักษ์ของพม่าที่บูชาควบคู่กับพุทธศาสนา มีนัตหลวง ๓๗ ตน นำโดยตะจาหมิ่น (ท้าวสักกะ) มีมหาคีรีเป็นนัตประจำบ้าน และโบโบจีเป็นนัตประจำเจดีย์ ตั้งในศาลที่บ้าน ร้าน และวัด เป็นเทพที่บูชา ไม่ใช่ผีที่เลี้ยง
what (en): Figures of the nats, the spirit-deities venerated in Myanmar alongside Buddhism: the 37 Great Nats headed by Thagyamin (Sakka), Mahagiri the house nat, and Bo Bo Gyi the guardian of each pagoda, kept in shrines at home, in shops and at pagodas. A deva-tier being venerated through the object — worship, not necromancy.
story: Anawrahta fixed the pantheon at 37; most were humans who died violently. Mahagiri was Maung Tint De, a blacksmith's son of Tagaung, burned alive bound to a champak tree by a suspicious king; his sister died with him and both haunted the tree, which was carried to Mount Popa and carved into their figures. Burmese houses still hang a coconut on a post for him. Bo Bo Gyi, an avatar of Indra in the Shwedagon story, pointed to where the pagoda should rise; Thai devotees call him thep than chai, the deity who grants at once, and offer scarves and paso.
keeping: Veneration: fruit, coconut, perfume, a scarf; respect at festivals. Worship, not parenting — nothing raised, nothing fed, nothing closed. The nat's own history (a violent death, a grievance) is the pantheon's, not the object's.
- look at: Three-headed white elephant, conch and fly-whisk: Thagyamin, the one nat who never died a violent death [cited]
- look at: Elderly man, curved cap, cane, pointing finger: Bo Bo Gyi, the pagoda guardian; the finger points to where Shwedagon should stand [cited]
- look at: Nats wear Burmese royal dress even when the pantheon records them as Thai or Shan; the dress does not say where the figure was made [cited]
- look at: In a house the figure is often replaced by a coconut hung at a corner or post and dressed with perfume; a coconut in a hanger is a nat shrine, not litter [cited]
- look at: Offerings are scarves and paso for Bo Bo Gyi, bananas and coconuts generally; a figure with a scarf tied on has been asked something [cited]
- vs thao-wessuwan: Thao Wessuwan is a yaksha with a club; a nat is a human figure in Burmese court dress. Same class — a venerated deva-tier being — different pantheon.
- vs nang-kwak: Nang Kwak beckons with one raised hand; a female nat sits or stands enthroned and does not beckon.
- vs phra-phrom: Phra Phrom has four faces; every nat has one.
- vs tua-pek-kong: Tua Pek Kong is a Chinese elder in Chinese dress with a long beard; Bo Bo Gyi is an elder in Burmese dress with a pointing finger. Both are shop guardians, so the dress is the tell.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4c565ab5ff464a8b5ed16cccb76a82657ca367aeca3eaf0b908f8c19c48b11a7.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Roger Price from Antwerp, Belgium · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11323007
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/98ad11d8d2271908a45606963b5dfaab6f07293768523c26ecb10485da1a36a4.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.5 · Hintha · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=879854
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fe886885214f78e701597dc8013652889da85066c6c6fbefc24e8537955b7c1a.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · sluj78 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4485109
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/31a36bf86dc2bf4704fb4e943f8ebe02719ef5a8fe58ce24367c9578f7db4cfa.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Hintha · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11309984
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1940a389b7543a9c44a0024cefd7a35e51d2ef027aa7aa7b9c876c274094e87c.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · User:Wagaung · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18144533
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ca53e439aa379cefc8753b08bc18b8a0156e24d80e9e56b38a385d391f1825c7.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Mayor mt · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72259853
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/23606542008a214573ff45457e09f4674b7c70664a45f20b9ef4e47441423622.jpg · Public domain · Mijnnaam (Wikifrits 14:07, 24 June 2007 (UTC)) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2295098
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d32db166843efcff9dea0b7ef607fc6f05dd950a159d83c13a0d512148dcde30.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · yeowatzup · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4485162
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d970d90923adc1ef13de2eeca9394ce05a033c6a55c758e46b4542cb2f2ab745.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · yeowatzup · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4485164
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/162e411925a8ed35788e1780ff380d83ae3b0c16f8944025cfcb802ad474fa6d.jpg · Public domain · User:Hintha · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4485940
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/66cf551dfec24eb980ae931909353ee36a651b58ea11b1c5e009ca148418667b.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · YashiWong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4739804
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6e48257b602d0e0872dda6dd8ac6725ad75d07cd283d4e6c50c82702327c2ae4.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · YashiWong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4739923
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f5d35f805bdb3ba6d301c895c31e12622e4136ed4353aaa2162f576eed7c16a9.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wagaung at English Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8392065
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3988aca81afb182dac4eff5ab560e1337bb1efeb0e2377af7f763bf4ced6c778.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · vive le vélo · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11324583
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3185f93398aeb7eae64ddcea68bd9472f2d060fb4d6d94287d4df004f6e6f796.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Hintha · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11340557
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0ebfcf0a8e94e0221aaea03ae1d238c6db168e463b83fefb73bfd52e3297f9b3.jpg · Public domain · Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11475550
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/98d741b6c045094a0dd2db1f907a5ca3518816a27894949a8af498761dad351d.jpg · Public domain · Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11475558
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bfb5516a840419665627fa520578fdfa73e9df600b7a4b1f2a491393f4c7aa19.jpg · Public domain · Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11475564
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9c4c13157cef453115d790956646f94e6e0703dd072c198167390165ecb9cd21.jpg · Public domain · Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11476002
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/50489903eec0b2cebc48202ad1269fe0e82acd74de602c4a479a854877b74351.jpg · Public domain · Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11476069
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/51110ccaecfab042b3b062c9ff329cecd31833284f0dd20c0423177158370e88.jpg · Public domain · Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11476134
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4edecb2fa261656e52e2875b14756df4ad6f0cc3021d4e842445c3d650b1fe62.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Maung Maung San · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17903348
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-nat-spirit — Nat (spirit) — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-thagyamin — Thagyamin — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-mahagiri — Mahagiri — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-bo-bo-gyi — Bo Bo Gyi — Wikipedia; s:my-wiki-nat — နတ် — ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## ปลัดขิก · palat khik · Palad khik (phallic waist charm)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/palad-khik/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/palad-khik.json
id: palad-khik · level: kind
aliases: ปลัด · ขุนเพ็ด · อ้ายขิก · palad khik · palat khik · palad kik · pra lad khik · honourable surrogate · phallic amulet · Thai lingam charm
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: other · materials: กะลา (coconut shell), เขาสัตว์ (horn), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), กันผี (warding spirits), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), ค้าขาย (trade, selling) · region: th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) · วิกิพีเดียไทยเอ่ยชื่อหลวงพ่อเหลือ วัดสาวชะโงก เป็นผู้สร้างที่มีชื่อ Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, gives three recipes; Thai Wikipedia names Luang Pho Luea of Wat Sao Cha-ngok as a noted maker · Undated treatise. Both Wikipedias trace the form to the Shiva linga and Indian influence roughly two thousand years back; that is a lineage claim, not a date · Nationwide; the large in-situ shrine on Commons is Phra Nang cave, Krabi, and rocket-festival parades in the Northeast carry oversized ones
what (th): แท่งแกะหรือหล่อรูปอวัยวะเพศชาย พกติดตัวเพื่อโชค การค้า และคุ้มกัน เป็นเครื่องรางที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดแบบหนึ่งของแถบนี้ และเป็นแบบที่ประเพณีเองจัดไว้สองทาง — ของขลังไม่มีผู้อยู่ทางหนึ่ง ที่สถิตของผู้คุ้มครองอีกทางหนึ่ง
what (en): A carved or cast phallic rod, pocket-carried for luck, trade and protection — one of the oldest charm forms in the region, and one the tradition itself files two different ways.
story: The treatise gives three recipes. Method 1 carves golden-shower heartwood, inscribes อุ on the face and กันหะ เนหะ on the flanks, and consecrates with the two-word katha; it wards sorcery, the tip ground in liquor is drunk for poison or fever, it serves as a love charm, and it must not be on the body during intercourse or near a menstruating woman. Method 2 carves and inscribes the same way but consecrates with a long, bawdy vernacular incantation, and is tied at the waist of children against wasting fevers, spirits and the mae sue birth-spirit, or of adults for everything. Method 3 admits tamarind, muai heartwood or mistletoe as well, chants กันหะ เนหะ 108 times with a second short coarse formula, and is worn against sorcery, water-spirits and fangs and tusks, and for attraction. English Wikipedia adds the modern picture: men wear several on a waist cord, shopkeepers set large ones out, and the form is read back to the Shiva linga.
keeping: Class deliberately unassigned: the vault vocabulary leaves ปลัดขิก unplaced because some keepers hold it as an impersonal charm with nobody home and nothing owed, and others as a guardian-spirit vessel. It needs a knower, and this record says so rather than deciding. The treatise's own rules are the only ones on paper: not on the body during intercourse, not near a menstruating woman.
- look at: It is a phallic rod, never a Buddha or a medallion; the form alone names the kind [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise carves it from golden-shower heartwood (methods 1–2) or tamarind, muai heartwood or mistletoe (method 3) and inscribes อุ, กันหะ, เนหะ; look for the letters on face and flanks [catalogue]
- look at: Material reads by eye: wood, coconut shell, horn or cast metal. Wood ages by wear, not patina. Many coconut-shell hits in the corpus are carved palad khik [catalogue]
- look at: A riding figure — monkey, tiger, Nang Kwak — marks a variant; the base form is the plain rod [cited]
- look at: Pieces made from protected-animal material fall under Thai law and CITES; a legal notice, not a judgement [catalogue]
- vs takrut: Both hang at the waist. A takrut is a rolled metal tube with the yantra inside (class yantra_wattu); a palad khik is a solid carved or cast rod whose form is the charm and whose class the vault declines to fix
- vs kala-ta-diao: A one-eyed coconut shell is a natural talisman kept for what it is; a coconut-shell palad khik has been carved into the rod. Same material, different kind
- vs nang-kwak: Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman venerated as a deva; when she rides a palad khik the rod is the object and she is its decoration
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ab96c0cf92012123441d2315d7f8f406eef860e33aaab67a0a1f27b587a7fe75.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Sasha India · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104798734
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fe4a065d31c1f28013ce76a6caa1c77cc9b3774a164ca34f664b4698b8e2b1c0.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · ::::=UT=:::: · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52762101
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/380c6bbe87dacc4ff7141d0183528c0f34491e96545ac37149e3d9e2c567b44a.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Karelj · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70171687
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e70a3d83e0c0afd4a69904362b70046056232babd6286c1fc2f18f22f44c3f21.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Sasha India · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104798747
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fb0965b78e3c8c1ec37c108dcd16f1d99479d39895dc21c5944a0f342341d247.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · No machine-readable author provided. Pawyilee assumed (based on copyright claims). · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1703563
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/658d440d586770ac407263ac322fcea5c8536cc7535a62860856b9191abefa6d.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · No machine-readable author provided. Pawyilee assumed (based on copyright claims). · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1703577
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/51c58eccc54950cdd9240063e7e564b7271dd9b216edbd80c702ef98a3291ba5.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1703955
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e5db3ee2fc04630372aa7b75e34cbcfa1240f7db0e4f0c46734bff0f8b5aa2bd.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · No machine-readable author provided. Pawyilee assumed (based on copyright claims). · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1704054
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6bb5a3b7a22e6c78880b9afa7175d03f8a428b5fb562803fe8983c4d60a8864b.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · No machine-readable author provided. Pawyilee assumed (based on copyright claims). · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1704383
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f5712e6c1d58914f218dfa59eeef9fd29f38fffe096929032913606309646d43.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563876
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/713107f0f96d788b6cd7060943cd06fd187c26b274d07703d8accfe961e1efaf.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563881
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/55de9c1f89477bab919610f8bda5c2ada307f66bdfdf9551aa4ecf44f56b6b32.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563882
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a97ad9cda805ed7aa83a4a2bf0f62b27d48b8ff9d127f2a198b3217e56e0b65c.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563895
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f39fcdfbce6c9e48e5ba80a48fe73f4b217a251d3c5564558abe618adf99b187.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563902
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ab346783d02c9c9851573516afd8261b27b3735ed87db93a8bc03e40c43214ea.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563914
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2cb6d1951da8fe6822028d05e8c95f1072e975d7d4cf714960a9489b23df3113.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563919
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f2eb9d39be4c3e96e502914c067a11d12ee082aa98f55d4480aa3837ea218a9a.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563924
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0fa4cc3b24e2ad77658abe93e8eb0efc45dab52dd1dbd0a0ed134da9598e0b8e.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563933
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ab85c1b2b89b49a493e5648997a4568d8adf680ca9596e015f2b1f542c5e24b2.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563947
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b74c6ee875c0c2398a6693d59ffbbb3df60425d93a4f057cf236b217ef45e4d3.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563950
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/601a5e1b5a2ae49ce32b37f429aae7779442412318372ac9e79c11b820cf0996.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563952
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1c04f569dd7e988b5c4c3e4dea7dbcbe9929ac71b1a56ba9ecd59143bc399f95.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · deror_avi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563955
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/82e74f0e123859fd5a033f6e24d3ea55c757e840a83cf03b3c5a7c2fc36ea762.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · kallerna · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19068080
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ff718500dc1ae0a98b3fc37715c99f5627ef620bc25c62bc7462ea7af313197e.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · kallerna · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19068089
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:en-wiki-palad-khik — Palad khik — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-palad-khik — ปลัดขิก — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระบาง · pha bang · Phra Bang pendant (copies of the Lao palladium)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-bang-pendant/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-bang-pendant.json
id: phra-bang-pendant · level: kind
native: ພະບາງ (lo) · ព្រះបាង (km)
aliases: พระบางจำลอง · พระบางหลวงพระบาง · จี้พระบาง · พระบางพุทธลาวัณย์ · phra bang · prabang · pha bang chamlong · Phra Bang Buddhalavarna · Phra Bang replica · Pha Bang amulet · Luang Prabang Buddha pendant
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: สัมฤทธิ์ (bronze), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), เนื้อทองคำ (gold) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: la, th-isan
origin: หอพระบาง วังหลวง หลวงพระบาง (ต้นแบบ) Haw Pha Bang in the Royal Palace grounds, Luang Prabang, houses the original; copies are issued by Lao and Thai temples · ตำนานว่าหล่อที่ลังกา · นักวิชาการว่าศิลปะขอมปลายศตวรรษที่ 12–ต้น 13 Legend: cast in Ceylon; scholars read it as Khmer work of the late twelfth to early thirteenth century · Reached Lan Xang in 1359 as the Khmer king's gift to Fa Ngum; to Vientiane 1705; taken to Bangkok 1778 and returned 1782, taken again 1828 and returned 1867 under Rama IV; moved into the Haw Pha Bang in 2013 · Luang Prabang, which is named after it
what (th): จี้และรูปหล่อย่อส่วนของพระบาง พระพุทธรูปคู่บ้านคู่เมืองลาวที่หลวงพระบางได้ชื่อมาจาก ยืนยกสองพระหัตถ์ ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): Pendants and miniature casts of the Phra Bang, the standing two-palms-forward Buddha that is the palladium of Laos and gave Luang Prabang its name. Nobody home, nothing owed.
story: Legend casts it in Ceylon; scholars read Khmer work of the late twelfth century. The Khmer king gave it to his son-in-law Fa Ngum in 1359 to legitimise Lan Xang, and the city was renamed for it. It is 'thong', an alloy of bronze, gold and silver, in the fear-dispelling gesture with both palms forward. It went to Vientiane in 1705, was carried to Bangkok by Siamese armies in 1778 and again in 1828, and came home for good in 1867 under Rama IV; since 2013 it stands in the Haw Pha Bang on the palace grounds and is carried on the third day of Lao New Year to Wat Mai for bathing. The French Wikipedia adds that a copy is what the museum displays while the original sits in a vault, with rumours placing it elsewhere — so even in Luang Prabang the pilgrim venerates a copy, which is what every pendant is.
keeping: Impersonal: ordinary veneration. Bathing it at New Year echoes what Luang Prabang does with the original.
- look at: Standing, both palms forward: the gesture is the identity; a single raised hand is another image [cited]
- look at: Square face, wing-shaped ear lobes, a large smooth ushnisha, the lower garment's edge visible under the robe [cited]
- look at: The original is 'thong', a bronze-gold-silver alloy the Thai and Khmer articles call ninety percent gold; pendants are brass or plated, so colour proves nothing [cited]
- look at: Sources disagree on the original's height; pendant proportions vary with the model the caster copied, and a mismatch is not a fault [cited]
- look at: Thai temples hold their own Phra Bang replicas (Wat Trilokanat, Nakhon Phanom; Wat Phra Lao, Amnat Charoen), so Thai and Lao issues share the market and the reverse lettering is what places them [cited]
- look at: Every pendant is a modern cast; nothing about one is old. No Lazada TH listing title in catalog.db carries พระบาง [catalogue]
- vs lao-phra-khrueang: A Lao temple amulet may show any Lan Xang type; a Phra Bang pendant is only the standing two-palms-forward figure.
- vs phra-chiang-saen: Chiang Saen figures sit and carry the lotus-bud finial; the Phra Bang stands with a smooth ushnisha.
- vs rup-lo: A rup lo is a cast monk; this is a copy of one named Buddha image.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/77263ea3a6dda30bee2f4e9b408070034db8450ace8eac9b97432b8d779acdae.jpg · Public domain · Tmd · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73298490
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6fa664001e7a5cec02f4afa567a0450ec19c613873d57170e693f848f72e6b24.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24671777
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/51d8d8fb92a2de7c9290751c3cf816ba07b43e8d658a68db938f3f7d0d957bb6.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · CEphoto, Uwe Aranas · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42216300
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7bb858cf0ac555ccd4461f17a6b037b006a07492c7858654d7f98574f83ca11e.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58872892
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ecc33766ae96ac991ceab501f5ed4b3555d3755a8502ff3fadb0063da86e0e26.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58872893
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6cf25d51809aecc4247b2c70dea2a04b15103275b646187d44d2afb97f6d41ea.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58872894
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9a69b0f1735786ce4b3f17e84526cda8d3b8431c7970456a5e5cad40b8e5aa0e.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58872895
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/44e1d95751601f53d10226d046e3e941f4f0f78e25a6ad6ec8327f8b7bc77f5a.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58872896
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-phra-bang — Phra Bang — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-phra-bang — พระบาง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:lo-wiki-pha-bang — ພະບາງ — ວິກິພີເດຍ; s:km-wiki-preah-bang — ព្រះបាង — វិគីភីឌា; s:lo-wiki-haw-pha-bang — ຫໍພະບາງ — ວິກິພີເດຍ; s:fr-wiki-palais-royal-luang-prabang — Palais royal de Luang Prabang — Wikipédia; s:fr-wiki-luang-prabang — Luang Prabang — Wikipédia; s:en-wiki-lan-xang — Lan Xang — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-luang-prabang — Luang Prabang — Wikipedia; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระเครื่องลาว · pha khueang lao · Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/lao-phra-khrueang/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/lao-phra-khrueang.json
id: lao-phra-khrueang · level: kind
native: ພະເຄື່ອງ (lo)
aliases: พระลาว · พระล้านช้าง · พระเครื่องหลวงพระบาง · พระเครื่องเวียงจันทน์ · phra khrueang lao · phra lao · Lan Xang amulet · Lao amulet · Lan Xang-style Buddha amulet
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: สัมฤทธิ์ (bronze), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: la, th-isan
origin: วัดในหลวงพระบางและเวียงจันทน์ (เชียงทอง วัดใหม่ วัดองค์ตื้อ) Temples of Luang Prabang and Vientiane — Wat Xieng Thong, Wat Mai, Wat Ong Teu among the named ones · วัดลาวออกให้ อ้างอิงพระบูชาล้านช้าง Issued by Lao temples; the models are the Lan Xang altar bronzes · Lan Xang altar images from the fourteenth century (the Vat Manorom colossus is held the oldest); the worn amulet as a Lao temple product is modern, on the Thai pattern · Luang Prabang and Vientiane
what (th): พระเครื่องที่วัดลาวออก — พระพิมพ์ เหรียญ รูปหล่อเล็ก — ต้นแบบคือพระบูชาล้านช้าง เช่นพระยืนปางขอฝนและพระบาง ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): Amulets issued by Lao temples — tablets, medallions, small casts — modelled on the Lan Xang altar bronzes: the rain-calling standing Buddha, the Phra Bang, the seated earth-toucher. Nobody home, nothing owed.
story: Lao Buddhist sculpture is mostly bronze with gold and silver beside it; the great images were cast in parts and assembled, and the Lao gave the Buddha gestures of their own, calling for rain and lying down to welcome death. The named palladia — the Phra Bang, the sixteenth-century gold Phra Sai now in Nong Khai, the colossal Phra Ong Teu in Vientiane — are the models. The worn amulet as a temple product is recent and follows the Thai industry's formats; after 1975 spirit practice was pressed by the state but stayed woven into Lao Buddhism, and the amulet lives in that weave.
keeping: Impersonal: ordinary veneration, nothing fed. The provenance question is which temple issued it and when.
- look at: Lao bronze, samrit, often carries precious metal; some images run high in copper and gold and read as a muted gold colour [cited]
- look at: A standing figure with arms falling straight and the robe flaring at the hem is the Lao rain-calling type; the Walters torso records exactly that outline [cited]
- look at: Colossal Lao bronzes were cast in parts and assembled; a small piece is one pour, so a seam on a pendant is a mould line, not a Lao construction mark [cited]
- look at: Reverse script, where present, is usually Tham rather than Khom — the Lao sacred hand [inference]
- look at: Medallion and powder formats follow the Thai amulet industry; no Lazada TH listing title in catalog.db carries ลาว, หลวงพระบาง or เวียงจันทน์ [catalogue]
- vs phra-bang-pendant: A Phra Bang pendant is one Lao amulet with a named model: standing, both palms forward. Anything else Lao is this broader kind.
- vs phra-chiang-saen: Chiang Saen is the Lanna bronze; Lan Xang descends from the same line but the face and the flared robe differ, and the rain-calling stance is Lao only.
- vs rian-kechi: A Thai monk medallion names a Thai monk and temple; a Lao issue is lettered in Lao or Tham script.
- vs phra-kru: An Isan cache find such as the Na Dun naga-sheltered tablets is old and excavated; a Lao temple amulet is a recent issue. Crust versus shine.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1406871041683971a6d3987c97704bcd33d5e66232f514d3c1527341b76025b0.jpg · Public domain · Jnzl's Public Domain Photos · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44431228
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/030e6e5c2f06054813c35167d5cd11b02a8cccfee56567655bbd991c4720d593.jpg · CC BY 2.5 · Unknown authorUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=533779
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ed2cddaa5f3140a4420092007a6884e09f6a3ba1cd01e9025006d9fcbdbf10e5.jpg · CC BY 2.5 · Siren-Com · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=533787
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6b01ab4d3ece438d7c215e49ffb4f53b186b573cffeaa5ba460e763e6401c4a1.jpg · Public domain · Laotian (?) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18763506
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f33b04c35039f1a353dfc29eec0100d25482db1a64f38bf4095b7e833dc6ad59.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · satori.corvus · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54864496
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/feaeca3a08e7c13f1521bd33cf4e40fb01bfd9351c051a52e2d2438d804ce9e3.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Jnzl's Photos · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64886445
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d5c07657cdbce93e5a636246a58952bfed6cc10a9034bee915b981626ce6964f.jpg · CC0 · Mx. Granger · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87147879
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-lao-buddhist-sculpture — Lao Buddhist sculpture — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-buddhism-laos — Buddhism in Laos — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-mucalinda — Mucalinda — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-lan-xang — Lan Xang — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-lek-yan — เลขยันต์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: low · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ผ้าประเจียด · pha prachiat · Prachiat (yantra head-cloth / armband)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/prachiat/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/prachiat.json
id: prachiat · level: kind
aliases: ประเจียด · ผ้าประเจียดแขน · มงคล (ผ้าโพกหัวนักมวย) · pra jiad · prajiad · prajead · mongkhon · mongkol · yantra armband · muay thai armband · war head-cloth
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: cloth · materials: ผ้ายันต์ (inscribed cloth) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: th
origin:  · แจกโดยพระเจ้าตากสิน (พ.ศ. ๒๓๑๒) และ ร.๑ (พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๘) แก่แม่ทัพนายกองและทหาร ตามวิกิพีเดีย; ครูอาจารย์ทำให้ศิษย์ th.wikipedia records prachiat given by King Taksin (B.E. 2312) to commanders and by Rama I (B.E. 2328) to soldiers; later made by teachers for pupils and by monks · Thonburi and early Bangkok periods by the cited dates; the practice is older than the record · Thailand
what (th): ผ้าลงเลขยันต์ผืนเล็กที่ม้วนพันศีรษะ คอ หรือต้นแขน เชื่อว่ากันอันตราย แจกทหารตั้งแต่สมัยกรุงธนบุรี ปัจจุบันเห็นบนแขนนักมวย ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): A small inscribed cloth rolled and tied on the head, neck or upper arm against harm — given to soldiers from the Thonburi period, seen today on boxers' arms. Power in the inscription; nobody home.
story: th.wikipedia has the cloth as a recognised protection: King Taksin gave it to his commanders in B.E. 2312, Rama I to soldiers in 2328, teachers to pupils after; small pieces were sewn into shirts, and boxers took it up for morale. en.wikipedia adds the origin story told in the gyms — a strip of a mother's sarong tied on the arm before battle — and the ring rule that the head-ring comes off after the wai khru while the armbands stay on. Ms 6983 knows the word as the generic worn charm: a carved figure held in the mouth serves 'as a prachiat', and the waking chant rouses 'the prachiat cloths and mongkhon, to endure and evade'.
keeping: Nothing to feed. Kept high and clean like a pha yan; a boxer's is the gym's to bless and hand over, and en.wikipedia says the trainer keeps the mongkhon.
- look at: A band that ties: much longer than wide, or a small square folded to a strip; a large hanging sheet is a pha yan [cited]
- look at: Black ink or pencil on white, red or yellow cloth [cited]
- look at: The boxing armband is a soft tied band, ends left as tassels; the mongkhon is a stiff hoop for the head, removed after the wai khru [cited]
- look at: Some gyms colour-code armbands for rank; that is gym custom, not consecration [cited]
- vs pha-yan: A pha yan is a sheet to hang or fold; a prachiat is a band to tie on. Same class, same keeping; the name follows the use.
- vs suea-yan: A suea yan is prachiat cloths sewn into a shirt (th.wikipedia's own definition).
- vs sai-sin: Sai sin is bare thread at the wrist with no inscription.
- vs takrut: A takrut is a rolled metal sheet; the treatise also puts a takrut on the head for the same errands, so the place on the body does not tell them apart — the material does.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2b45c1e2ece03142d69f15527e62de929346da9cabf09505a2c5c79311b367a0.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · selbst · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44561792
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a90c84a14445a07faab63b87a23d0057efd751aa89545333522dc6afa5dd33ab.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · H. Grobe · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12467295
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b88a7753838700e57c703932c0ffc7572bacfad093d028bbcca058e5ccb2ecb7.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · H. Grobe · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12467300
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6e35b51925ec3a1b5f4ffa198a51cdaae82181abf7e88c1893f783f03ee0ad54.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Dmitri Markine · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16055965
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/68ce597a327e5d059f77d9db6026b78251025b69abc9c2a0962ddaa3b46d6b30.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · B20180 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23360739
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/06dc0dc09718904c143ae96aba277dcd516ed118c08280aeef0983ee0a21a78d.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · B20180 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23360740
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a4a1114d6a31b54afecdbe44ee3fc75848afd37555b7d7f349da67a0d8fde696.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Faraz Khalvatiyan · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25550790
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/583e38629225cd000787440bf0dd33099295e79c4da8f64f22c5d9a23d1a904e.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · IMTheAdrenaline · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27056782
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/949dcb7beb12d57e03922fb4849072f152a86b4f384368c7d00915432f7ef17a.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Joni-Jo · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36459599
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/45a94467e43fd6fc875b4c50564bb7ebe724b2c388423d265e018ea4ce4ad981.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Kru Tony Moore · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48684089
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e8cd6a096a40a624eab0b41de2fe52c5f851127bc170d725946249e8097206bb.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Kru Tony Moore · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48684188
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/497be9e31761b163aa2c0b0f125d5f3d6bcd3d327a87dddbdc55bd4aea7fd8dc.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Kru Tony Moore · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49944864
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f7b195b98e92be6153c26abad9d2f14f636cb6f95b74c5d8fb09b584d2e627dd.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Kru Tony Moore · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57915562
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2f7e0638605640f7ef36751c15bedccc4e3a723517b1f5901bebdaaf436817bd.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Jean-Yves Lemoigne · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68511419
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d215b42226ddbda90262edf2c6b0f879046061d63847711878d11db14dde07d8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Judge761 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=91766691
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d3f9aec2e1b8c07f5b50028b019f1d9e2543bfe9f3f63d1efa2eb31afad92ad6.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · MMA Kid · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106601459
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/99a1e7d956e9338a1e32b888ecd2845a29ee72a84443cee8869b73f7c42d413a.jpg · Public domain · Hem Vejakorn · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133147044
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/747bb483158002f70478e58a30e3b5fab8f5add28dc16d442c26dc5f14d9e856.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · B20180 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136273486
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2a519195cf75e8d867e7f1e6195e74abdfb73b44f0e0c84975d3d7c5f67ecb93.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · B20180 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136273487
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4ebbb626fd36f673dd28e8f5e8b685827a4636c29eb6a6c86d831bd330b0f12f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · B20180 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136273488
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6f3a6e637c4c589d04036b20a119414533948ecee84f22dae8d54d374f5539c5.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · B20180 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136273490
sources: s:th-wiki-prachiat — ประเจียด — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-pra-jiad — Pra Jiad — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-mongkhon — Mongkhon — Wikipedia; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories)
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## ผ้ายันต์ · pha yan · Pha yan (yantra cloth)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/pha-yan/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/pha-yan.json
id: pha-yan · level: kind
aliases: ผ้าประเจียด · ประเจียด · เสื้อยันต์ · pha yant · pha prachiat · prajiad · yantra cloth · yant cloth · prajiad armband
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: cloth · materials: ผ้ายันต์ (inscribed cloth) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), กันผี (warding spirits), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th
origin:  ·  · Thai Wikipedia has King Taksin handing prachiat to his commanders around 1769 and Rama I to his soldiers around 1785; both dates unverified against a primary · Country-wide
what (th): ผ้าผืนสี่เหลี่ยมหรือธงที่เขียนตาราง รูป และอักขระ แขวนเหนือประตู พับใส่กระเป๋า หรือพันตัว ลายยันต์มีดัชนีของตัวเองที่ /yant
what (en): A cloth square or banner drawn with grids, figures and script — hung over a door, folded into a pocket, or worn. The drawn designs have their own index here: /yant.
story: The treatise has no recipe for the cloth itself; it uses one. A white cloth bearing the eight-direction yantra is stretched as a ceiling while a takrut is inscribed in the ordination hall, and the great waking-katha lists the prachiat among the things it rouses to endure and evade. Thai Wikipedia describes the prachiat as a white, red or yellow cloth tied at head, neck or arm, handed to soldiers by Taksin and Rama I before battle, and still worn by Muay Thai and krabi-krabong fighters. The temple-issue cloth hung over a shop door is the same object at rest.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Hang it or carry it with unknown history; its question is only whose hand drew it.
- look at: A flat cloth. Rolled into a tube it becomes a takrut; the medium is the tell [catalogue]
- look at: White, red or yellow ground with black ink or pencil per the prachiat article; the ground colour is not a rule [cited]
- look at: Script places it: Khom in the centre, Tham in the north and northeast, Thai script in the south [cited]
- look at: Modern temple issues are screen-printed in one colour with even lines; hand-drawn cloths show uneven strokes and ink pooling [tradition]
- look at: A yantra cloth wrapping an effigy is part of that object, and takes that object's class [catalogue]
- vs takrut: Flat versus rolled. Same class, same keeping; only the form differs.
- vs hun-phayon: A hun phayon is a figure that a yantra cloth may wrap, and it is fed; the bare cloth is not. If there is a body inside the cloth, it is not this record.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9d4b67ddd945355419fa7462bdddbd98e87a583805bdabb4963ae88662c1ce17.jpg · Public domain · Sakyant at English Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2732154
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ec7d1e06e80b19c6aa1eedc47eeb88448bf7ade6ec8deffeb780793625e03791.jpg · Public domain · Pawyi Lee photo of poster by หลวงปู่พรหมมา เซมจาโร · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3713973
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1aab0afa639a877519edb24c4d781e7e41599aea1219650c2240f71213e1cd27.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · 叡智探求者 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38333063
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/34c6eb1758f17b72e992af0f2c7dc2850448e8bc970ffbaf719cae1ee0e82e51.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443103
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ae653e8dd28d9d4928289333aeb4bea9c5756a61f8988089a266c1e793e92d4d.jpg · Public domain · Unknown authorUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89578400
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/93f747e995df39115109d1afd5bc56cc809338c31dd5cc7a268ba856fec5efea.jpg · CC0 · Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) · https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1301548?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-prachiat — ประเจียด — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-lek-yan — เลขยันต์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พญาครุฑ · phaya khrut · Phaya Khrut (the garuda)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phaya-khrut/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phaya-khrut.json
id: phaya-khrut · level: kind
aliases: ครุฑ · พระครุฑ · ครุฑยุดนาค · phaya krut · khrut · garuda · Garuda · king of birds · mount of Vishnu
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), สัมฤทธิ์ (bronze) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits), ค้าขาย (trade, selling), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th
origin:  ·  · The garuda is the royal and national emblem of Thailand and an old temple and palace motif; when it became a mass-market amulet is not something this record can date · Nationwide
what (th): พญาครุฑ ราชาแห่งนก กางปีก — อำนาจ แคล้วคลาด และหนี้ที่ไม่กล้าตามมา หล่อโลหะตั้งแต่จี้จนถึงรูปตั้ง เป็นเทพที่บูชาผ่านวัตถุ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): The king of birds, wings spread — authority, safe passage, and debt that dares not follow. Cast in metal from pendant to standard.
story: The garuda is Vishnu's mount and the emblem of the Thai state, which is why the same bird sits on a passport and on a pendant. In the trade it is sold for commanding presence, for commerce that moves, and — the claim listings repeat most — for warding off black magic and curses. The vault places it with Wessuwan and Rahu: a deva venerated through the object, owed respect, not a raised ghost that eats. What the tradition calls the garuda's power is authority; the keeper borrows the bird's rank.
keeping: Deva tier: veneration, not feeding. Respect and small offerings; can be set down. Provenance sensitivity medium — ask, but no history follows it the way a spirit-object's does.
- look at: Spread wings are the first mark; a yaksha has none [catalogue]
- look at: Cast metal as a rule: solid pendant, openwork pendant, or standing figure [catalogue]
- look at: The state garuda on documents and the royal-warrant garuda over a shop door are emblems, not amulets — same bird, no consecration [tradition]
- look at: Listings state warding off black magic and curses (กันคุณไสย), authority, and commerce; one of the highest-frequency motifs in the current market [catalogue]
- vs thao-wessuwan: The garuda has wings and often a naga underfoot; Wessuwan is a wingless giant leaning on a club. Both devas, both cast metal.
- vs salika: The salika is a small natural bird, a charm of sweet speech; the garuda is a crowned man-bird of authority.
- vs phra-rahu: Rahu is a bodiless head swallowing the moon, usually carved in coconut shell; the garuda is a whole winged figure in metal.
- vs rup-lo: A rup lo is a cast monk in robes; a garuda is a winged deva. Cast metal both, so the figure decides.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e3953082afd567f9cb2b8275db5689347c95b29f0957d2494d60bdea6996dcf2.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Sailko · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96096469
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6f7c8fbfe184f5eff3b775cb694ad65f6ad01aeb0b4ee0b442e34809b904bce9.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · jankie · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7624120
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d352a24235cd173c1b770519aa74c3e09cdca3fd61512ed6cce6ebad45b9e95f.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Fibo4me · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31360124
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fb23b21b18fd1fcb6c33b270283ce9580e543cb71d529ebaa834273e8c12b735.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50796735
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/af45508a41d46c24d60796d5e10cbe1a8e9003c5374f0b53dc6c6fd381d7b0b9.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Fotograf / Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2515464
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8853fc582a9e4a6a933700a46433e6b8b682ca9d0c4a02ec543668e7f9e6d050.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Fotograf / Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2515471
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3a2e33092bc8a2f89a8cbb78bf0a263b1d8173073ef8d4cdd2e1fbb991f7468a.jpg · Public domain · Mattana (มัทนา) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3214120
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c3f5097b14dca66b201b24eaa0aa237138d6d641c9add5a2848e825436e0f306.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6320963
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/371402e82aab0fa08acd43f14b2059830f239cec3293c0a6f4e42f493f295d24.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6375018
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/74bc9fa90307a17c747fc7b4fead5b8e6a69a7cf55878ca14990dc5944b11d84.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Hannah 50 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7792748
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/38603e6816394a9fb2281c90ed83bdabda37838f53e0da67fec2bd9619578045.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Hannah 50 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7792786
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1e289633f828adb6dd122602afcb16db512dce5151f6b55622f7531a03082506.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Xiengyod · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7833438
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/31ea79b13938bed6ce4107e19a95964c2b300a85cf0c44261732243a5f45e746.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10950025
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6e288db0516cc4b7cca009a459fb7179124f06fff4030289427d8a0a8d19b5f5.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11111931
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e6e6a0561942f6e18414c1395a6c85bd4e825f582a814b15f09f4073ce23a067.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11111933
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/529d36f85cdf887cc9a914533de1833a036243807b19470cca1167557b54e051.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11112031
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/07056e67103fe5ffab98ca04f88ef613a098b3a4f58f1158dececc2844399b49.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11658740
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bc6997f78e06cd7f143a6da435db0f1544a96646c447154efc9503fc8db75d05.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Gremel Madolora · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17853284
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e82a92a95c06c15dbd595869b52ffb6b2fbe003db7741c0241656826224d0dca.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35566231
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3102028348d7e39b5bbac17bc42993b186673473257f3976f498d71e0c4e30b1.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51350170
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9b4f6170c6e2a0dde86083de35c9058c7498b6466808dc542bd09d12ba475f6b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Bjoertvedt · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53124149
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a751425d3df6631b31ea909ac18e34aee76fcc215d029b8a1fb353721879e80c.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56263362
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/805d11c12fb9869a6a611c0c182c04eafe020ef8d9c431922ce903a1c79528e9.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56264511
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1c3db39f859cf74aadb095337a0ccea559e0c5c1d28fa4ad34e7b3ba1b4ff108.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56264513
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พญานาค · phaya nak · Naga pendant
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phaya-nak/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phaya-nak.json
id: phaya-nak · level: kind
aliases: นาค · นาคราช · พญาศรีสุทโธนาคราช · องค์นาคา · phaya naga · nak · nakkharat · Phaya Naga · Naga king · serpent-lord amulet
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), เนื้อว่าน (sacred-herb paste) · functions: โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th, th-isan
origin:  · หลายวัดและสำนัก โดยเฉพาะอีสานลุ่มน้ำโขง Many wats and shrines, above all along the Mekong in Isan · The present naga cult; the cabinet named the naga a national symbol in November 2022 · Kham Chanot (Udon Thani), Nong Khai, nationwide
what (th): จี้หรือรูปหล่อพญานาค เจ้าแห่งงูและน้ำในความเชื่อไทย-ลาว ผู้เฝ้าแม่น้ำโขง เป็นเครื่องรางที่นิยมที่สุดของยุคนี้ ขอโชคลาภและเมตตา
what (en): A pendant or small cast figure of the naga, serpent-lord of water in Thai-Lao belief and keeper of the Mekong. The most fashionable deity object of the present decade, asked for luck and favour.
story: Legend has two nagas carve the Mekong and the Nan with their bodies; Isan reads the Mekong fireballs as naga breath and Kham Chanot as a naga palace. In Buddhism the naga Mucalinda shields the Buddha from rain, the source of the นาคปรก image. In 2022 the cabinet named the naga a national symbol for cultural and creative-economy ends, and the pendant trade rode the same wave.
keeping: Kept by veneration: flowers, water, fruit, respect. Not fed like a kuman, not a ghost; deva-tier keeping.
- look at: A serpent with crest and hood; without the crest it is a plain snake, and a winged bird-man is Garuda [cited]
- look at: A naga hood over a seated Buddha is นาคปรก, class phra_khrueang (the Mucalinda episode); the naga alone is this kind [cited]
- look at: Modern casts are often painted or enamelled, with the shrine's name on the base [tradition]
- look at: Four naga families in four colours per the 2022 government prototype, with Nak Vasuki as the lead form [cited]
- vs phaya-khrut: Garuda is winged and beaked, the naga's enemy; the naga is a crested serpent. Same deva-tier class.
- vs phra-kru: A cache นาคปรก is a Buddha under the hood: phra_khrueang, nobody home. This kind is the serpent alone, venerated.
- vs phra-rahu: Rahu is a bodiless giant's face swallowing the moon; the naga has a coiled body
- vs jatukham: A Jatukham is a large round disc with a seated deity, sometimes ringed by nagas; the naga here is the whole figure
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b46d6484fdd2338e168e43d41b836159c1cbc09c72c82d073fb094fab80a4ce4.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · User:Mattes · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5998797
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1ac82b384b29864ad9b4e6463dd497d9a0dafc4707eec97bbbec9c3a696f23bb.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · ::::=UT=:::: · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55130059
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3672b2062f369bf0fadbb8e9d8cc458b1739b2432a6ff885a53043b519de3348.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55201538
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/67af899fdd54c3692f9ebaab29013873c6fae71494d29b1c3dbc7f600c837f70.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Christophe95 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89305844
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/118769799a1939b093a273982fb6747d3244f678faaf8ee8821ecbd47112a78d.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Hannes wilms · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=159302679
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cea89866294e6269a98f12f9f86fc7e7b1f91f27e580dd49eb9f13bbc7cb1bbd.jpg · Public domain · Adam Carr at English Wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2172664
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/29e4c1db361b4b6c8ce8869dfb9dcb6ad0cdfe10e61b3aa2153e6185369040ee.png · Public domain · Traced from version by Prince Narisara Nuvadtivongs, by Sodacan · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19849267
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b3ebcd4405656d5367bf94119a0d12c51d65c4b260b21edf6da2d9082427742e.png · Public domain · Sodacan · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19849269
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9f9bcf902be092f6aa463acc9474137ff7c14c2f18e0d9f278f44cd1b7889889.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Roger Price from Hong Kong, Hong Kong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23017717
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/523d07bf598b6cfd00d0ef880ff3dedca64ff197d502298e87bd642d2266c237.png · Public domain · Chilukuri Veerabhadra Rao · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24042397
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/179fe5443d793b6e148b5a615941ccf426fe37b7a8fb69feacfd5c51a187dbb9.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Mr.Peerapong Prasutr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38177852
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/32a2f82bceea1e9bddbbdfaf3db7b66564347dbd2e1106048470ceced067fe76.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50795846
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5c74409acb3fd4ed5ef21fe7db0269be1f18c16818c1325060efbf70af2d4c45.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50796754
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5db3ff854da31c4655de5eec1aaf40568f96d0b4bec27267fead1c588a0ef6d6.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50796755
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/433a025cc841b88c8a644e6f9f6bfab19b100401c079c99641e117eaab930459.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Thomaswinn · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54043279
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/30a74a84d17a24c7fbd67b4cfdc43d3bbb76ee3e9db3ddff79e1f4b6c6d23d4b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Thomaswinn · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54043280
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bd5bc169bcb5931288db3463185eda8d30ee8014b4926a67cf2a9469607d2fd6.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Thomaswinn · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54043281
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e1659853afc3adfd53e6d78594db76340e3b1bf3a763fe752c55742ceb36165a.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Thomaswinn · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54043285
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fe55f02b735fea1c7023080da469dcd45be6528c96c0b0c5efe5d52e8eae80ca.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Thomaswinn · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54043286
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b47b830a56a9888cbce5f7bd9cda034c4459cbd1b539c7708a66ca6709a7b85f.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · satori.corvus · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54864486
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3cebaec2508b174469d2214d18f3e55ecf0e1a284884796399c2382238bd3eee.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58279787
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dd3ee7ee39b0918a622c210de69745a0ecc28ed7e53e27d57a7ba900150b8fb5.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58279788
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1b9eccdbb57c5d8cdb69c2eabfc17daa30083e901257f69bf11dcd8553dd6be5.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=59892966
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3f57a51388f1743072bc4235b23a766d0bfc2af7aa00ab9cbb582ee8a96ad108.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=59892969
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/05a7e039b1a581af4afbe7ceb2a5f10788fc8b54679d0f92b55c9eb8f5a48262.jpg · Public domain · Adam Carr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12647553
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e130c9abe2e9b0dcf9b1f0d7f33504288309edf3e0354506e704e1c3d65c8857.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Dheerajatt1974 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=67190557
sources: s:th-wiki-nak — นาค — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-naga — Nāga — Wikipedia (Thailand section); s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories)
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พญาเต่าเรือน · phaya tao ruean · Phaya Tao Ruean (turtle-king charm)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phaya-tao-ruean/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phaya-tao-ruean.json
id: phaya-tao-ruean · level: kind
aliases: เต่าเรือน · พญาเต่า · เต่าหลวงปู่หลิว · phaya tao ruan · paya tao ruen · tao ruean · house-turtle amulet · Luang Pu Liu turtle
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), ค้าขาย (trade, selling), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th-central
origin: วัดไร่แตงทอง นครปฐม · วัดไทรทองพัฒนา กาญจนบุรี (ตามการ์ด) Wat Rai Taeng Thong, Thung Luk Nok, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom (Thai Wikipedia); Wat Sai Thong Phatthana, Kanchanaburi (reference card) · หลวงปู่หลิว ปุณฺณโก Luang Pu Liu Punnako; the card also traces older turtles to Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan · Wat Rai Taeng Thong was founded 17 March 1992 per Thai Wikipedia; the famous turtle issues are usually placed in the late 20th century (tradition) · Nakhon Pathom and Kanchanaburi
what (th): เต่าเรือนในสายหลวงปู่หลิว — ทรัพย์ที่ค่อยมาแล้วอยู่ อายุยืน บ้านมั่นคง วัตถุมงคลปลุกเสก ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): The house-turtle amulet in the line of Luang Pu Liu — slow money that stays, long life, a household that holds. Blessed object, no resident.
story: A turtle cast in the same bronze tradition as the monk figures: its slow, armoured persistence stands for wealth that accumulates and does not stop, and one edition names itself so. The lineage the trade names is Luang Pu Liu Punnako, at Wat Sai Thong Phatthana and then Wat Rai Taeng Thong in Nakhon Pathom, founded 1992, where an 8.1-metre image of the monk seated on the turtle draws people asking for health and long life. Older turtles are traced to Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan, a claim that lives in issue records, not in the metal.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its question is which issue and whether it is genuine, never spiritual safety.
- look at: An animal figure, not a Buddha: the blessed-object class, power in the rite and the monk's barami [catalogue]
- look at: The strongest lineage is Luang Pu Liu; the card traces older pieces to Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan — a lineage claim read from issue records, not from the metal [catalogue]
- look at: The shell carries a yantra or the monk's likeness; run names state the function outright — one listing's edition is รวยไม่หยุด, 'rich without stopping' [catalogue]
- look at: Cast metal dates by patina, earth body by shrinkage; the same turtle in two materials reads two ways [catalogue]
- look at: The temple's landmark image is Luang Pu Liu seated on the turtle, 8.1 m tall; visitors come for health and long life, which is the turtle's meaning [cited]
- vs rian-kechi: A struck Luang Pu Liu medallion in turtle outline is a monk medallion wearing a turtle; the cast turtle is the animal itself. Same monk, same class, different form.
- vs rup-lo: A rup lo is the monk cast in the round; the turtle is his animal. Both cast, both his issues.
- vs pla-taphian: The carp is woven or sheet metal, hung for trade; the turtle is cast and worn. Both animal wealth charms, different beasts and bodies.
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:th-wiki-wat-rai-taeng-thong — วัดไร่แตงทอง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระเชียงแสน · phra chiang saen · Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-chiang-saen/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-chiang-saen.json
id: phra-chiang-saen · level: kind
aliases: พระสิงห์ · เชียงแสนสิงห์หนึ่ง · เชียงแสนสิงห์สอง · พระพุทธรูปศิลปะล้านนา · phra singh · chiang saen sing nueng · chiangsaen · Chiengsen Buddha · Lanna Buddha image · Singha-style Buddha
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: สัมฤทธิ์ (bronze), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองแดง (copper) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th-north
origin:  · ช่างหล่อล้านนา ไม่ระบุ Lanna bronze casters, unnamed · Lanna art, roughly the 13th to 18th centuries CE (Buddhist centuries 19–24) · Chiang Saen, Chiang Mai and the Lanna towns; the name comes from the art centre before Mangrai moved to Chiang Mai
what (th): พระพุทธรูปสำริดแบบล้านนาที่วงการเรียกรวมว่าพระเชียงแสน แบ่งเป็นสิงห์หนึ่ง สิงห์สอง สิงห์สาม ตามหน้า เกตุ และชายจีวร มีทั้งองค์บูชาและองค์จ้อยห้อยคอ
what (en): Lanna bronze Buddhas the trade groups as พระเชียงแสน, sorted into Sing 1, 2 and 3 by face, ushnisha and robe flap; from altar images down to wearable 'ong choi' pieces.
story: Lanna art centred on Chiang Saen before Mangrai moved to Chiang Mai, and the name stayed on the bronzes. Sing 1 has a round face, lotus-bud ushnisha and both soles up; Sing 2 takes Sukhothai's flame ushnisha and long robe flap; Sing 3 is the late style. 'Sing' refers to the Phra Sihing image whose Chiang Mai copy sits at Wat Phra Singh. Small casts and cache pieces enter the amulet trade under the same name.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. The provenance question is age, authenticity and price.
- look at: Seat: both soles showing (vajrasana) reads Sing 1; legs folded flat reads Sing 2 [cited]
- look at: Ushnisha: lotus bud for Sing 1, flame for Sing 2 and 3 [cited]
- look at: Robe flap: short above the nipple for Sing 1, down to the navel for Sing 2 [cited]
- look at: Bronze bodies the trade names gold-rich, nak-toned and black; patina and pitting are the age signal on cast metal [tradition]
- look at: The word 'Sing' in the style names points to the Phra Sihing image and its Chiang Mai copy, not to a lion on the piece [cited]
- vs rup-lo: A rup lo is a cast monk portrait; a Chiang Saen is a cast Buddha. Both phra_khrueang.
- vs phra-kring: A phra kring is a small Buddha with a rattle inside in a Sino-Tibetan manner; a Chiang Saen is Lanna style, no rattle
- vs phra-kru: Most cache finds are pressed earth or chin tablets; a cache Chiang Saen is a cast bronze figure
- vs phra-khong: A พระคง is a Lamphun fired-earth tablet; a Chiang Saen is cast bronze. Both Lanna, both nobody-home.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/336c0f3c8c31cd4c78378dd5cacf16ee55c14d9bb623f61fff833324c1464ca2.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55019056
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4abde7c96e23087f9ece14e8cefc04a6d038517d319910bab6ad7441404bfd39.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55031536
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ef6d79610a044dd7dc810b5237944b413cffcd1683b6d5684616c051295a3d5a.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55031584
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dfa3fa37f6c19dd5e985c3ff8803cc0b1d1d2b4abb7b20a1a5f5a1c275364d30.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55040607
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dbff535bcecb00f6f51413137ebf630f1e17349085c07718db5341105721a430.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55075618
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/61457c7c4d4e5d91d5b60355b5944680b854c2005210b21eba7e9b3e59df56dc.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55084008
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8ae8c6e3b6e8ee76f9bbf49cd9ee2692a5f61e4b48d15e33939ead561cc46c62.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55032306
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ba5275fbf36a605eeff85dbfc47e78d97d7188ab388799e2f7d5349b4b872e5e.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55197431
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0abf3239e0ff26d6b60d94816d7af02c3bd975ff9f3dbc54ddb368c54b11372e.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55239983
sources: s:th-wiki-lanna-art — ศิลปะล้านนา — วิกิพีเดีย (ศิลปะเชียงแสน redirects here); s:th-wiki-phra-sihing — พระพุทธสิหิงค์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระหูยาน · phra hu yan · Phra Hu Yan (Lopburi long-eared tablet)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-hu-yan/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-hu-yan.json
id: phra-hu-yan · level: kind
aliases: หูยาน · พระหูยานลพบุรี · phra huyan · phra hoo yarn · hu yan lopburi · long-eared Buddha tablet
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อชิน (tin-lead alloy), สนิมแดง (red rust patina), เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th-central
origin: วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ ลพบุรี (ปฐมกรุ) Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Lopburi, the primary cache; also found at sites in Phetchaburi, Sukhothai, Chainat, Ayutthaya, Sing Buri and Uttaradit ·  · Late Lopburi period per Thai Wikipedia; the cache first opened about B.E. 2450 (the 'old cache') and again about B.E. 2508 (the 'new cache') · Lopburi
what (th): พระพิมพ์ศิลปะลพบุรีจากกรุวัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ ลพบุรี องค์พระนั่งสมาธิราบ พระกรรณยาวจรดบ่า จึงได้ชื่อ เนื้อชินเป็นหลัก เชื่อกันเรื่องคงกระพัน ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่
what (en): A Lopburi-style tablet from the cache at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Lopburi: a Buddha seated flat in meditation whose ears run down to the shoulders, which is the name. Mostly chin alloy. Held for invulnerability. Nobody is home.
story: Thai Wikipedia places it in the Mahayana and Mantrayana current of the late Lopburi period, with the primary cache at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat. The cache opened first around B.E. 2450 and again around B.E. 2508, so the trade speaks of an old cache and a new one, and examples surfaced in several other provinces. The attributed powers are invulnerability and loving-kindness.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Ears reaching the shoulders: the defining mark [cited]
- look at: Hair curls in straight rows with a single-tier ushnisha [cited]
- look at: A grooved reverse on many pieces [cited]
- look at: Old-cache and new-cache pieces are separated by surface and crust, per the trade [cited]
- look at: Chin bodies date by patina, sorted as silvery, lead-heavy or red-rust; the patina is a surface state, not a verdict [catalogue]
- vs phra-kru: Hu Yan is one named cache-find; phra kru is the category. The long ears and the Lopburi style name this one.
- vs phra-nang-phaya: Nang Phaya is a fired-clay triangle of the Ayutthaya period; Hu Yan is a tall tablet, usually chin alloy, in Lopburi style. Same class, different material axis.
- vs rup-lo: A rup lo is a cast figure in the round; Hu Yan is a pressed or cast tablet with a back.
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang — พระเครื่อง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-thai-amulet — Thai Buddha amulet — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:th-wiki-hu-yan — พระหูยาน — วิกิพีเดีย
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระคะแนน · phra khanaen · Phra Khanaen (counting piece)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-khanaen/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-khanaen.json
id: phra-khanaen · level: kind
aliases: คะแนน · องค์คะแนน · phra kanaen · phra khanan · tally amulet · counter piece
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body), เนื้อชิน (tin-lead alloy), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste) · functions: — · region: th
origin:  ·  · A counting convention used both in old caches and in later temple runs; Thai Wikipedia notes the practice is no longer widespread · 
what (th): พระเครื่ององค์เล็กที่สร้างไว้ใช้นับจำนวนพระในชุดเดียวกัน หนึ่งองค์แทนพระหลักจำนวนหนึ่ง ทำให้เล็กกว่าเพื่อแยกออกได้ชัด ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่
what (en): A small amulet made to tally a batch: one counting piece stands for a fixed number of main pieces, and it is made smaller so the two never mix. Nobody is home.
story: The Royal Institute Dictionary of B.E. 2542, as quoted by Thai Wikipedia, defines it as a small amulet used to fix the count of amulets made, one per hundred in the example. Because a batch yields far fewer counters than main pieces the trade prizes them, and because modern runs are counted by other means the practice has thinned out.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is which batch it counted and whether the size relation holds, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Visibly undersized against the main pieces of its batch; that difference is the whole definition [cited]
- look at: One piece stands for a fixed count of main pieces, a hundred in the dictionary example [cited]
- look at: Body and mould follow the batch; the category has no material of its own [tradition]
- look at: The trade prices them above the main pieces because there are fewer; a statement about the category, never about an object [tradition]
- vs phra-kru: Phra kru is anything recovered from a cache; a khanaen is an undersized counting piece, which may come from a cache or a modern run. Role and size, not crust.
- vs phra-somdet: A small somdej is not automatically a khanaen; it is one only if it stands in a counting relation to a batch. Same class, same material, different role.
- vs phra-pidta: Tiny Pidta are a mould type in their own right, not counters; a khanaen mirrors its batch's main mould.
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang — พระเครื่อง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-thai-amulet — Thai Buddha amulet — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:th-wiki-khanaen — พระคะแนน — วิกิพีเดีย
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระคง · phra khong · Phra Khong (Lamphun cache tablet)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-khong/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-khong.json
id: phra-khong · level: kind
aliases: พระคงลำพูน · พระคง กรุวัดพระคงฤๅษี · phra kong · phra khong lamphun · Phra Kong amulet
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th-north
origin: วัดพระคงฤๅษี Wat Phra Khong Ruesi, Mueang Lamphun · ตำนานยกให้ฤๅษีสมัยพระนางจามเทวี Legend assigns the tablets to the hermits (ฤๅษี) of Queen Chamadevi's Hariphunchai; no maker is named · Hariphunchai period; the wat's founding legend gives B.E. 1200, which is legend, not a date for the tablets · Lamphun
what (th): พระพิมพ์ดินเผาหริภุญชัยจากกรุวัดพระคงฤๅษี ลำพูน คู่แฝดของพระรอด องค์พระนั่งใต้ซุ้มใบโพธิ์ ชื่อ “คง” ทำให้คนถือเป็นพระคงกระพัน
what (en): A Hariphunchai fired-earth tablet from the cache at Wat Phra Khong Ruesi in Lamphun, the stockier twin of the พระรอด: a seated Buddha under bodhi leaves. The name คง (endure) is why the trade reads it as a คงกระพัน amulet.
story: The wat's legend has Queen Chamadevi build it where the hermit Vasudeva sketched the city plan with his staff, with hermit figures at the four gates. Its stupas held fired-earth tablets in black and red, and a restoration that opened the chedis turned up พระคง and พระบาง in quantity. The trade groups it with the other Lamphun cache finds and prices it well below the พระรอด.
keeping: Nobody home and nothing owed. The provenance question is authenticity and price, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Fired-earth body in black or red, Haripunchai-style; a metal or powder body is another kind [cited]
- look at: Cache-found in the wat's chedis together with พระบาง; the two share a body and are separated by mould [cited]
- look at: Stockier than a พระรอด, the bodhi leaves forming a canopy round the figure; the trade reads the leaf pattern first [tradition]
- look at: Age reads as cache crust and edge wear, never rust: the fired-earth dating signal on the material axis [catalogue]
- vs phra-rot: Same class, same fired-earth body, same city. A พระรอด is smaller and finer, from the Wat Mahawan cache; a พระคง is stockier, from the Wat Phra Khong Ruesi cache. Mould, not material, tells them apart.
- vs phra-kru: พระกรุ is the umbrella for any cache find; พระคง is one named member of it
- vs phra-sum-ko: A พระซุ้มกอ is fired earth from Kamphaeng Phet with a kanok-scroll arch; the พระคง arch is bodhi leaves
- vs phra-nang-phaya: A พระนางพญา is a Phitsanulok fired-earth triangle with no canopy at all
sources: s:th-wiki-wat-phra-khong-ruesi — วัดพระคงฤๅษี — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang — พระเครื่อง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระเครื่องเขมร · phra khrueang khmer · Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/khmer-bronze-amulet/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/khmer-bronze-amulet.json
id: khmer-bronze-amulet · level: kind
native: ព្រះពុទ្ធរូប (km)
aliases: พระขอม · พระเขมรโบราณ · พระนาคปรกขอม · พระบูชาขอม · phra khom · Angkorian bronze · Lopburi-style bronze · Khmer bronze Buddha · Angkor bronze pendant · Khmer bronze figurine · Bayon-style bronze
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: สัมฤทธิ์ (bronze), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: kh, th-isan, th-central
origin:  · ช่างหล่อขอม (หล่อแบบสูญขี้ผึ้งแปดขั้น) และช่างรุ่นหลัง Khmer founders using the eight-step lost-wax method in use since at least the sixth century; modern casters in the same style · Hindu and Buddhist bronzes from the seventh century; Angkor period ninth to thirteenth; post-Angkor Theravada commissions of ancestors and Buddhist figures as merit · Cambodia and the Khmer-influenced Thai provinces — Lopburi, Phimai, and the 1964 Prakhon Chai find in Buriram
what (th): รูปหล่อสำริดขนาดเล็กศิลปะขอม — นาคปรก พระทรงเครื่อง หรือเทวรูป — ที่นำมาห้อยคอหรือบูชา ของแท้ยุคพระนครเป็นโบราณวัตถุที่มีปัญหากฎหมาย ของในตลาดส่วนมากหล่อใหม่
what (en): A small Khmer-style bronze — naga-enthroned Buddha, crowned Buddha, or deity — worn as an amulet or kept on the altar. Genuine Angkorian pieces are antiquities with a legal problem attached; most of what circulates is modern casting in the style.
story: Bronze was a noble material to the Khmer, tied to prosperity, and cast by lost wax since at least the sixth century. Angkor favoured the naga-sheltered Buddha, Lokeshvara and Prajnaparamita; Jayavarman VII sent twenty-three Avalokiteshvara images across the kingdom in 1191 and took the naga-enthroned Buddha as the form under which he would be honoured — the Cleveland bronze from Banteay Chhmar is that image. When Theravada prevailed after the thirteenth century, believers commissioned small metal figures for the home and as offerings to temples, and those home-size pieces are the ancestors of the worn amulet. In the twentieth century the same bronzes were looted and sold at scale, which is why an old one now carries a question that a consecration cannot answer.
keeping: Buddha figures: nobody home, ordinary veneration. Deity figures fall to the deva class — venerated, never fed. For any piece claimed as old, the keeper owes a paper trail before a prayer.
- look at: Lost-wax solid casting with fine detail at every size — the Khmer method since at least the sixth century, still demonstrated by Cambodian artisans today [cited]
- look at: Mucalinda marks: coils (canonically seven) and a spread cobra hood, usually seven heads [cited]
- look at: Post-Angkor believers commissioned metal figures of ancestors and Theravada divinities as merit; mid-size bronzes served rites and processions, small ones were kept at home — the home-size piece is the ancestor of the worn amulet [cited]
- look at: Angkorian bronzes were trafficked at scale from the 1970s (the Latchford case names bronzes and bells; museums returned pieces 2021–2026); for any old piece the provenance question is legal before it is spiritual [cited]
- look at: The 1964 Prakhon Chai find in Buriram — pre-Angkor bronzes including Avalokitesvara — is the Khmer-world parallel to a Thai cache find [cited]
- look at: Most of what the Thai trade calls phra khom is modern casting in Lopburi style, the trade holds; catalog.db has no Lazada TH title with ขอม or เขมร at all [catalogue]
- vs phra-kru: A phra kru is a flat pressed tablet of clay or chin from a sealed cache; this is a bronze in the round. The Prakhon Chai hoard shows bronzes can be cache finds too, so ask form first, findspot second.
- vs rup-lo: A Thai rup lo is a cast portrait of a named monk; the Khmer bronze is a Buddha or deity in Angkorian style. Same material, different figure.
- vs phra-hu-yan: Phra Hu Yan of Lopburi is Khmer-style too, but a flat chin tablet from a cache, not a figure in the round.
- vs phra-chiang-saen: Chiang Saen bronzes are Lanna: round face, lotus-bud finial. Khmer pieces show the naga throne, the crown and diadem, and the squarer Bayon face.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/554f147a12d4310752e4158bbc8b8710f9e8e039c1a9617040d1c504986aafe5.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Tim Evanson from Cleveland Heights, Ohio, USA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75642106
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4fa6ce0bc8a64b36ce85d27819da23c47b047c71d231313e50dbd4d2c74d421a.jpg · Public domain · Anonymous (Cambodia)Unknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18763492
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/15fa79c449952f92d308ff5db75f9d8e1d22dda494353d134f3d4ae6dff06fa0.jpg · Public domain · Anonymous (Cambodia or Thailand)Unknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18763496
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f9b227b38c82f2ae1b08ac771c51117dba4920689eec5066dbe93fecb5ed9048.jpg · CC0 ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57865435
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fa6a8c45df9c5fced0e6a1cc034da427da01a4fe791578d4e8c980760e75ab1b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Siren-Com · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76233715
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d6328a0f69d23315482684d6c600fe422a4bb710b5d3d3b9f73d6355d975d3c0.jpg · Public domain · Daderot · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=198352812
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-cambodian-art — Cambodian art — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-khmer-empire — Khmer Empire — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-mucalinda — Mucalinda — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-buddhism-cambodia — Buddhism in Cambodia — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-khmer-script — Khmer script — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-douglas-latchford — Douglas Latchford — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-prakhon-chai-district — Prakhon Chai district — Wikipedia; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระกริ่ง · phra kring · Phra Kring (rattling cast Buddha)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-kring/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-kring.json
id: phra-kring · level: kind
aliases: กริ่ง · พระกริ่งปวเรศ · พระกริ่งวัดสุทัศน์ · phra kring · phra gring · kring · Medicine Buddha amulet · ringing Buddha
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: นวโลหะ (nine-metal alloy), สัมฤทธิ์ (bronze), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th-central, th
origin: วัดบวรนิเวศวิหาร · วัดสุทัศนเทพวราราม Wat Bowonniwet (Phra Kring Pawaret line) and Wat Suthat (Somdet Phra Sangkharat Pae line), Bangkok · สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้า กรมพระยาปวเรศวริยาลงกรณ์ · สมเด็จพระสังฆราช (แพ ติสฺสเทโว) Somdet Phra Maha Samana Chao Krom Phraya Pawaret Wariyalongkon (Wat Bowon); Somdet Phra Sangkharat Pae Tissadevo (Wat Suthat) · Tibetan, Chinese and Khmer forms precede it; Thai evidence from Sukhothai–Ayutthaya, the collected lineages are Rattanakosin · Bangkok
what (th): พระพุทธรูปหล่อโลหะขนาดเล็ก ภายในกลวงบรรจุเม็ดกริ่ง เขย่าแล้วดัง สืบสายมาจากพระไภษัชยคุรุแบบจีน–ทิเบต หล่อด้วยนวโลหะหรือสัมฤทธิ์ พลังอยู่ที่ผู้สร้างและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): A small cast Buddha with a pellet sealed inside — shake it and it chimes. Cast in bronze or nawaloha in the Chinese-Tibetan medicine-Buddha line.
story: The model is the Medicine Buddha of Tibet and China, reaching Siam by way of Khmer castings; Thai evidence runs from Sukhothai onward. The lineages the trade collects are Rattanakosin: Wat Bowon's Phra Kring Pawaret and Wat Suthat's castings under Somdet Phra Sangkharat Pae, with a Phitsanulok Wat Wang Chan group (the Naresuan series) alongside. Nawaloha is a nine-metal alloy — gold, silver, copper, bronze, tin, zinc, lead, mercury and pewter are the ones named. The trade holds that the chime is used when blessing water and links the kind to healing and vitality, which is the Bhaisajyaguru dedication carried into Thai practice.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang. Its only provenance question is authenticity and price.
- look at: Shaken, it chimes: the body is hollow with a pellet, and the base is plugged. A silent piece is some other kind of cast Buddha [cited]
- look at: Inverted-lotus base, right hand touching earth, left holding a pot or fruit [cited]
- look at: Cast in nawaloha or bronze, never struck; look for casting texture and the dark patina the trade calls กลับดำ on aged nawaloha [tradition]
- look at: Wat Suthat and Wat Bowon lineage pieces usually carry a code or Khom letters under the base; a type mark, not a proof of anything [tradition]
- vs rup-lo: A phra kring is a Buddha (ushnisha, lotus base, pellet inside); a rup lo is a cast monk, bald, in robes, and normally silent. Same class and material, different figure
- vs phra-pidta: A pidta covers its face with its hands; a kring's hands are in the earth-touching pose with a pot. Both can be cast metal, so read the hands
- vs phra-somdet: A somdej is a pressed powder tablet with the figure in relief; a kring is a free-standing metal casting
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/93191c2b838b89a644b3dc294a21a4de1d3c2906291430a0972d20bd0ed3ca67.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114652406
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/755c3b38db86686206a50e4745798e4361a8f9cab43c9e95c6a7aa245fc6fdda.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · หลวงปู่วิเวียร · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57408969
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3f0aa94374bc9dee1fbd23325d2d8e5bd9c3fd4fb1a6aff2d4f0cf3742c4b05b.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99826408
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1327230656669342b4d5e5547a180bc6835c5f7cb3631bac151865c04629f89d.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112392756
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9f03b253092c621277d7b8919b0c8dd2f6f702161b56fea6eaed525ce4e837a9.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112700897
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/956bc685089141b021e1e7c53ddd6e112aa901c18944af8812fd9a564753bfde.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=123475226
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f1d5559476a5c0dbc7376237a73726b4369e01006e0083195d50c7b5c608ba77.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=123475661
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b22bee5d00d1ebd1c1d46b541592a87948f3f72452265c0940a3db111c773997.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=124439901
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/be1c70bf43e0d1bda906bd9306d8557bddba94797c70923c59473214346e1989.jpg · Public domain · ของฉัน · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12262001
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a38dd723ec3019fcf8ae2fefd31bc895ecac7755926dbf8f3cd64ac15e327e2a.jpg · FAL · Natachai · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12277103
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ad277fc53a80e3f5957df63e788fe6ef21eb1bcdbb7dec9efb326354d7d1002e.jpg · FAL · Natachai · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12277122
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/98fc74cc3206aa500d1ffb14160f674e56c5cb1153bf3068c128638508b7c941.jpg · FAL · Natachai · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96176389
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:th-wiki-kring — พระกริ่ง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระกรุ · phra kru · Phra Kru (cache-find amulet)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-kru/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-kru.json
id: phra-kru · level: kind
aliases: กรุเก่า · พระกรุเก่า · พระพิมพ์กรุ · phra kroo · kru amulet · stupa-deposit amulet · votive tablet from a cache
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body), เนื้อชิน (tin-lead alloy), สนิมแดง (red rust patina), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th
origin:  ·  · The practice of sealing votive tablets in a stupa's chamber to carry the religion forward, per Thai Wikipedia; the tablets surface when the structure fails or is opened · Throughout Thailand
what (th): พระพิมพ์ที่ได้จากกรุเจดีย์ที่ปิดไว้ — ดินเผาหรือชินมากกว่าผง มีคราบและแร่บานจากหลายร้อยปีในกรุ อายุคือคำถามทั้งหมด ผิวคือพยาน ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่
what (en): An amulet recovered from a sealed temple cache (กรุ) — fired earth or chin alloy more often than powder, with the crust and mineral bloom of centuries in the chamber. Age is the whole question; the surface is the testimony.
story: Thai Wikipedia records the custom of sealing valuables and large numbers of votive tablets in a stupa's chamber so that the religion would outlast the building. When the structure fails or is opened the tablets come out, which the trade calls a cache breaking (กรุแตก). Four of the Benjaphakhi five are cache-finds; the term พระเครื่อง itself, per the same article, only arrives in the reign of Rama IV and folds these older พระพิมพ์ into it.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Cache crust: earth, sediment and mineral bloom on the surface, the category's shared mark [catalogue]
- look at: Chin bodies read by patina (silvery, lead-heavy, red-rust); clay bodies read by shrinkage. Powder is the exception, not the rule, in a cache [catalogue]
- look at: Red rust is a surface state recorded as such, never a verdict on age [catalogue]
- look at: Shape names the kind and cache; surface testifies to time. Ask both questions separately [catalogue]
- look at: Heavily reproduced as a category; crust can be applied. A statement about the category, never about an object [catalogue]
- vs phra-rot: Phra Rod is one named member of this category: bodhi-leaf ring, Lamphun. Say the name when you can; say phra kru when you cannot.
- vs phra-hu-yan: Hu Yan is a named chin-alloy member: ears to the shoulders, Lopburi.
- vs phra-khanaen: A phra khanaen is an undersized counting piece; it may come from a cache or from a modern temple run, so size and purpose name it, not the crust.
- vs phra-somdet: A somdej is Rattanakosin pressed powder made to give out; a phra kru is earth or chin sealed in a stupa and recovered. Some somdej were later deposited (the trade calls those กรุ too), which is why the material is the first gate.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/95aca4e18a725d55e4676490ba52912700fedd827fc8f9af98835f5641801274.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109041518
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dfa3fa37f6c19dd5e985c3ff8803cc0b1d1d2b4abb7b20a1a5f5a1c275364d30.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55040607
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/71d305b5b989ebcbfe1cb3e5fa3eb1bed72846947e472dd67a5ce2c5a59b4250.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55040687
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dbff535bcecb00f6f51413137ebf630f1e17349085c07718db5341105721a430.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55075618
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3672b2062f369bf0fadbb8e9d8cc458b1739b2432a6ff885a53043b519de3348.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Suriya aruno · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55201538
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1c59108bc9e91295d4349ad9585e3f1d64de83de080fffa8b5fc7c5e7d89f668.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · In80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69600458
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/226ebc0dea9099aaf74b3fd92ee9218adeb1a605dc942ecf4cdbe322d0c3a9d3.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · In80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69600569
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e63be4f048f3a9e27ae930d31c187d75aad93475459861b702a251e685958b06.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109042764
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b64276ed29083d64b704012fc9af2c91618152cc6f24cd387474b75e2eefdff4.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046848
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b0d4b08f8f046b5471b6db57036d4be4c886d3256a9c5dd5a062bcade4a3ba87.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046867
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f669426835a68aa4ae9c23eaa262d5d95498ad2f35f34bbebb811d20e1e746f7.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046890
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6ade7d6975a357ac00d6958166b4a764dc68a113e8710a9ce3d3a56ba0adffa9.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046901
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1ef55350379457648acf4388093572a2449e07261c2d0153f835f2e7b6c8cb49.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046913
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4478727278c80a60a87bf77e284dbf9a7e30250fd1139d8a0ecf8bce13edc91d.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046924
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/30612f6969ee439e591247755f127e3f7b10525b9d365875066690360add6e85.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046940
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/609edf270423ea8a8be770d74945b2cb2abb1442438b33b2c3726823dd3ed68b.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046954
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6bfd919ae147b178d7b3566531810f433e59da624f19be270b1c697929f5b420.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046971
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/913e36a010b6f5f2b9e8192289770c7583fa12c0560789051eee98cd77730a5f.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109046981
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9889db67cf35466067193167cc53aca19d0c1775c427ee84142a53685f53b94f.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109047011
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3d17a55c6754c482fd3f59cc745c21e0a1c3cc024e75b97d8132c4c866b22387.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109047048
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/944115033be5325c947a21da92c670050d44195eea31f31bb42675469221e231.jpg · Public domain · Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109047219
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang — พระเครื่อง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-thai-amulet — Thai Buddha amulet — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:th-wiki-chedi — เจดีย์ — วิกิพีเดีย
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระนางพญา · phra nang phaya · Phra Nang Phaya (Phitsanulok triangular tablet)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-nang-phaya/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-nang-phaya.json
id: phra-nang-phaya · level: kind
aliases: นางพญา · พระนางพญาพิษณุโลก · ราชินีแห่งพระเครื่อง · nang phaya · phra nang phya · nangphaya · Queen of Amulets
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th-central
origin: วัดนางพญา พิษณุโลก Wat Nang Phaya, Phitsanulok · ผูกกับรัชสมัยสมเด็จพระนเรศวร (วิกิพีเดียไทย) หรือพระวิสุทธิกษัตรีย์ (วิกิพีเดียอังกฤษ) Thai Wikipedia ties the making to King Naresuan's era; English Wikipedia credits Queen Wisutkasat. Treat the attribution as tradition. · Ayutthaya period; the cache first opened around 1901 (B.E. 2444), with later finds in B.E. 2512, 2530 and 2553 per Thai Wikipedia · Phitsanulok
what (th): พระพิมพ์ดินเผาทรงสามเหลี่ยมจากกรุวัดนางพญา พิษณุโลก ปางมารวิชัย อกนูน แขนเรียว วงการเรียกราชินีแห่งพระเครื่อง เป็นหนึ่งในเบญจภาคี ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่
what (en): A triangular fired-clay tablet from the cache at Wat Nang Phaya, Phitsanulok: a Maravijaya Buddha with a full chest and slender arms, the queen of amulets and one of the Benjaphakhi five. Nobody is home.
story: Thai Wikipedia places the making in the Ayutthaya period, as morale for soldiers as much as merit, and dates the first opening of the cache to about 1901, when tens of thousands of tablets came out; further finds followed in 1969, 1987 and 2010. The body is coarse clay with mineral grit, herbs and flower pollen mixed in. The chest and arms earned it the queen's title, and Triyampavai's five of around 1947 fixed it there.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Principal moulds per Thai Wikipedia: Phim Yai (large chest), Khao Khong (curved knee), Khao Trong (straight knee, plain or hand-on-knee), Sangkhati (small) [cited]
- look at: The coarsest body of the five: mineral grit and coloured inclusions visible to the eye [cited]
- look at: Surface colour ranges from brick red through yellow to black and green; it follows kiln and cache, not mould [cited]
- look at: Reverse usually shows finger impressions and cache sediment (ไคลขี้กรุ) [cited]
- look at: Age reads as shrinkage and crust, never patina: the clay axis's dating signal [catalogue]
- vs phra-phong-suphan: Both are triangular fired-clay Maravijaya tablets. Phong Suphan has a finer body and comes from Suphan Buri; Nang Phaya is coarse and from Phitsanulok. Same class, nobody home in either.
- vs phra-rot: Phra Rod is tall and rounded, in meditation with bodhi leaves; Nang Phaya is a triangle in Maravijaya.
- vs phra-kru: Nang Phaya is one named cache-find; phra kru is the category. The triangle, the coarse body and the Phitsanulok cache name this one.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2aa6655d66c82e150e70be286cb066b21ba8c614773d26f27a8fc915d58e0dfb.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115850407
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ba6ab231dcb9f68b7436961e57c9d1b46ebc87e6a6fd0568a53df2ab820a2850.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102452146
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang — พระเครื่อง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-thai-amulet — Thai Buddha amulet — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:th-wiki-nang-phaya — พระนางพญา — วิกิพีเดีย
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระพิฆเนศ · phra phikkhanet · Ganesha pendant
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-phikkhanet/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-phikkhanet.json
id: phra-phikkhanet · level: kind
aliases: พระพิฆเนศวร · พระคเณศ · องค์พิฆเนศ · phra phikanet · phra pikanet · phra kanet · Ganesh amulet · Phra Pikanet
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), ค้าขาย (trade, selling), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th
origin:  · หลายวัดและสำนัก Issued by many wats and shrines; no single maker · Modern popularity follows the Fine Arts Department and Silpakorn University adopting Ganesha as emblem, itself inherited from King Vajiravudh's literary society · Nationwide; major Bangkok shrines at Ratchaprasong (CentralWorld) and Huai Khwang
what (th): จี้หรือรูปหล่อพระพิฆเนศ เทพเศียรช้างผู้ขจัดอุปสรรค เจ้าแห่งศิลปวิทยา บูชากันในไทยทั้งในกรอบพุทธและพราหมณ์
what (en): A pendant or small cast image of Ganesha, the elephant-headed remover of obstacles and patron of the arts, venerated in Thailand inside Buddhist practice as much as Hindu.
story: Thailand's Ganesha is the god of the arts because King Vajiravudh built a Ganesha shrine at Sanam Chan Palace and made him the emblem of his literary society; the Fine Arts Department inherited the seal and Silpakorn University uses it still. Big city shrines at Ratchaprasong and Huai Khwang made him the everyday god of artists, traders and students, and the pendant trade followed the shrines.
keeping: Kept by veneration: flowers, fruit, sweets and respect. Not fed like a kuman and not a ghost; the cleanest resident class.
- look at: Elephant head, one tusk, four arms; the hands usually hold a sweet, a noose, an elephant goad and the broken tusk [cited]
- look at: A mouse at the base marks the vehicle; its absence is common on small pendants [cited]
- look at: Cast figures show file marks under the base; medallions show a struck edge — the material axis is the first gate [tradition]
- look at: Thai renderings follow the Hindu standard; there is no distinct Thai type the eye can separate, so the run and wat on the reverse carry the identity [tradition]
- vs phra-phrom: Both are deva-tier pendants kept by veneration. Brahma has four human faces; Ganesha has an elephant head. Different god, same class.
- vs thao-wessuwan: Wessuwan is a club-bearing giant; Ganesha is the elephant-headed god. Same class, different figure
- vs phaya-khrut: Garuda is a winged bird-man, usually shown wings out; Ganesha sits with an elephant's head
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/32f9350843a2c5247f5c0f01ccd8ecc4ca3b842ece22cf4e842a7cb2c1b835e9.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Odinz thegod49 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43849377
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c7b1949e54095569c79fa128a71a625721886ee5db7daf2d6217000686a36425.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3602937
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f285db777c954dd7352f45b3c9689c413013ec77fb3cfcd78fe736cbfb99e889.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Zenwave · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5773555
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8d55acc5b86cf0819b8e2f68c8d70a3f50818b605e745a3b0cb843eed0a95a39.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Saerin · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11398001
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/180ef6be6c71a6977e3320ab5a2cf6bede3c8bbe1d11b72717da93b5e8ed0ccd.jpg · Public domain · สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าจิตรเจริญ กรมพระยานริศรานุวัดติวงศ์. 
Prince Narisara Nuvadtivongs. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17475966
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1993bad9a19155e86c7bd3e24dd3268a1f0a923f101c65ca4d23309730cfa2c8.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24666736
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/51aa47be144a9873cf04888e511d750f0c210bc7e8ae2780d88605b59193e598.jpg · Public domain ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27349212
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c24bab6d581fd3b942484c300df942095d0fa0d135f4af370aab2fac49517de9.jpg · Public domain ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27349215
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4ca44c3b6d7159587d6a6ec98146d12b4b55d52429da5e81ac3b6e324bf268de.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35363140
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4ce42deac031a364b10606af53a0e33a5d30d785bc7788a0bfb24728a54d72e2.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42825333
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/14c0770ff58fc1dd4d5e630089f3ed7f3c84e31bc202f15873cff70aea4f59b0.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42853098
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3f6e25ba91ee30a38685c32c7cb96960992c05816063ba29da8bf8db1a1bac12.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42853099
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e398046570c1e46449a327448d95af8dc698b52690695a8dd3f29643b5a668b8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42853100
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d46be75c2f2c7ee51a0bc6d073b2595ab592891017f78a32fd50ad8625571d1a.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42853103
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f58a0c79271c92d3fd8ce61093843abf53011c4905021eabcb51d0c8b67e1cd5.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42898143
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f683e30ff2ad9464783ccf4d1b98d6cdb1bfd4c5ecc493aaee8d3744121634ec.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51149235
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bc25f7933e1407451f718c7ef4e08196ae835aabe03840705bceb40ee87cacdb.jpg · Public domain · Sat Kaeosin (dates of birth & date unknown) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=98323531
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6767317d1a4ccb2cc775bf2596de4f8d3972f2f3e5b86653ae2c96e4fc37960a.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103884481
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/834fe158247b23f84152a02dd7fa0207a3537a119a9d902cd84988e8b2ddc6a4.png · Public domain · Unknown authorUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116167920
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6e2a394f1bfbd24873b73e9e5f4d0f88b80794f1c83b4cd0be7f55175b6fdf52.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147533274
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1d4a68159eba9b92f6865b7a6cb7b8e98d995fa3bd7703edf168a4fbf2f628ca.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147625039
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fc90d2cbfcfbb50d6546f6a5eeddd409b45c407f374102360e6aa8724fca71fe.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=198209578
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/28fb67f29aa281f792f0f8d95f9f4bb2f8e75aaec5069080a04efa0c28bd1f9a.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=198260362
sources: s:th-wiki-phikkhanet — พระพิฆเนศ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories)
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระผงใบลาน · phra phong bai lan · Palm-leaf-ash tablet
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-phong-bai-lan/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-phong-bai-lan.json
id: phra-phong-bai-lan · level: kind
aliases: ผงใบลาน · เนื้อผงใบลาน · ใบลานเผา · phong bai lan · pong bai lan · nuea phong bai lan · burnt-manuscript-ash amulet · scripture-ash amulet
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: ผงใบลาน (burnt palm-leaf manuscript ash), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) ให้สูตรใบลานเผาผสมขี้รัก Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, gives the palm-leaf-ash-and-lac formula; tablets are issued by many temples · Undated treatise; the tablet form is a temple issue of many eras · 
what (th): พระพิมพ์อัดจากเถ้าใบลานเผา — ใบลานชุดเดียวกับที่คลังนี้จัดหมวดเป็นคัมภีร์ ในช่วงชีวิตถัดไป ตำราให้สูตรตรง: ลงคาถาใบลาน ๕ ใบ เผาเป็นสมุก ผสมขี้รัก ปั้น
what (en): Pressed from the ash of burnt palm-leaf manuscripts — the same leaves this archive catalogues, at a later moment of their life. A treatise here gives the recipe outright: inscribe five leaves with katha, burn, mix with lacquer, roll.
story: Manuscript 6983 (p. 97) gives the material its recipe, for favour before nobles, commanders, monks and brahmins: inscribe five palm leaves, one stanza per leaf, burn them to a black ash, mix with lac scrapings and roll into five prayer-beads; inscribe one syllable of Namo Phutthaya on each and empower it 108 times; tie the beads at the waist when going before a lord. That is a bead recipe, not a tablet, but the paste is the same paste. The vault's material axis calls phong bai lan the seam between the two corpora made literal — scripture consumed and re-embodied as an object of veneration. The tablet form is a temple issue; which temples, and when, this record cannot name.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; the provenance question is authenticity, and, if a listing names the manuscript, whether that claim holds.
- look at: Black to dark-grey body, never the white-to-cream of phong phutthakhun [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise burns inscribed palm leaves to a black ash and binds it with lac scrapings, so the body reads matte-dark with a slight resinous sheen [catalogue]
- look at: Age reads as a surface crust, never rust: the powder family's dating signal [catalogue]
- look at: Under a loupe the trade expects fine charred leaf flecks in the paste [tradition]
- look at: A listing that names which manuscript or temple the leaves came from is making a separate provenance claim, worth recording on its own [catalogue]
- vs phra-somdet: A somdet body is white to cream; a palm-leaf-ash body is black-grey. Same class, same keeping, different material
- vs phra-pidta: A pidta is often a dark lacquer-mixed powder too, but the figure covers its eyes; a bai lan tablet shows an ordinary Buddha and the dark comes from ash, not lacquer alone
- vs khun-phaen: Some khun phaen are dark from other material rather than ash; the colour is shared, the provenance question is not — ask what made it black
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระผงสุพรรณ · phra phong suphan · Phra Phong Suphan (Suphan Buri triangular tablet)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-phong-suphan/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-phong-suphan.json
id: phra-phong-suphan · level: kind
aliases: ผงสุพรรณ · พระผงสุพรรณบุรี · phra pong suphan · pong suphan · phong suphan · Phra Pong Suphan
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th-central
origin: วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ สุพรรณบุรี Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Suphan Buri · ลานทองจารึกกล่าวถึงฤๅษีผู้สร้าง (ตามที่วงการเล่า) An inscribed gold plate from the prang is said to credit hermits with the making; the plate's text is not cited here · U Thong period; the prang was opened in 1913 (B.E. 2456) and yielded a gold plate inscribed in Pali in Khom script, per Thai Wikipedia · Suphan Buri
what (th): พระพิมพ์ดินเผาทรงสามเหลี่ยมจากกรุพระปรางค์วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ สุพรรณบุรี ปางมารวิชัยศิลปะอู่ทอง ชื่อว่าผงแต่เป็นดินเผา หนึ่งในเบญจภาคี ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่
what (en): A triangular fired-clay tablet from the prang cache at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Suphan Buri: a Maravijaya Buddha with a U Thong face. Called powder, made of earth. One of the Benjaphakhi five; nobody is home.
story: In 1913 the prang at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat was opened and a gold plate inscribed in Pali in Khom script came out with the tablets; the trade holds that the inscription names hermits as makers and promises protection, but that text is not cited here. Thai Wikipedia dates the tablets to the U Thong period. Triyampavai's set of around 1947 placed it among the five.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Called phong but fired earth: the name is a trap the material axis names outright [catalogue]
- look at: Triangular field, Maravijaya, U Thong facial style [tradition]
- look at: Finer body than Nang Phaya; colour varies with the firing [tradition]
- look at: Age reads as shrinkage and cache crust, never patina [catalogue]
- look at: Reverse usually carries a finger impression from pressing [tradition]
- vs phra-nang-phaya: Both are triangular fired-clay Maravijaya tablets. Nang Phaya is coarse and from Phitsanulok; Phong Suphan is finer, U Thong-faced, from Suphan Buri.
- vs phra-somdet: A somdej is real white powder in a rectangle with an arch; Phong Suphan is fired clay in a triangle despite its name.
- vs phra-phong-bai-lan: Palm-leaf-ash tablets are black-grey pressed powder; Phong Suphan is fired earth. Only the word ผง links them.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6632940d6969bacdb571a63ed05fe586df0d851e8f2dd9fecb2d6a7081208f86.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99810806
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a9808783285b3f4ff4db7f80ecc8b3c25e901b76cd8e7426215d8bfc3f1aefe2.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99811226
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ba6ab231dcb9f68b7436961e57c9d1b46ebc87e6a6fd0568a53df2ab820a2850.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102452146
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang — พระเครื่อง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-thai-amulet — Thai Buddha amulet — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:th-wiki-wat-mahathat-suphan — วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ (จังหวัดสุพรรณบุรี) — วิกิพีเดีย
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระพรหม · phra phrom · Four-faced Brahma pendant
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-phrom/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-phrom.json
id: phra-phrom · level: kind
aliases: ท้าวมหาพรหม · พรหมสี่หน้า · พระพรหมเอราวัณ · thao maha phrom · phra prom · phrom si na · Phra Phrom · Erawan Brahma · Four-Face Buddha (Chinese-market misnomer)
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th
origin:  · รูปต้นแบบ: กรมศิลปากร (ช่างปั้น จิตร พิมพ์โกวิท) สร้างให้ศาลท้าวมหาพรหม โรงแรมเอราวัณ พ.ศ. 2499 The template image was made by the Fine Arts Department (sculptor Chit Phimkowit) for the Erawan Hotel shrine, installed 9 November 1956; pendants are issued by many wats · Shrine founded 1956 after construction troubles at the hotel; nationwide popularity follows it · Ratchaprasong intersection, Bangkok
what (th): จี้หรือรูปหล่อพระพรหมสี่หน้า เทพผู้ลิขิตชะตาและประทานพร รูปแบบที่ทั้งประเทศทำตามคือองค์ท้าวมหาพรหมที่ศาลโรงแรมเอราวัณ
what (en): A pendant or small cast image of four-faced Brahma, the god Thais credit with writing destiny and granting wishes. The template nearly every pendant copies is the Erawan Hotel shrine image at Ratchaprasong.
story: The Erawan Hotel's construction went badly until an astrologer-admiral advised a Brahma shrine; the Fine Arts Department made a gilded plaster image, installed 9 November 1956. A man smashed it with a hammer in 2006 and a replacement went in that May; a bomb killed twenty at the shrine in August 2015 and it reopened in two days. Worshippers pay vows with hired dancers and wooden elephants, and the pendant trade copies that seated four-faced form.
keeping: Kept by veneration: flowers, incense, a vow kept. Not fed, not a ghost; offerings and respect are the whole relationship.
- look at: Four faces and eight arms; a single-faced seated deity is another god [cited]
- look at: Erawan-pattern: seated, tall pointed crown — the shape most pendants copy [cited]
- look at: The word พระพรหม also begins many monastic titles (พระพรหมมุนี, พระพรหมวชิร…); a listing with a monk's name after it is a monk medallion, not Brahma [inference]
- look at: Sold to Chinese-speaking buyers as 'Four-Face Buddha'; the object is Brahma regardless of the label [tradition]
- vs phra-phikkhanet: Ganesha has an elephant head; Brahma has four human faces. Same class, same keeping.
- vs thao-wessuwan: Wessuwan is a standing giant with a club; Brahma sits with four faces
- vs phra-kring: A phra kring is a small Buddha with a rattle inside, one face, class phra_khrueang — nobody home
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e797e226e93485d2ce542581db2dbcf0c84a86418c3b68c3ee62e33329c08664.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35441487
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0e5f629d1d29cb9f722f79527ac647add80db2aa46f492f7c1b65ed5e3a4879b.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Fles · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=651851
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ea8935eb6c6f52e770d12033f336870fff111f11b5805657c386caff313143a9.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ThailandPhoto · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38195360
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/93401bf41d0efe8b336e34338dde471c840425d8bed443246d8992733b17d338.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147249301
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5b23d17653677e7e96b78e78dcf8404c5c6d4aacf34455f7ec036141b62da731.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147249340
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/90942153a796748ea7f79ba89a508d48d0809c88381132bcf846f32691b2d5a2.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Lerdsuwa · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=815874
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/09ce4a40981d5223e03df4271996e65e2e0f6f1a4ddf56918dfe8bea5b376e5b.jpg · CC BY 2.5 · Terence Ong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=939405
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a21790fc55a9c4c97f00da4c3fc81bafe35a8467529496a6ad4232802c7f65aa.jpg · CC BY 2.5 · Terence Ong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=939490
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/238bb0c63fba468f07a4b7c20226b1a829dd90159cbbd8e669eaf8c27bbab369.jpg · CC BY 2.5 · Terence Ong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=939517
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1752515c9a09fab2288a3c9df73e875dec96e709d82691126e92778b70895f52.jpg · CC BY 2.5 · Terence Ong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=939529
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ea3ed82739414173338292391eef54ec270490043dcbc4b13d65915b92ea8a74.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · BrokenSphere · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5634497
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3b83e0f257ae93d344ac1e8bf8ee120d8ab802cefa99904440a20d6372f04457.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Fles · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18997364
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2e7595251449c3da70ba2b641d8266ad168aa309d7536ad2863f38e7635d0e62.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Adriaan Castermans · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53925738
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/21c5a9fe6ce97756b51133a45a746e8e5dd63edc01276b66a94b00d9742b450f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Supanut Arunoprayote · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=59860480
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b6602c6573b9eec4876dcf6406f05bccff7f2402cc083744be6f286ac7546a87.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Ninara from Helsinki, Finland · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61352761
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ffde16d71922cb38d0bffb6408540f4600806d3acc55c9767de589eb47175002.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Ninara from Helsinki, Finland · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61352897
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4ab822c55008c6908139e23c5b5b8eacfcb118f385755e508b0ebd4b3ea4c00e.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Zhou Guanhuai · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63522977
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3e7ddee36d4e74897d35d7668ecc7fd3963fc06aee6e4f78556b027d07c9de64.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Koala0090 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64026155
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/69eb25ae918edbb72c5cb0ab7ff081ceeb3661d074c49eb547de685637f260fa.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74904544
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5ab9128208b16fa83d8d0ec1ddeef8fee761832d9e67ba44a69871d2bd64310f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ฮินะจังปลดแอก · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95209362
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d0659b5d360042e0c89e3e2a3920712f2f9e21e16a51633169dc8960ffda9701.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ฮินะจังปลดแอก · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95209366
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7301bbd251babd8ce81ffe0cfe3cb8758d7c3b1854db465a1d48fee05e481552.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=105621983
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fc956da0b695e341309a5755ec22f0bf777630611150fca70ab4a3f738fdf70b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147249263
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d1da4b3c0ac62da1c9090fb290067e7c1e12726b29415dd6c6d8f780b4adf2eb.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147249265
sources: s:th-wiki-phra-phrom — พระพรหม — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-erawan-shrine — ศาลท้าวมหาพรหม โรงแรมเอราวัณ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-erawan-shrine — Erawan Shrine — Wikipedia; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระปิดตา · phra pidta · Phra Pidta (eyes-covered Buddha)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-pidta/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-pidta.json
id: phra-pidta · level: kind
aliases: ปิดตา · พระภควัม · พระภควัมบดี · ปิดทวารทั้งเก้า · พระปิดตามหาอุตม์ · phra pid ta · pidta · phakawam · phra pakawam · closed-eyes Buddha · Phra Pakawam
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ตะกั่ว (lead) · functions: กำบัง (concealment, going unseen), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), มหาอุด (stopping projectiles / misfire), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall) · region: th-central, th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ตำราสร้างพระภควัมบดี ๙ แบบ) · สำนักที่วงการยกให้ เช่น หลวงพ่อแก้ว วัดเครือวัลย์ The amulet-making treatise gives nine Phakawambodi recipes; the trade's named lineages include Luang Pho Kaeo of Wat Khruea Wan (Chachoengsao) and Luang Pho To of Wat Thong, early Rattanakosin · Early pieces cast metal, later ones pressed powder · Central Thai tradition
what (th): รูปนั่งยกมือปิดตาหรือปิดหน้า — ปิดทวารไม่ให้กิเลสและอันตรายเข้า ถือกันว่าเป็นพระสังกัจจายน์ เนื้อผงคลุกรักหรือโลหะหล่อ ใช้ทางกำบัง คงกระพัน และโชคลาภที่มาเงียบๆ
what (en): A figure with hands over its eyes — the shut-away senses. Pressed powder or cast metal; worked for warding and for wealth that slips past notice.
story: The treatise calls it Phra Phakawambodi and gives nine recipes. The figure is carved from a solid pig's tusk, from the root of the rak-son vine on the east side, from mistletoe of a Bodhi or chumsaeng tree, or from a material not reproduced here, one finger-joint tall; the base is hollowed, a yantra and ground 'sleeping-leaf' medicine go in, stingless-bee resin seals it, and the piece is lacquered and gilded. One version wraps three figures — eyes, ears, mouth each covered — in thin lead inscribed nga-ya-na-ma; another lays the figure in fragrant oil in a bronze bowl and recites until it 'rises up and sits'. Uses named are concealment, invulnerability, evasion, and shutting the mouths of those who see you. Wikipedia's account is the gentler one: the figure is Phra Sangkachai entering cessation, the nine gates closed against defilement, later pressed in powder by named Rattanakosin masters.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed: a phra khrueang. Whatever the treatise carves it from is material, not a resident; the vault keeps the kind in the Buddha-amulet class.
- look at: The hands over the face are the kind's whole identity; a figure with a visible face is not a pidta [cited]
- look at: The nine-gate type has more than two arms; count them [cited]
- look at: Powder bodies are usually lacquer-bound and dark brown to black, unlike the white somdej powder; metal ones are cast lead, bronze or alloy [tradition]
- look at: The treatise hollows the base, packs in a yantra and ground medicine, seals it with stingless-bee resin and lacquers and gilds the piece; a plugged base and gilt-over-lacquer are the marks of that recipe [catalogue]
- look at: Carved treatise pieces are one finger-joint tall [catalogue]
- vs phra-somdet: A somdej shows its face inside an arch on a white tablet; a pidta hides its face and is usually a dark lacquered powder or a metal casting
- vs phra-kring: A kring's hands are in the earth-touching pose and it chimes; a pidta's hands are over its face
- vs rup-lersi: A lersi has a beard, a topknot or tiger skin and an open face; a pidta has none of these and covers its face
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c24e2c3cc05df5b19fb1a264368e0f7f6b36dfdd98daaef969cc82ff69fe7b90.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · หลวงปู่วิเวียร · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57309281
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-pidta — พระปิดตา — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระราหู · phra rahu · Phra Rahu (the eclipse-swallower)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-rahu/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-rahu.json
id: phra-rahu · level: kind
aliases: ราหู · ราหูอมจันทร์ · ราหูอมอาทิตย์ · ราหูกะลาตาเดียว · rahu · phra rahoo · rahu om chan · Rahu amulet · Rahu swallowing the moon · eclipse demon
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: natural · materials: กะลา (coconut shell), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th-central, th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, for the yantra pair; temple issues are many and uncredited here · Undated treatise · Central Thai tradition
what (th): ราหูอมจันทร์ แกะจากกะลามะพร้าวตาเดียวเป็นหลัก — เครื่องแก้เคล็ดทางโหราศาสตร์ของผู้ที่อยู่ในช่วงพระราหูเสวยอายุ เป็นเทพที่บูชา ไม่ใช่ผีที่เลี้ยง
what (en): Rahu swallowing the moon, classically carved into a one-eyed coconut shell — the astrological remedy worn by those in a Rahu period. This site's almanac pages keep the sky half of the story.
story: In the myth Rahu's head was cut off by Vishnu's discus after he drank the amrita, so when he swallows the sun or moon it passes out through his throat: the eclipse. Manuscript 6983 gives the amulet as a pair. Two hermits on Mount Yugandhara, foreseeing a poor age, made the Suriyaprapha (solar) and Chanthaprapha (lunar) yantras; the maker finds a one-eyed coconut shell, carves one Rahu swallowing the moon and one swallowing the sun, and inscribes the solar yantra on the sun-figure and the lunar on the moon-figure, with homage verses to each. The treatise sells it for wealth; the modern trade sells it as the remedy for a Rahu period in the horoscope, and the Buddhist protective verses against Rahu from the Candima and Suriya suttas sit behind both.
keeping: Deva tier: veneration, not feeding; can be set down. The trade's rule of offering black things to Rahu is tradition, not in this treatise.
- look at: Shell body: dark, oily surface with the coconut's own grain; 'one-eyed' means a shell showing a single germination eye [catalogue]
- look at: Head only, no body: the one deva in the market with no torso [cited]
- look at: Treatise pieces carry a 4×4 numeral square on the chest and a six-sector circle on the back [catalogue]
- look at: Metal and medallion types are common; the image, not the material, names the kind [catalogue]
- vs kala-ta-diao: A plain one-eyed coconut shell is a natural talisman, nobody home; once carved into Rahu and inscribed it becomes a deva object. Same shell, different class.
- vs khot-kala: A khot kala is a natural concretion found inside a shell, uncarved; Rahu is a carved image.
- vs jatukham: A Jatukham disc rings its seated deva with eight small Rahu heads; a Rahu amulet is one head, one disc, and no one in the middle.
- vs phaya-khrut: The garuda is a whole winged figure; Rahu is a head alone.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/656695f3703f2a60ae25e3b280b6e5cb291d4564c1bed4704461f4661c955cfe.gif · Public domain · Unknown authorUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18658408
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4999b1de1f00d9f46f9f029c65d7cadbb886ed5f9d0e594fb39d6efa2dd8b309.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Der aus Uebersee kommt · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3461077
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/25c1db089ee31564179f6f40e99b9b21d52220371c748dec97121ee2092a6893.jpg · Public domain · LigerCommon · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5008314
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/74247c4e09dcb1d9f8e70aad516f7c00e8b1618096113476faa6c82f37a28985.jpg · Public domain · Watkhunchan · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9030014
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/45861073e3511a177eb0ee176a86cd75c75169112d858c4c0db4d9b30cd5b120.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11111416
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0fd45486e71a4390c272925d5b65dd016c47eed1ebd130d3aff3b816cf463334.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11112033
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ad669fc3e069daa676166110012ea00ca359a6aeebfccae89b0e97fd9cb6a730.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Paul Stevenson · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15540632
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dbe41ecd9fe21ddd75fdf2564df879dbf6c7b873c4ab7f7a07a3483927015503.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Sogyto · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16258354
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e10a2be9677974a4bf5fbcba232fa9b39522b46a470bc95fded372fd1a9a570a.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Nick Hubbard · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29401461
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6d4f5d9f695a40b6779eb16bdb614a1c82f5bc99e51a32b1f4eb5ef11124f564.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40081528
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/867b61cb34659a732dafaa6dd8df9003b6f1f5d721969e6be9a8abd46073562c.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40081542
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/59e65309899d9a9192db437265abec576638fa142cb1ee7c611602335732e23d.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51122835
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/82b8d0dbea73bc0170a414ba47540645de84e349368b6e576ae4513d0d59cc46.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51277340
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/103faf6fe270c6ac001c768507dcbd71cf74999f8ef92812834583a6b524d48f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Tris T7 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87563767
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e4986265251f97eb6e537330be94c6b198389ff35168e690919145ae699ef46f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Christophe95 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89325915
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a2552a0095847c5e69feb9f18abfa83bb67be6ec7cdc33106598a60492d4764f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115851613
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7ff782699b16b300a10051f2f2e0e6cd220ba499261776782d1cf5f1f8671efa.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=160580528
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:en-wiki-rahu — Rahu — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระรอด · phra rot · Phra Rod (Lamphun votive tablet)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-rot/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-rot.json
id: phra-rot · level: kind
aliases: พระรอดลำพูน · พระรอดมหาวัน · พระรอดวัดมหาวัน · phra rod · phra rod lamphun · phra rot mahawan · Phra Rod Lamphun · the surviving one
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th-north
origin: วัดมหาวันวนาราม ลำพูน Wat Mahawan Wanaram, Lamphun · ตำนานผูกกับพระนางจามเทวีและฤๅษีผู้สร้างเมือง Legend ties the tablets to Queen Chamadevi and the hermits who founded Hariphunchai; no maker is documented · Hariphunchai period, late Dvaravati; the oldest of the Benjaphakhi five per Thai Wikipedia · Lamphun
what (th): พระพิมพ์ดินเผาองค์เล็กจากกรุวัดมหาวัน ลำพูน องค์พระนั่งสมาธิในวงใบโพธิ์ เก่าที่สุดในชุดเบญจภาคี ชื่อ “รอด” คือรอดพ้นภัย ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่ในองค์พระ
what (en): A small fired-clay tablet from the cache at Wat Mahawan, Lamphun: a seated Buddha inside a ring of bodhi leaves, the oldest of the Benjaphakhi five. The name means the one who escapes harm. Nobody is home.
story: The temple's own account ties the tablets to Queen Chamadevi and the Hariphunchai founding; the Wat Mahawan chedi is where they were deposited, and Thai Wikipedia places the making in the late Dvaravati period, older than anything else in the set. Triyampavai's Benjaphakhi of around 1947 put it beside the Somdej, and the trade has read the name as a promise ever since: escape from harm, safe passage, a body that cannot be cut. Genuine pieces are a controlled antiquity; what circulates openly is mostly the form re-pressed.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Fine, hard-fired clay; colour varies with the firing (green, pikun-yellow, red, white), so colour alone settles nothing [catalogue]
- look at: The bodhi-leaf field around the figure is the type's signature; count and spacing follow the mould [tradition]
- look at: Smaller than the other four Benjaphakhi kinds; fits inside a closed hand [tradition]
- look at: Age reads as shrinkage and cache crust (คราบกรุ), never as patina: the clay body's dating signal on the material axis [catalogue]
- look at: A controlled antiquity; the open retail market carries reproductions and temple re-issues of the form, which is a statement about the category [tradition]
- vs phra-kru: Phra Rod is one named cache-find; phra kru is the whole category. Same class, same fired clay; the bodhi-leaf field and the Lamphun provenance name this one.
- vs phra-sum-ko: Sum Ko sits under an arch shaped like the letter ก in Sukhothai style from Kamphaeng Phet; Phra Rod is ringed by bodhi leaves in Hariphunchai style. Both fired clay, both nobody home.
- vs phra-nang-phaya: Nang Phaya is a triangle in Maravijaya with a coarse body; Phra Rod is tall and rounded, in meditation, with a fine body.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ba6ab231dcb9f68b7436961e57c9d1b46ebc87e6a6fd0568a53df2ab820a2850.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102452146
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6735a767acce1a0a8f40c557d4424b4d2b5532e4f6bf6225a8d482e6384684d8.png · Public domain · Fine Arts Department · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=197017930
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang — พระเครื่อง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-thai-amulet — Thai Buddha amulet — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:th-wiki-wat-mahawan-lamphun — วัดมหาวัน (จังหวัดลำพูน) — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07)
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระสีวลี · phra siwali · Phra Siwali (the never-hungry monk)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-siwali/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-siwali.json
id: phra-siwali · level: kind
aliases: พระสิวลี · พระฉิมพลี · สีวลีเถระ · phra sivali · phra siwalee · phra chimphali · Sivali · Sivali Thera · foremost in receiving offerings
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste) · functions: โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), ค้าขาย (trade, selling), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th, mm, la
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) — ตำราพระฉิมพลี Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, the Phra Chimphali manual, which traces its own lineage to King Naresuan's time · The treatise claims descent from the reigns of Naresuan and Narai — its own claim, not a dated attestation · Nationwide; also Myanmar, Laos and Sri Lanka
what (th): พระสีวลี พระอรหันต์ผู้เลิศทางลาภ — แบกไม้เท้า กลด และกาน้ำ — บูชาเพื่อให้ปัจจัยมาถึงทันเวลา รูปหล่อและจี้ บูชาอย่างพระเครื่องทั่วไป ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): The arahant who never lacked — staff over shoulder, umbrella and kettle — carried for provision that arrives on time. Statue and pendant, venerated as an ordinary amulet.
story: Sivali was foremost among the Buddha's disciples in receiving offerings; his mother Suppavasa carried him seven years, seven months and seven days. Manuscript 6983 knows him as Phra Chimphali and opens its whole collection with him, claiming a lineage back through King Narai to Naresuan. Carve a closed-face Phakawambodi figure from rak-son root, one finger-length and half an inch tall, hollow it, grind shoots of rak-son, sawat and ka-long, wrap the relics of Sariputta and of Chimphali in two yantras and seal them inside with underground stingless-bee resin; then a bai-si, a duck, a chicken, gold and silver rings on the bai-si's peak, and a three-day tham-khwan. Honour it morning and evening; a candle each dusk guards against thieves, fire and flood, and the text gives a katha of homage to be said before any katha asking for gain. The standing monk with umbrella and kettle is what the shops sell now; the treatise's Chimphali looks nothing like him.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; the treatise's morning-and-evening honours are devotion, not upkeep a resident demands.
- look at: A standing monk with umbrella, staff and bag: not a Buddha, and not the portrait of a named modern monk [cited]
- look at: Class phra khrueang: nobody home, unlike the deva and spirit kinds it is sold beside [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise type is a closed-face figure in rak-son root, hollowed, charged with relics wrapped in two yantras and sealed with stingless-bee resin — a cavity and a resin plug are its marks [catalogue]
- look at: Brass shelf figures and metal pendants are the current retail form [catalogue]
- vs luang-pu-thuat: Luang Pu Thuat is a portrait of a named monk, usually seated, no umbrella; Siwali stands under his umbrella with a staff.
- vs rup-lo: A rup lo is the likeness of a known teacher; Siwali is an arahant of the Buddha's time, marked by his pilgrim kit.
- vs phra-pidta: The treatise's Chimphali is itself a closed-face Phakawambodi figure charged with Sivali's relic, so an old wooden pidta with a resin-sealed cavity may be one; an ordinary pidta is pressed or cast and unfilled.
- vs nang-kwak: Nang Kwak is a seated woman beckoning; Siwali is a standing monk. The legend links them — he blessed her — and her money bag may bear his name.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/20fb0498434acaeaffc4c7e954a4dea6e8a03ec3cb03ac4e24aa601cfed751c0.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87826394
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d475a9bf1c3b3a27dd55eb2448858417878f334e69ca7fbd5bfa2f3909c8178f.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · User:Millevache · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16000683
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b3487b8184c9603b3a609b54e08e2e7783b721622e6b4b4cfaab06536dc017af.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40212851
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9a2cc23a4e049bc4be3d9ab298967bf58d13bdecca46c7d4097cae1b30809fa5.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40212854
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c1a7110ff8593c6cb11230fb423f88fa6384caff9c202a3477ddf17492ddecae.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Леонид Каратасков · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28638216
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c7eaa3e72c2f59e188211d592d7a27d2fe00099f616cabbae1645a1576301527.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · พระใบฎีกาไพรัตน์ · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34363950
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5fd68f2600edb27ccb28bdbf62ae0c59b5ba57ab1884b4be2e402533746279bb.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50796977
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4519d3817c92b759e468281f32725c404ffc12e583240d29f4e73dcc9a2645a5.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50937266
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c89972c57effb004c68459bf420de24de5bc4f7bf41dca344561117f997edab8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Khalidrahman · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51818679
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/08fd8821b76141d52a23cdf0925e1da8b40aa1a5f626a559177a383dbd5ca276.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ခင်မောင်မောင်လွင် · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71797723
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f6f02df48f25c1469bf0a81eab5523f3212c88bce76247243dfb714efe6683da.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84811284
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6f0d88942fc38faf55f14755acd31039a06796dc270b827c1576640d7d0c4895.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85102243
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1d691d57936ec0626228bc5cd22773fb255a82feac18718c01abc4f97ef11f82.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85102244
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6e0631460877b5e18e9c9631851ab74d6f16be4fc346a07c8983b75aa5025870.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87826393
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7108f7d429a74caa09c06520fbb59ee038c58eb1f2dcfd8ff91df6d19348b7da.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ndoduc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89934388
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f34d62021df5dd653ac2495299b6d3b065849ee7c572dfebcdf81bc646c1bc8a.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ndoduc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89934390
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bc2eade5c6d0e9c4f4a998d8209dfd3ff76f7c4401a1ee31dfc9af5fa7a339a9.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ndoduc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89934391
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d8dabd508faf4d193026316bfb3f3708a7a8c4948b233e84214f13085f639e10.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ndoduc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89934393
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/85d9cb648adf293bd95022498bb53b3d03e0dc32fbf94bf0589123eb1968cebd.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ndoduc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89934396
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/eb4e26d89aadcfcb3b571bfcf5ef093ffe84e9f80a8019aadf40755331f35ae8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ndoduc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89934398
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f0ac471357fa322ee372889602cf0717ff8745866c119863700d31689f3e3f67.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · ndoduc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89934399
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/137022c96e2b3869ae3bcf8df6b4d7fa297f8fc0de6e9ef8ea47b1b74b86f200.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Nitigor · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=91413243
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/45eee43ac58e38399913376a73aac62ad4ded6aa6fa753049efc188ea896d528.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Varatchayo · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104174394
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/45800b00f032c13eda49575535cb3f0ce9f537e121029565da1493eccdb9ffcb.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=148738339
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:en-wiki-sivali — Sivali — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-nang-kwak — นางกวัก — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระสมเด็จ · phra somdet · Phra Somdej
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-somdet/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-somdet.json
id: phra-somdet · level: kind
aliases: สมเด็จ · พระสมเด็จวัดระฆัง · สมเด็จวัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม · phra somdej · somdej · somdet wat rakhang · Somdej amulet · King of Amulets · Somdej Wat Rakang
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), ผงพุทธคุณ (powder of the Buddha's qualities) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th-central
origin: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม Wat Rakhang Kositaram, Thonburi side of Bangkok · สมเด็จพระพุฒาจารย์ (โต พฺรหฺมรํสี) Somdet Phra Phutthachan (To Phromrangsi), 'Somdej To' · Made across roughly 1812–1872, in three periods per Thai Wikipedia; the famous runs fall in the 1860s · Bangkok
what (th): แผ่นผงพุทธคุณอัดพิมพ์ทรงสี่เหลี่ยม มีองค์พระประทับนั่งในซุ้มครอบแก้ว เป็นพระเครื่องที่ถูกสร้างตามและสะสมมากที่สุด พลังอยู่ที่บารมีของผู้สร้างและการปลุกเสก ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่ในองค์พระ
what (en): A rectangular pressed tablet of sacred powder bearing a seated Buddha in an arch — the most copied, most collected amulet form there is. Power is the maker's barami and the consecration; nobody is home.
story: Somdej To of Wat Rakhang pressed these tablets in the last years of Rama IV and the first of Rama V. The trade calls the Wat Rakhang pieces the emperor of amulets and counts them among the Benjaphakhi, the canonical five. Almost every temple issue since borrows the form, which is why the form alone tells you little and the material tells you more.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is price and authenticity, never spiritual safety.
- look at: Six Wat Rakhang mould-types per Thai Wikipedia: Phra Prathan / Phim Yai (large), Chedi, Than Saem, Ket Bua Tum, Prok Pho, Sian Bat Ok Khrut. The trade usually counts five, folding the last into the others [cited]
- look at: Body is calcined shell-lime bound with cooked rice, banana, oil and sand, carrying the five sacred powders (ผงวิเศษ ๕ ประการ) and 108 herbal ingredients [cited]
- look at: Off-white to yellowish powder body flecked with coloured inclusions; the material is the first gate, the mould the second [tradition]
- look at: Age reads as a surface crust, never as rust: the powder body's dating signal per the material axis [catalogue]
- look at: The most reproduced material category in the trade; a careful eye is the norm here, which is a statement about the category, never about an object [catalogue]
- vs hun-phayon: A somdej is a Buddha in an arch with nobody home and nothing owed; a hun payon is a man-shaped figure of earth, straw or cloth that has been animated and is fed daily. Different class, different keeping, different provenance question.
- vs khun-phaen: Khun Phaen tablets use an Ayutthaya-style pentagonal or ruean-kaeo arch; the somdej form is a straight-edged rectangle with a bell-glass arch
- vs phra-phong-bai-lan: Palm-leaf-ash tablets are black-grey; the somdej body is white to cream
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/75ddae261e813a7f8cbcf68f4c569c7e7f8d4663a418c937a714d3e09e0e8487.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Supachai9 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74781400
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e72cab3a986a182f2480a46f217306e10556c74e306d4e62de69b2b397c42fa7.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62805422
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6153fa2ac3e1c67d44a2d920af65736b8af07645125039510db18dc9f37dfb32.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62805428
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/eca16f3614eb31298535b628c09a611c5e66248c1d2048f3163c7d81791a3e8b.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62805429
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e77571993dc0b6c61cdbfef743fc82319fbd13afe95cc59d2946402b741100f1.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62806506
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/53127b38148040bc5c9d4defb41c4241d3736997b2401bc0bd919f6c6bf0e082.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62806507
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8d96ea9a1d5ed50097c472ed9ca5fbe944b16d7c2f4e870911ae5875b4796dbd.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62806508
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/69e2bfeabce38e33a5ab9db5f43ac89cadb8a54db2e0db728eb0abed9fa4fe52.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62807066
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bf841cef401bab6e2c4f46b5d464cedb13e8f42feda61ce3e453fed11d355a27.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62807067
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/828d9b9b0fd76a994e460ced08a32fb972d3369c846a72ec329510b2e09ff7f5.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62807068
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0c1630e2a3c01b32a6373a5c5d71048a69da043abdca71fe4cff07b281347c84.jpg · CC0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62807070
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1b49c55da3c49ade3314ca54a983fa87dddb7ede2d3bc81ed40ae38ff6556284.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · PEAK99 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87743412
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/60c4d6e724972434a448b68b15238029f531cd1e70ac0364805470aeea6c3c0b.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · PEAK99 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87743413
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/aad8e7066aad9be8ea57c1762258d55e69526bcf12dedb441b45d6e9433fe6cd.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · PEAK99 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87743414
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/32c1501769d6fbdde85932488eb35bb602599481b5dec0e32ac7667f56e4e1ee.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · PEAK99 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87743416
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/316dd35cce19450fab0790a3ac97022773059a0f900805f164727deab673936c.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Dogmuy2521 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=127102299
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3f061016fe2f0ba9ba8c56c962571c5c23065ec9a1f8e7053c74e975d311a606.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155191957
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5e05f26479e555811849671d7a942665ef72f7c838f7c0fc818bda38089edfa3.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155194925
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/eee8d8640321c407460e345225c61d483f41069dc879aa5c47f8e0f17bcd8cb5.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155257649
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3418d73e50d8cf4fca3bcada04ffcb5911ae1f7906382b60099d0466878ba928.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155257700
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f6be6f4da981bd23e335fd7321e847a6c44269d5785ded7bb437973676d89fba.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156000922
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1e02cc479413d9cdaf4c19726b58654b223b8f2c38c843cecf10705614ad7723.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156001056
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/611319a62f8fdd0c50e01053f6f2d2f9a5a4a8eb10c4ed9116d3b9993710d2cf.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156204455
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1024bd70e02612d4d59657a7e615953ca5b8e42eda4a7e9e9e02843162470561.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156218141
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5058976dbc72c722dce0dbd034c0b9c18c1aca7c9138fc54566153a617662c95.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156218482
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a68275a70bd350f632cbd9eb635f399a0aa68d94ce56f22e86a8481a1a9e6124.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sundara Doy · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=166274792
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8d7110e4ef7bad6e7151c300109da35f385199211c91b21714629d270cfd9bcb.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Notenatdanai0311 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=196552532
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9e4f37b71473bd8429466a5a3dafe40b8548dd046373e0d70a23e3314de07a56.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Koikiichi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22137839
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d1b728d16b140b44c45869ea0cfcfa9e8956846aa8ef10df5cf70aeb088e74a9.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Kaichicky · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54775380
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8dbef88335f3b6e207781ab923e7ebac268bca607c2b3e75b17a8cd7b91834d1.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62804099
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/705dba8204b2f0f5e73dd8a061d5d61529c89726e86c3a5612c28394c85307d5.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62804100
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3c44d8c2c5dd0ea74699cd46ef0c93a63d805294e3ef36d82524d59ddd095b7f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ya thonawanik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62804101
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-somdet-rakhang — พระสมเด็จวัดระฆัง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระสมเด็จจิตรลดา · phra somdet chitralada · Phra Somdej Chitralada (the royal somdej)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/somdet-chitralada/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/somdet-chitralada.json
id: somdet-chitralada · level: variant · parent: phra-somdet
aliases: สมเด็จจิตรลดา · พระกำลังแผ่นดิน · somdej jitlada · somdet chitlada · phra kamlang phaendin · Jitlada amulet · King Rama IX somdej
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อผง (sacred-powder paste), ผงพุทธคุณ (powder of the Buddha's qualities), เกศา (hair of the master) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th-central
origin:  · พระบาทสมเด็จพระบรมชนกาธิเบศร มหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดชมหาราช (รัชกาลที่ ๙) ทรงกดพิมพ์ด้วยพระหัตถ์ King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), who pressed each piece by hand · BE 2508–2513 (1965–1970) · Chitralada Villa, Bangkok — the name says where
what (th): พระสมเด็จทรงสามเหลี่ยมที่รัชกาลที่ ๙ ทรงสร้างและกดพิมพ์ด้วยพระหัตถ์ พระราชทานแก่ทหาร ตำรวจ ข้าราชการ และประชาชน ระหว่าง พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๘–๒๕๑๓ พร้อมเอกสารกำกับ
what (en): The triangular somdej King Rama IX made and hand-pressed at Chitralada, given between 1965 and 1970 to soldiers, police, officials and civilians, each with a certificate.
story: The mass pressed into it lists powder from various votive tablets, dried flowers from garlands presented to the King, strands of the royal hair, flowers from the regalia, soil and herbs from the Buddhist sites of India and Sri Lanka, sacred material from every Thai province, and water from the auspicious sources used at the coronation. The King pressed each piece himself, often late into the evening. Forty small pieces were made for the royal children; the rest went out with a certificate naming recipient, date and number.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang. The certificate travels with the piece and is its provenance.
- look at: An isosceles triangle, not the rectangle of the parent kind [cited]
- look at: A nine-petal lotus base; count the petals [cited]
- look at: Two sizes only: 20 × 30 mm and 12 × 19 mm [cited]
- look at: Brown to dark-green body with mixed inclusions, never the white somdej powder [cited]
- look at: Each recipient was given a certificate with name, date, serial number and photograph; the paper is part of the type [cited]
- vs phra-somdet: The parent kind is a white rectangle with the Buddha in an arch; the Chitralada is a dark triangle on a lotus with no arch
- vs phra-nang-phaya: Nang Phaya is also triangular but is a fired-clay cache find from Phitsanulok in the earth-touching pose; the Chitralada is a 1960s powder tablet in meditation
- vs phra-phong-suphan: Phong Suphan is a triangular clay cache tablet from Suphan Buri; the material and the century separate them
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ec86160f5a0d760df7b111ea45505cab72d5966c7db42318d420173b8d89f39f.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · ผู้สร้างสรรค์ผลงาน/ส่งข้อมูลเก็บในคลังข้อมูลเสรีวิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์ - เทวประภาส มากคล้าย · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7819524
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:th-wiki-somdet-chitralada — พระสมเด็จจิตรลดา — วิกิพีเดีย; s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories)
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## พระซุ้มกอ · phra sum ko · Phra Sum Ko (Kamphaeng Phet arched tablet)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/phra-sum-ko/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/phra-sum-ko.json
id: phra-sum-ko · level: kind
aliases: พระกำแพงซุ้มกอ · ซุ้มกอ · กำแพงซุ้มกอ · phra somkor · phra sum kor · kamphaeng sum ko · Phra Somkor · Phra Kamphaeng Sum Kor
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tablet · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body), เนื้อว่าน (sacred-herb paste) · functions: โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th-central
origin: กรุทุ่งเศรษฐี นครชุม กำแพงเพชร (วัดพระบรมธาตุ วัดพิกุล และกรุใกล้เคียง) The Thung Setthi caches at Nakhon Chum, Kamphaeng Phet (Wat Phra Borommathat, Wat Phikun and neighbouring sites) ·  · Sukhothai period; English Wikipedia dates the find at Wat Phra Borommathat Nakhon Chum to 1849, the year Thai Wikipedia gives for Somdej To's visit to the temple · Kamphaeng Phet
what (th): พระพิมพ์ดินเผาจากกรุทุ่งเศรษฐี กำแพงเพชร องค์พระนั่งสมาธิในซุ้มโค้งรูปตัว ก ศิลปะสุโขทัย หายากที่สุดในเบญจภาคี วงการพูดว่า “มีกูไม่จน” ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่
what (en): A fired-clay tablet from the Thung Setthi caches at Kamphaeng Phet: a seated Buddha under an arch curved like the letter ก, in Sukhothai style. The rarest of the Benjaphakhi five. The trade's saying for it is 'have me and you will not be poor'. Nobody is home.
story: English Wikipedia dates the find to 1849 at Wat Phra Borommathat, Nakhon Chum, the same year Thai Wikipedia gives for Somdej To's discovery of relics in that temple's chedis. The trade adds an inscription found with the tablets and reads from it the promise that the keeper will not be poor; that text is tradition here, not cited. The Sukhothai-style figure under its ก-shaped arch went into Triyampavai's five around 1947, and of the five it is the one least seen.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety.
- look at: The ก-shaped arch is both the name and the first mark to check [tradition]
- look at: Fired clay carrying herb (ว่าน) material; the trade describes the body as fine and soft-looking [tradition]
- look at: The with-kanok and without-kanok moulds separate on the scrollwork beside the arch [tradition]
- look at: The rarest of the five to encounter per Thai Wikipedia; what the open market shows is mostly the form re-issued, a statement about the category [cited]
- look at: Age reads as shrinkage and cache crust, never patina [catalogue]
- vs phra-rot: Phra Rod is ringed by bodhi leaves in Hariphunchai style from Lamphun; Sum Ko sits under a ก-shaped arch in Sukhothai style from Kamphaeng Phet. Both fired clay, both nobody home.
- vs khun-phaen: Khun Phaen uses an Ayutthaya pentagonal ruean-kaeo arch and its material story belongs to the line; Sum Ko's arch is round-topped and the body is clay and herb. Class can differ; here it does not.
- vs phra-kru: Sum Ko is one named cache-find; phra kru is the category. The arch and the Kamphaeng Phet provenance name this one.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/116caea2e2a4e6a162b9d24c92c08dc0250f2441f324db6eceebebba4116af77.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99852842
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/896bf9b931f3e65105cd2dc33cac9e0842cac3582116b8d11e84d795d3bd54ab.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99852813
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ba6ab231dcb9f68b7436961e57c9d1b46ebc87e6a6fd0568a53df2ab820a2850.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Somdej.watrakang · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102452146
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang — พระเครื่อง — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-thai-amulet — Thai Buddha amulet — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited; s:th-wiki-wat-phra-borommathat-kamphaeng — วัดพระบรมธาตุ (จังหวัดกำแพงเพชร) — วิกิพีเดีย
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ปี่เซียะ · pixiu · Pixiu (wealth beast) pendant
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/pixiu/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/pixiu.json
id: pixiu · level: kind
native: 貔貅 · 天祿 · 辟邪 (zh) · tỳ hưu (vi)
aliases: ปี่เซี๊ยะ · ปี่เซี้ย · ผีซิว · เผ่ย์เย้า · เทียนลู่ · เทียงลก · pi xiu · pei yao · tianlu · bixie · tỳ hưu · pi yao · wealth beast · heavenly deer
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: figure · materials: ทองเหลือง (brass), ทองแดง (copper) · functions: โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), ค้าขาย (trade, selling), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: diaspora, th, vn
origin:  · โรงงานหยกและโลหะ ร้านฮวงจุ้ย บางชิ้นผ่านพิธีเบิกเนตรที่ศาลเจ้า Jade and metal workshops and feng shui shops; some pieces are put through an eye-opening rite at a shrine, which the trade holds · Named in the Shangshu and the Shiji as a beast of war; Han-era stone tomb guardians survive; the pendant is modern · China; Thailand, Vietnam and the overseas Chinese trade
what (th): สัตว์ในตำนานจีน หัวมังกร ตัวสิงโต มีปีก เชื่อว่ากินทองแล้วไม่ถ่ายเพราะไม่มีรูทวาร จึงเป็นเครื่องรางเรียกทรัพย์และกันร้าย ทำเป็นจี้หยก กำไล แหวน และรูปตั้งคู่ ขายมากในตลาดไทย-จีน วิกิพีเดียไทยเรียก ปี่เซียะ ผีซิว เผ่ย์เย้า
what (en): The Chinese wealth beast: dragon head, lion body, wings, and no anus, so gold goes in and never out. Worn as a jade pendant, bracelet or ring, or set as a pair at a shop door, it is one of the biggest sellers in Thai-Chinese retail under ปี่เซียะ. The vault's class vocabulary does not place it.
story: Classical texts list it among the fierce beasts the Yellow Emperor drove into battle; the Han carved it in stone to guard tombs. The one-horned form is tianlu, the two-horned bixie, and the two names still label the two jobs, wealth and warding. Gamblers in Macau and Hong Kong venerate it. Thai listings sell it as a colour-changing pendant 'blessed in Hong Kong', a brass figure standing on an ingot, a silver ring, and a bracelet 'for the birth day', which grafts the Thai weekday system onto a Chinese beast.
keeping: The vault leaves this unplaced, on purpose. In Chinese feng shui logic it is an instrument with nobody home; in Thai-Chinese retail it gets an eye-opening rite, is spoken of as บูชา, and some keepers offer it water and touch it daily. That is the veneration upkeep of a resident class wearing an impersonal object's form, and a knower must draw the line. Until then: treat an unknown one as impersonal, and a rite-opened one as owed regard.
- look at: Dragon head on a lion body with wings; count the horns, one for tianlu, two for bixie. English Wikipedia says modern pieces are mostly one-horned, Chinese Wikipedia says two-horned now predominates: the two articles disagree, so look rather than assume [cited]
- look at: No anus by belief, so wealth enters and never leaves; the folk logic behind the whole class [cited]
- look at: Jade, glass, wood, ceramic, copper and cloth; the trade matches material to the owner's five-element chart [cited]
- look at: Set as a crouching pair, or worn one per wrist; a single figure facing into the room is what the trade warns against [cited]
- look at: Thai spellings vary, ปี่เซียะ / ผีซิว / เผ่ย์เย้า / เทียนลู่; Lazada Thailand titles use ปี่เซียะ [cited]
- vs phaya-khrut: Garuda is a bird-man, upright, with a beak; the pixiu is a four-legged dragon-headed beast. Both have wings, which is where the confusion starts on a small pendant.
- vs bat-quai: The bagua mirror guards the same door but is a diagram, not a beast, and nobody feeds it.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/649a1c329033aa852c6ad663f176c11ca84221fc986ab65c56f2a54fe42c6bb4.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54689922
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9c4ad4a340b82c10e92df172a92b49e3c90117638ada888c7de33e82faff465f.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · original uploader was en:User:Twejoel at en.wikipedia · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1151875
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1f8dda299ca773dd29fd62e62d6cc272ff8fbc96f5174ea94c481c8fc65b2503.jpg · Public Domain · Yinan Chen · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33633483
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/68c527217ca1ae8712edd212af1daac58f03f2bc2f87a4767671ebf416239e5e.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54689924
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/feb15b84c19d28eebf60807976e2978c2ef60903b0acade427fa37a39661ad07.jpg · Public domain · Phương Huy (thảo luận) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104066658
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e36740452bf2f8df12d869c05995934933be475a2164064df2145024d3942f12.jpg · Public domain · Phương Huy (thảo luận) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104066689
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b1d05855b5d8074640e4b42ae41a62eb424413b74c3d3bbbf7b20310a80591e5.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Mountain · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=690757
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/91a3d68311aa8a3516a8d8096b6531a54baeaf1189de405573c05ce96167e434.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · User:Vmenkov · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5071474
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c9c48f180202c14830705d56ab570eb02cbb6e0bf1407b2366d2f1f9c59d2ef7.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Bernard Gagnon · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15107403
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0ad57203c33348e99398126aa761ee0a504f450feced1e1827268da0a79d5188.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54689923
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ee075af3caa89d5bf45c749e386c9d51bf4b480463196c264ef5c0ce91a0202e.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54689925
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e15706642f0f04277e3e5e868fae416507a2da71642510419f158769e504127a.jpg · CC0 · Huangdan2060 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56322138
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f63eeb71dd82e58a58843477f30f10306798d0f48de765d3b244c824735f8db3.jpg · CC0 · Huangdan2060 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56322945
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3acabeef0a0753a87a04b80273d6aae749dec21a1bee5ed5a4d79aee7f4d2b2b.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · lienyuan lee · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56911537
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/34f9d5dad647bce65c19e4b6f464438b561ebb8719154ce78f4e2d7634c96e2f.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sol lc · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75321007
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/91eefafe49354fba478ce457996ba4dd752bac3d69d81c8af8b3020d72d3fe02.jpg · Public domain · Phương Huy (thảo luận) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89849949
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2b60fc4887cb9e76bd76526d9b3a085a58ad2c8087d69bcf61d0b37df74763fa.jpg · Public domain · Phương Huy (thảo luận) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89852309
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5f808bc3647a4a70fc8a17bf358f4326ab863c168f55a6d0a54ccdde639895a3.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · 韋恩設計 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99437655
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/dfa40dd742d5bf87dfd6e4d4eee3ea323f69eb52318727af1c953dde369b255a.jpg · Public domain · Phương Huy (thảo luận) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104066551
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0a7c85b9d610e5eddee4507a1180532a6a55f73bb771ef3f7fff6a3bf59dffa5.jpg · Public domain · Phương Huy (thảo luận) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104066586
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2206ff960c20960ca70ff1a2d97898dc4c5d3ab3647b705fd070d6c90080078d.jpg · Public domain · Phương Huy (thảo luận) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104066602
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2c4911ce89df8f6ef596b5a32dbba604787ec40f622a638079cf79ecd0838f3a.jpg · Public domain · Phương Huy (thảo luận) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104066632
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/02ae22e48f4f47509079fa1c50fe66a3e9ebfa1ed4fbca0632465174102503a4.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · SwarmCheng · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=126542428
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bb587dc68d6cf74e2be7911a947e2b764ad0426b15d6e499d5db825edfd33334.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Leiem · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=129100653
sources: s:en-wiki-pixiu — Pixiu — Wikipedia; s:zh-wiki-pixiu — 貔貅 — 維基百科; s:th-wiki-pixiu — ปี่เซียะ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:vi-wiki-ty-huu — Tỳ hưu — Wikipedia tiếng Việt; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ปลาตะเพียน · pla taphian · Pla taphian (carp charm)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/pla-taphian/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/pla-taphian.json
id: pla-taphian · level: kind
aliases: ปลาตะเพียนเงินปลาตะเพียนทอง · ปลาตะเพียนสาน · ตะเพียนทอง · pla tapian · pla ta pian · taphian thong · silver-and-gold carp · woven palm-leaf fish · barb-fish charm
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: other · materials: ทองแดง (copper), เนื้อเงิน (silver), เนื้อทองคำ (gold), เนื้อนาค (copper-gold alloy (rose gold)) · functions: ค้าขาย (trade, selling), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th-central
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983 · Undated treatise. English Wikipedia places the woven form in Ayutthaya, citing the Description of the Topography of Ayutthaya's mention of woven pla taphian sold on Ton Market street · Ayutthaya and Central Thailand
what (th): ปลาตะเพียนคู่ตัดจากแผ่นโลหะบางลงยันต์ แขวนบูชาให้ซื้อง่ายขายดี ชื่อเดียวกับปลาสานใบลานที่แขวนเหนือเปลเด็กในงานฝีมืออยุธยา
what (en): A pair of carp cut from thin metal sheet and inscribed, hung up so that buying is easy and selling brisk — sharing its name with the woven palm-leaf fish mobile hung over Ayutthaya cradles.
story: The treatise beats copper or silver thin, cuts it into a carp, names one fish silver and one gold, and inscribes the syllables i, u and a central na with three metta-and-gain verses, one recitation per blowing. A second recipe allows gold, nak, silver or copper, makes the pair male and female, and sets out offerings for the teacher — a one-baht candle, five ordinary candles, five white flowers — before hanging them up. Two further kathas follow: one to worship the fish, one to consecrate rice fed to the fish every day. English Wikipedia's woven fish is a different object with the same name: palm-leaf strips woven into a mobile of nine, twelve or fifteen fish round a mother fish, hung over cradles in Ayutthaya and Thonburi.
keeping: Nobody home by class, nothing owed — with the treatise's own wrinkle: it feeds the fish consecrated rice daily. Read that as the trade's courtesy to a luck-object, not as a resident; a knower may rule otherwise.
- look at: Flat sheet metal cut to a fish outline, not a thick casting [catalogue]
- look at: Comes as a pair — male and female, or one 'silver' and one 'gold' [catalogue]
- look at: Syllables inside the body mark the inscribed kind; the woven palm-leaf fish carries none [catalogue]
- look at: Made to hang; the treatise gives it no pendant loop [catalogue]
- vs takrut: The trade takrut in the same treatise inscribes the same fish yantra and rolls it; the pla taphian stays flat and fish-shaped.
- vs phaya-tao-ruean: The house-turtle is the other trade animal: a thick cast pendant, where the fish is thin sheet made to hang.
- vs nang-kwak: Nang Kwak is a deva venerated with offerings; the fish is an inscribed sheet — though the treatise does feed it consecrated rice daily, which blurs the line this record keeps.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2313a07871fa1989ea73d564dd1a3eba691cb5dc5f05c3acc5a8cd1f20fd63fc.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Mr.Peerapong Prasutr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38176557
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/df3aa74cbe84182660b2736a0601d5f3eeec75e9bcd518d7f87e1e11859d93d6.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Mr.Peerapong Prasutr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38176556
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8efba825d3c048d3d456f7b11d3802396e4ddbfa35feee6f4daaae0b2e38b853.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Mr.Peerapong Prasutr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38176674
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/97ccd8dbe2fa8b50411029083b5592c6dc09acbf13e3ad056a84e1d739e1e92d.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Mr.Peerapong Prasutr · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85993935
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:en-wiki-pla-taphian — Pla taphian — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ราจาห์ · rajah · Rajah (Javanese-Malay written talisman)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/rajah/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/rajah.json
id: rajah · level: kind
native: rajah (id) · راجه · rajah (ms) · ꦫꦗꦃ · rajah (jv)
aliases: ยันต์ชวา · อักขระราจาห์ · rajah jawa · wafak · wifiq · isim · Javanese yantra · Islamic-Javanese magic diagram
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: other · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), ค้าขาย (trade, selling) · region: id, my
origin:  · กียาอี ดุกุน หรือผู้รู้ ilmu hikmah A kyai, a dukun, or anyone credited with ilmu hikmah; the Javanese primbon and Arabic manuals (Syamsul Ma'arif, al-Aufaq) are the trade's named books · Islamic Java, carried through pesantren and the primbon almanacs · Java; used across Indonesia and Malaysia
what (th): สูตรเขียนของชวา-มลายู: อักษรอาหรับ ตัวเลข ตารางวะฟัก และสัญลักษณ์ที่ผู้เขียนรู้ความหมาย ลงบนกระดาษ ผ้า หนัง โลหะ หรือผิวหนัง พลังอยู่ที่ตัวเขียนและผู้เขียน คือคู่ขนานของ “ยันต์” ในโลกอิสลาม
what (en): The Javanese-Malay written formula: Arabic letters, numerals, a wafaq square and symbols meaningful to the writer, set on paper, cloth, skin, metal or the body. Power sits in the writing and the writer — the Islamic-world counterpart of the Thai yan, and the thing a jimat usually carries.
story: In Javanese thinking a rajah is a jimat with power in it: used to treat the sick, to ward, to make the body kebal, to draw love or custom. The writer is someone with ilmu hikmah — a kyai or a dukun — and the books the trade names are the Syamsul Ma'arif, the al-Aufaq and the Javanese primbon. That the Indonesian word also means tattoo says the skin was always one of its media. Religious opinion calls it shirk when the writing itself is believed to act. Everything here beyond the id.wikipedia one-liner is trade knowledge and is hedged accordingly.
keeping: Filed with yantra_wattu: impersonal, nothing fed, nothing owed. The writing is treated as scripture — kept dry, never stepped over, kept out of unclean places.
- look at: Pure writing — Arabic letters, numerals, grids, symbols; never a Buddha, hermit or animal figure [cited]
- look at: A grid whose rows sum alike — the wafq — is the core of grid-type rajah, in occult use since the 13th century [cited]
- look at: The medium hints the maker: paper from a pesantren hand, skin or metal from a dukun, and on the body it is a tattoo — the same word in Indonesian [tradition]
- look at: Written over a whole shirt it is a baju rajah; the Commons example is one [cited]
- vs jimat: Rajah is the written formula, jimat the carried object: a rajah can sit inside a jimat, and a jimat need not contain one.
- vs pha-yan: A Thai pha yan carries figures and Khom letters; a rajah is Arabic and aniconic.
- vs yan-lanna: A Lanna yan is Tham script in a Buddhist grid; a rajah is Arabic in an Islamic one. Same squared logic, different scripture.
- vs in-yantra: A Burmese in is a weikza-lineage grid in Burmese letters; a rajah is an ilmu-hikmah grid in Arabic.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/708d408beae22908cfd4dafb34e554dfa61cbe33e83a09895abe1d5173f148bb.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Muhamad Izzul Fiqih · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156701516
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:id-wiki-tato — Tato — Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia (one-line definition of rajah); s:id-wiki-jimat — Jimat — Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; s:en-wiki-magic-square — Magic square — Wikipedia (wafq al-a'dad section); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: low · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## เหรียญพระเกจิ · rian phra kechi · monk medallion
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/rian-kechi/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/rian-kechi.json
id: rian-kechi · level: kind
aliases: เหรียญหลวงพ่อ · เหรียญหลวงปู่ · เหรียญรุ่นแรก · เหรียญปั๊ม · เหรียญเสมา · rian · rian luang pho · rian roon raek · monk coin · guru monk medal · first-batch medal
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: medallion · materials: ทองแดง (copper), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อเงิน (silver), เนื้อทองคำ (gold), เนื้อนาค (copper-gold alloy (rose gold)), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th
origin:  · วัดและสำนักทั่วประเทศ ออกเป็นรุ่น Issued by temples nationwide in named batches (รุ่น) · Mid-Rattanakosin to the present; the trade dates the struck-portrait form to the reign of Rama V · Nationwide
what (th): เหรียญโลหะปั๊มรูปเหมือนพระเกจิ มีชื่อ วัด และปีที่สร้าง ออกเป็นรุ่น เป็นพระเครื่องที่บอกอายุตัวเองชัดที่สุด ไม่มีผู้อยู่ พลังอยู่ที่บารมีของท่านและการปลุกเสก
what (en): A struck coin-form medallion carrying a revered monk's portrait, name and temple, usually dated to the batch (รุ่น). The most datable of all forms — the coin itself says when.
story: Temples strike medallions in batches for an occasion — a birthday merit-making, a consecration, a building fund — and the first batch of a monk (รุ่นแรก) is the one the trade prices highest. Within a batch the metal sets the order: gold, silver, naak, then copper or gilt. One free Commons piece is a 2506 silver reverse struck for an abbot's 84th birthday; another is a Wat Kalong medallion with the takraw-ball yantra. The form gives the market its clearest dating, which is why so many copies are of medallions.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang. Provenance question is authenticity and batch.
- look at: Struck, not cast: crisp edges, fine relief, a flat back. Casting texture points to a rup lo or a cast copy [catalogue]
- look at: The lettering names the monk, temple and BE year; the most datable of forms, the coin itself says when [catalogue]
- look at: A loop, either struck integral or soldered, and a cut or milled rim [tradition]
- look at: Copper, brass, silver, naak, gold, or gilt (กะไหล่) over base metal; within one batch the metal orders the price [tradition]
- vs rup-lo: A medallion is flat and struck with a loop; a rup lo is a three-dimensional casting of the same monk
- vs locket: A locket carries a photograph under glass or resin with material packed behind it; a medallion is solid struck metal front to back
- vs luang-pu-thuat: Luang Pu Thuat pieces include medallions, but the canonical early runs are pressed wan tablets and cast 'flat-iron back' figures; a medallion of him is a rian kechi of one monk
- vs jatukham: A Jatukham is a large deity medallion; a rian kechi shows a monk
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/25ade87edec6f5e573549aadb1758faa4816b16aa81c4270dcbbef23c231376c.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Vesh P. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20327911
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3f002ea3f49381bcbd90a627abc733f9f1b11cda932e34733e9ce1a880d399d8.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Natachai ch · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16544583
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1921c4d7d8f81911f357e4a7379414d29ed1d338b4186b63e3caee0e466e6ce4.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Vesh P. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20327339
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d0753ac56a75996a1c93900c5c0a6627596d5ff641ebd9c5c41a208e291b0b78.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Vesh P. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20327384
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/798c4ce0b25772f8a096a337e729aa3b17a602226417c103d39e62541d4933e9.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Vesh P. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20327910
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/5efe216ec7b551f66b35452c9d4aa3573d0a6cc8aaf51db194c275d0913ddce4.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Sookjitt · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121731398
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3f3c627eac341f225bfd6f1a597d77878b599e408ff04e3b12836fe1e9e27250.jpg · CC0 · Pra25satawat · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=142477299
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/38c33f3285a09d210decf2a4e62cc0c00325fb4ccb59573aba28dcb0d840f547.jpg · CC0 · Pra25satawat · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=143831266
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/228bc29553eeee3a422fc3fc3dc49253e177f92a30a91e90496b8e0247ca8102.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Arminuae · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116666470
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cc04ed5753bac2975059dc5f9d351ae6d63fd22713b8b93c5821eff01c7caa55.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Arminuae · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116666521
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## รูปหล่อ · rup lo · cast monk figure
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/rup-lo/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/rup-lo.json
id: rup-lo · level: kind
aliases: รูปหล่อโบราณ · รูปหล่อลอยองค์ · รูปเหมือนหล่อ · รูปหล่อปั๊ม · roop lor · rup lor · roop lor boran · cast monk statuette · loi ong figure
class: พระเครื่อง (Buddhist amulet) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), สัมฤทธิ์ (bronze), นวโลหะ (nine-metal alloy), เนื้อเงิน (silver) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape) · region: th
origin:  · วัดและสำนักทั่วประเทศ Temples nationwide; the trade's reference lineage for the old cast form is Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan · Rattanakosin to the present · Nationwide
what (th): รูปพระสงฆ์นั่งสมาธิหล่อโลหะลอยองค์ คือญาติสามมิติของเหรียญ มีตั้งแต่ขนาดห้อยคอถึงตั้งบูชา พลังอยู่ที่บารมีของท่านและการปลุกเสก ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): A small cast statue of a monk seated in meditation — the medallion's three-dimensional cousin, from pendant size up to the altar.
story: The trade separates the old lost-wax or sand-cast pieces (รูปหล่อโบราณ) from later die-struck three-dimensional ones (รูปหล่อปั๊ม), and holds Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan as the reference lineage for the old form. Today most temples issue a cast figure of their own master with a code and serial, sold in the same batches as the medallion.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang.
- look at: Fully three-dimensional; a flat portrait is a medallion [catalogue]
- look at: Bald, robed, no ushnisha and usually no lotus base: a monk, not a Buddha [catalogue]
- look at: Underside shows a cut sprue, file marks, or a plugged pour hole; casting leaves these, striking does not [tradition]
- look at: Modern temple runs usually stamp a code and serial number; a type mark, not a proof [tradition]
- vs rian-kechi: A rup lo is in the round; a rian kechi is a flat struck disc with a loop
- vs phra-kring: A kring is a Buddha with a lotus base and a pellet; a rup lo is a monk, and a pellet in one is the exception the trade names separately
- vs luang-pu-thuat: A cast Luang Pu Thuat is a rup lo of one monk with its own canonical forms; the kind here is the general form
- vs rup-lersi: A lersi wears a beard and tiger skin; a rup lo is a shaven monk in robes
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## รูปพระฤๅษี · rup phra ruesi · Phra Lersi figure (the hermit-teacher)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/rup-lersi/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/rup-lersi.json
id: rup-lersi · level: kind
aliases: ฤๅษี · ฤาษี · พระฤๅษี · พ่อแก่ · ปู่ฤๅษี · lersi · ruesi · reusi · pho kae · hermit sage · rishi figure · Por Gae
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: figure · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over) · region: th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) ให้ ๓ วิธี Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, three moulding methods · Undated treatise · Central Thai tradition
what (th): รูปพระฤๅษีห่มหนังเสือ ครูของวิชาทั้งปวง บูชาในวันไหว้ครู ตำราในชุดนี้ให้วิธีปั้น: ดินยอดปลวกและใบไม้ ๗ อย่าง ปั้นเป็นพระมหาฤๅษี
what (en): The tiger-skinned hermit sage — the tradition's own teacher-figure, honoured at every wai khru. A treatise in this corpus gives a moulding recipe: termite-mound earth and seven named leaves, shaped into the Great Lersi.
story: Manuscript 6983 gives three ways. Method 1, for whoever would learn medicine and hold mantras so they rise in power: earth from the tops of seven termite mounds moulded into the Great Lersi, seven leaves sealed inside, ascetic offering-foods set out, the katha beginning นาโคคีรียะ recited 108 times and then the Itipiso 108. Method 2 mixes earths gathered by sevens from named places with burned leaves (the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here); the figure presides whenever medicine is ground, on a white cloth with bai-si to left and right. Method 3 seats him cross-legged with a rosary, marks numerals on crown, arms, knees and base, and consecrates the leaves 108 times before sealing them in. The text closes: whoever finds this treatise has met the Lersi himself.
keeping: Unplaced: the class vocabulary does not yet carry the lersi as a member term, and this record keeps class null rather than guess. Most keepers treat the figure as a teacher venerated on wai-khru days, not a resident to feed; the treatise sets offerings before him when work begins and asks his leave. Held here ahead of a vocabulary entry.
- look at: A human figure, not a Buddha and not a monk: the hermit has a chignon-crown, beard and tiger-skin where a monk has robes and a shaven head [catalogue]
- look at: Treatise pieces are moulded from termite-mound earth gathered at seven places (method 2 adds earths gathered by sevens from named places): a coarse earth body, not pressed powder [catalogue]
- look at: Seven named leaves are sealed inside: chumsaeng, ratchaphruek, makham-kai, matum (bael), khan-song, kanlapaphruek, chaiyaphruek — a filled cavity is the type's mark [catalogue]
- look at: The Pho Kae mask-head of the performing arts is a teacher-icon, not the amulet figure, though it is the same sage [tradition]
- vs chuchok: Chuchok is an old beggar with a staff and bag and no crown; the lersi has the chignon-crown, tiger-skin and rosary. Both are unplaced by the class vocabulary.
- vs luang-pu-thuat: Luang Pu Thuat is a monk, shaven and robed; the hermit wears his hair up and his beard long.
- vs phra-siwali: Phra Siwali stands with umbrella and staff and is an arahant monk; the lersi sits with a rosary and is no monk at all.
- vs rup-lo: A rup lo is a cast monk; the hermit is a lay teacher-sage. Same casting, different head.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d577d45655c22a0cf9bb91b2624e3ad4f6585e9364d0345095c70c7fca7ba33b.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50835276
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8dcedf92f8959939eb4ab683c52f8c04f968154ee4434f5f5af77497e736f730.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ahoerstemeier · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1660
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/77930dae6c6f1fe06de9bc68c8694b0a67ea7f7eb23ce71d005075370607c210.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5622319
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7fcac336ee5ce4a03fb9b67997c0b200c62640072aca16480d48f2ee3fa8a907.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8710026
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1b7f5407e74a6e8d88664bc22cae2086b59d75be46f6334a9a6985b65d8be0a7.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Ddalbiez · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8710062
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b6328f3220e4b8c7d9d6b0d0f5f36f1974c43d53e5703783d1e36aa7b29825e7.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Takeaway · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30618420
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8366ae634c45ed7819f8ced750802e556e936d690b388ca9b4d4ead31060b5c5.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50815752
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/1903c96b428687785ff1170b67d57244c71e6445fca6ff924d0e30ce78f5758b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51235384
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9d5bb28758d2ac19b7bc15793d0bd197a8e7967ba06163678f91ca0ffb110cd8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51235385
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/56fd84699980191fab147e7d0d570cad9b1ad6c1d5daa831d06e4af2f2da048d.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Bienvenue en Thaïlande · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139844167
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a42bdd23245f11895c2400e0e1338fe37e9bc6d3b55b9765a18b58da2ed5a16a.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Bienvenue en Thaïlande · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139844538
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6e288d9874d25af3fd42d720358b305f49b1a726afddee304532b10edb0a73bf.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Bienvenue en Thaïlande · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139845210
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/3dcd201d4d641bdee5ee996c4646cf41c9d842df0fb1b4d16b2f240841d44fe8.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Bienvenue en Thaïlande · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139845404
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/816bd246b7bd3cec439e2d27718f079704d086ca1328e56e13bb16d98ba952cc.jpg · CC0 · 氏子 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158137551
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6e0ef3ef301d1ec68405e20c3cfb52ec84d65e322b0d213769b3ee8a78d5d3b2.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158148897
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c01a603b3d7875b075d08458c17740b68131c82e0c9b456498d2cf9809d6d928.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158149066
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/99522ca52963c360f82473e7b4ab56d315071f98abfe1aef45d22f576de6601d.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158149254
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8a7fcebb1561b988ce4ca5360e378c1588d0d52714d872dca382a2c871e0e54e.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158149440
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/36e905904e05fd6a9cf077a7bfc773af6ca89bc35902d84f109e865db38faa0e.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158149597
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6c34782a4857a30c6c22e54b20ee1f45e05ab89dc70971ce43dd075f4c29ba29.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158149803
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bfe28a3f1bc120cd289abaae8a7ad34bdf70637bd56b725a4fd971e45a1ffe05.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158149953
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/666f146952975657038087204ac174e898dfd8256e7e85cd7db01b32dbe767c6.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158150120
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/44162d7d5da6e16ca908666a53ae0d82b81fdb5e3e6a3c5b04601125a49db9d9.jpg · CC0 · Welcome to Thailand · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158150297
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## สายสิญจน์ · sai sin · Sai sin (blessed cotton thread)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/sai-sin/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/sai-sin.json
id: sai-sin · level: kind
native: ຝ້າຍຜູກແຂນ (lo) · អំបោះសែន (km)
aliases: ด้ายสายสิญจน์ · ด้ายมงคล · ด้ายผูกข้อมือ · ฝ้ายผูกแขน · ด้ายปริตร · sai sin · saisin · fai phuk khaen · sai sinchana · sacred thread · blessed string bracelet · baci string
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: other · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: th, la, kh
origin:  ·  · Undatable; older than any object in this catalogue · Thailand, Laos, Cambodia
what (th): ด้ายฝ้ายดิบสีขาวที่พระถือขณะเจริญพระพุทธมนต์ วงรอบบ้าน พันองค์พระ แล้วตัดผูกข้อมือเป็นสิริมงคล ใช้ทั่วไทย ลาว เขมร ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): Raw white cotton thread held by the monks during paritta chanting, run round a house or a Buddha image, then cut and tied at the wrist as a blessing. Thai, Lao and Khmer alike; the chant is the power, nobody is home.
story: th.wikipedia calls it paritta thread: the monks hold it while chanting, it circles a house clockwise at a merit-making, wraps a Buddha image, is tied at the wrist, and as the twinned มงคลแฝด crowns bride and groom. The Lao and Isan baci ties it on the right wrist for the khwan, worn at least three days and untied, never cut. Ms 6983 uses it as the boundary of the working space — three turns, or seven layers with yantra hung at the eight directions, the thread spun by a virgin girl — inside which oil is cooked, a kuman made or a cloth inscribed. The thread is the frame around every other recipe in this catalogue.
keeping: Worn until it falls off or is untied; the baci custom is never to cut it. Nothing to feed. When done, it goes somewhere clean — a tree, a shrine — not the bin.
- look at: Undyed raw cotton with nothing written on it; once inscribed and plaited it is a phirot or a waist-cord, not sai sin [cited]
- look at: A loose wrist loop with a plain knot; not a bracelet with a clasp [cited]
- look at: Lao and Isan strings also come yellow (faith), red (bravery) or black (mourning) per en.wikipedia; white is the default everywhere [cited]
- look at: There is no antique market: every string is new, and what is paid for is the rite, not the thread [field]
- vs waen-phirot: A phirot is plaited from an inscribed strip and lacquered; sai sin is bare thread.
- vs takrut: A takrut may hang on sai sin cord; the cord is then the string, not the charm.
- vs prachiat: A prachiat is an inscribed cloth band for the head or arm; sai sin is thread at the wrist.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/762c958ca04069f96fed21087ebb387aae4e1335cf17d6a9a835f1c034b5569d.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Antonio Kless · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115194518
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/92d22f5961a210aa61cabbea6ff6ba05773f1e93f82682ba29d487fc574f1540.jpg · Public domain · My wife, permission granted for publication under a free license (PD) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1523095
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2cdd22f42fa7728963d0d3ef6425b800e19966e6fe34a8cecdc6195c2683753e.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Kborland · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2948664
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cfd602a276fac6882c75c9d2f212b2e69f734a0104c0cd33099f436b2a140c98.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · User:Mattes · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6264714
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b13c794c619bd8a6f673a117d0e65d7e0dc422b1d51fbe21c4cfd2c66c510140.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · dalbera · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11489522
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c5eec349b9c1e9c2934f39d610e783862faefe695517646d6a347f03ad267169.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Chaoborus · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17637664
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4010ae821c166d81db6fa9ac7f600a2d6495c9b849a997dc8ca4c2a88fa27e1b.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24671645
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6d0bf41a350bbff41e5179b99eb273cbedf3df02c0b221cd3b08e700684158a2.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · dalbera from Paris, France · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24671747
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/75833b815d85e84f4e40c37c1410131243755ea0d56c087b4bc3e69b13a9d34c.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24671748
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7b50a691ba3a26fba75fd3cebd74c73bf783ee3da4841bc3cd3b2be687f29e9e.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Arian Zwegers from Brussels, Belgium · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27471981
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/25664c000f5c0ff02d1eb67dc4f33cc20f0fcd516e9df8ee5f6b11dd7988086b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Basile Morin · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61937466
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a7675d45460547cab1ddbe5dc2ef5723da59983a2bf01c922534e46ca329128a.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Basile Morin · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61937467
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/70c67efb07cf588e5af1780501e8de9cdcc65a3707395936e0b80c1135b01082.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · NBT · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78176107
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/311ef4b255230927503a1f7eae46c86c69f3d28a07341baa51b909c9930813d0.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · NBT · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78176109
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/19693ec9a58fa5021637bb9352746fe2ea71410333c9e47af0ba8cd506bb4274.jpg · Public domain · David Lienemann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97222977
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e3d460f86912350e37fd5ebaba43aa3e158cb9a004eda5e86efb5e7932de0b3b.jpg · Public domain · David Lienemann · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97222978
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a81c1b117c40a488f350f2240d34b564647ebfede25b99edf9a1a80f932f08ef.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187532710
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/9812ee28a650acbebd85486c70aa9a748a8e97bf99d4890c9cf293f0579b8d12.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187532712
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d799d9b4345ff0938ae34828e2df9c2a6572ba22915fa943ac9ca2185adb0a95.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187532713
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4d2cd31ef83eb72f538d8bf66c6aea5de373d0c5479a456acf7189705993c280.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187532714
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/44dc64d3566e0166feaf31cd8f47171ab6efa38a6531a1a0b56b950c8d45893e.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=193244959
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/454d6ac2f37a41273b4c963cf7df60fb1fb4adda05eabc640ae20938acec5147.png · Public domain · Unknown authorUnknown author · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=196168104
sources: s:th-wiki-sai-sin — สายสิญจน์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-baci — Baci — Wikipedia; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories); s:field-nan — Nan Peacock — own handling, purchases, and conversations with sellers and sians (Chiang Mai, 2026)
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## สาลิกา · salika · Salika (golden-tongued myna)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/salika/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/salika.json
id: salika · level: kind
aliases: สาลิกาลิ้นทอง · สาริกา · ตะกรุดสาลิกา · สาลิกาคู่ · sarika · salika lin thong · sariga · golden-tongue myna · myna charm
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: figure · materials: เนื้อทองคำ (gold), เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), ค้าขาย (trade, selling) · region: th-central, th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983 · Undated treatise; one recipe fixes the inscribing to the full-moon Monday of the twelfth lunar month · Central Thai tradition
what (th): นกสาลิกาคู่แห่งวาจาไพเราะ พ่อค้า คนจีบ และใครก็ตามที่ต้องให้คนเชื่อพกไว้ มักเป็นนกคู่เล็กโลหะหรือไม้ หรือยันต์รูปนก ดัชนียันต์ที่นี่มีลาย
what (en): The paired myna birds of sweet speech — carried by sellers, suitors and anyone who must be believed. Usually a small couple of birds in metal or wood, or the yantra of them; the yant index here draws the design.
story: The treatise gives four salika recipes. The gold-tongue takrut beats grade-eight gold thin, inscribes a Buddha-figure yantra, consecrates it with the ten-precepts formula, and is held under the tongue before speaking or preaching so that whoever sees your face loves you. A second uses two phai of Bang Saphan gold inscribed on the full-moon Monday of the twelfth month with bai-si and a pig's head for the teacher. The Salika Mahosot draws two facing birds on paper, gold, silver, lead or copper, each sex with its own katha, then rolls it as a takrut or seats it in a beeswax case — for preachers and singers. The fourth, 'salika that closes the coffin-mouth', is an object of another class wearing this name; the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed — for the bird pair and the gold-tongue takrut. The coffin-mouth salika in the same treatise belongs to another class by its making; the name does not settle the making.
- look at: The birds come as a pair; a single bird is another charm or half a set [catalogue]
- look at: The takrut form is tiny: the treatise uses two phai of gold, a weight that rolls to a fingernail [catalogue]
- look at: Usually kept in oil; expect a greasy surface and an oil-stained case [tradition]
- look at: Its work is metta and speech; a piece sold for invulnerability is another kind wearing the name [catalogue]
- vs takrut: A salika takrut is a takrut by form; the yantra and the under-the-tongue use make it this kind. File by the yantra when it is visible, by the seller's name when it is not.
- vs nang-kwak: Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman, a deva venerated with offerings; the salika is a bird with nobody home. Both are sold for trade.
- vs phaya-khrut: Garuda is a winged deva for authority; the salika is a small paired songbird for speech.
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:en-wiki-takrut — Takrut — Wikipedia; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## สีผึ้ง · si phueng · Charm wax (lip-wax)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/si-phueng/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/si-phueng.json
id: si-phueng · level: kind
aliases: สีผึ้งสีปาก · ขี้ผึ้งเสน่ห์ · สีผึ้งเมตตา · สีผึ้งมหาเสน่ห์ · see pheung · see phueng · sri phueng · love wax · beeswax salve · metta balm
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: wax · materials: — · functions: มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), มหาละลวย (infatuation, bewitchment) · region: th-central, th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) — ๑๔ ตำรับ Anonymous treatise, manuscript 6983 — fourteen recipes · Undated treatise · Central Thai tradition
what (th): ขี้ผึ้งหุงในตลับเล็ก แตะปากหรือหน้าผากก่อนพูด ขาย หรือจีบ ตำรามี ๑๔ ตำรับเสน่ห์ ของในตลับเป็นอะไรขึ้นกับมือใครหุง
what (en): A wax or balm in a small tin, touched to lips or brow before speaking, selling, courting. The corpus's formulary holds attraction-wax recipes; what a given pot is depends on whose hands made it.
story: Fourteen recipes. Formula 1 moulds the wax into Mae Thorani treading Rahu, numbers her limbs, makes offerings for three days with an egg a day, then cooks her with moss from the town gate and the elephant post, civet and borneol, with งะญะพะมะ written on the pot. Formula 3 moulds a man and a woman on ghost-piercing sticks, throws consecrated rice until they kiss, adds turtle gall and cooks in an eggshell. For formula 8 the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here; formula 10 takes the wax through three firings in the ordination hall — element, flame and sun — and grades it by how many it survived. Formula 14 sends chaste children named Rak and Di to buy the wax and shapes the hearthstones as Nonthuk, Hanuman and Ravana. It is touched to the lips, cheeks, crown or a hem; Thai Wikipedia's article on ไสยศาสตร์ gives 'consecrate wax and anoint the lips for attraction' as its stock example of a charm.
keeping: Unplaced by the class vocabulary, and that refusal is the keeping note: a herbal wax owes nothing, one cooked by the other route wants a spirit-object's care. Ask whose hands made it; if nobody can say, treat the tin as if someone were home.
- look at: A salve in a tin, used by anointing, never worn; the form alone separates it from every other kind here [catalogue]
- look at: Recipes buy wax from three vendors without haggling and favour three-colour wax — white, red, yellow (formulas 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14) [catalogue]
- look at: The aromatic base repeats across recipes — civet, borneol, agarwood, kalamphak, rak son flower, scented oil — so a scented wax is the type, not a sign of anything [catalogue]
- look at: Formula 10 grades the wax by firings — element fire, flame fire, sun fire; one firing is third grade, three is first — a grade a buyer cannot read off the tin [catalogue]
- look at: Class follows the making: formula 8 cooks by a route the treatise gives and this catalogue does not reproduce; formula 10 cooks in the ubosot. The pot does not say which; the maker's lineage does [catalogue]
- look at: Applied by finger to target — ring finger for women, index for lords and monks (formula 13) [catalogue]
- vs waan: Waan is a plant; wax is a cooked salve that may contain waan. One is alive, one is finished.
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-saiyasat — ไสยศาสตร์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## เสื้อยันต์ · suea yan · Suea yan (yantra shirt)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/suea-yan/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/suea-yan.json
id: suea-yan · level: kind
aliases: เสื้อยันต์แดง · เสื้อลงยันต์ · seua yant · sua yant · yant shirt · yantra shirt · talismanic shirt · war shirt
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: cloth · materials: ผ้ายันต์ (inscribed cloth) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), มหาอุด (stopping projectiles / misfire) · region: th
origin:  ·  · th.wikipedia dates prachiat distribution to soldiers to King Taksin (B.E. 2312) and Rama I (B.E. 2328); the shirt is those cloths sewn up. No dated shirt named. · Thailand
what (th): เสื้อที่เขียนหรือพิมพ์ยันต์เต็มตัว แบบเก่าเย็บจากผ้าประเจียดผืนเล็กหลายผืน สวมออกศึกหรือขึ้นชก เชื่อว่าคงกระพันแคล้วคลาด ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): A shirt inscribed with yantra all over — in the old form, small prachiat cloths sewn into a garment — worn into battle or the ring for invulnerability and evasion. Power in the inscription; nobody home.
story: th.wikipedia treats the shirt as one form of prachiat: small inscribed cloths sewn into a garment. It records such cloths handed to commanders under King Taksin and to soldiers under Rama I, and their later life on boxers. The tattoo article says the shirt carries the tattoo's own repertoire — eight-direction yantra, Hanuman, tiger — on cloth instead of skin. Ms 6983 has no shirt recipe; its cloth pieces are prachiat and handkerchiefs.
keeping: Nothing to feed; kept folded and high. The custom of not washing it with ordinary laundry is tradition, not a rule this catalogue can cite.
- look at: A garment with sleeves or armholes, not a flat cloth [cited]
- look at: Older shirts show seams joining several small cloths, hand-drawn in black ink; printed one-colour yantra with no seams is a modern issue [cited]
- look at: Designs repeat the tattoo repertoire — eight-direction, Hanuman, tiger [cited]
- look at: Hand ink soaks through to the inside; screen-print sits on one face [tradition]
- vs pha-yan: A pha yan is a flat cloth; a suea yan is cut and sewn to be worn. Same class and keeping.
- vs prachiat: A prachiat is a band for the head or arm; th.wikipedia defines the shirt as prachiat cloths sewn together.
- vs khmer-yantra-cloth: Khmer yantra cloth is a flat cloth in Khmer script; a Thai shirt is a garment, though the scripts overlap.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cc203327e4e1ddd52759a71125add424f0d389fe2d34a59fc633bd203fb2595a.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443102
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2911447e32a3620e142e555a7b43f0ade7c42f6422c70e09e4b62b4893a7216f.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443106
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/273b3ca959f0c904f46a4c399d71c94c0a4fc8ecdb1baabc4d984477b233b783.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443107
sources: s:th-wiki-prachiat — ประเจียด — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-sak-yant — การสักยันต์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:commons-amulets-th — Wikimedia Commons — Category:Amulets of Thailand (and subcategories)
confidence: medium · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## เข็มฝัง · susuk · Susuk (charm needles implanted under the skin)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/susuk/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/susuk.json
id: susuk · level: kind
native: سوسوق (Jawi) · susuk (ms) · susuk (id)
aliases: ซูซุก · เข็มทองฝังหน้า · ฝังเข็มเสน่ห์ · susuk emas · susuk berlian · charm needles · golden needles · beauty needles · implant charms
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: other · materials: เนื้อทองคำ (gold), เนื้อเงิน (silver) · functions: มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades) · region: my, id, sg
origin:  · โบโมะห์ / ดุกุน ฝังพร้อมคาถา น้ำมัน และคำสั่งให้ปิดเป็นความลับ A bomoh or dukun implants it with incantation and oil rubbing, and tells the wearer to keep it secret · First radiographic report 1928 (en.wikipedia); id.wikipedia holds the practice came to Indonesia from Malaysia · Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore; the Thai deep south by tradition
what (th): เข็มทอง เงิน หรือเพชรที่โบโมะห์ฝังใต้ผิวหนัง — มักที่คางหรือแก้ม — เพื่อความงาม เสน่ห์ บารมี หรือความคงกระพัน มองไม่เห็น เห็นในเอกซเรย์ อิสลามถือว่าฮะรอม ผู้ฝังถือข้อห้ามและเชื่อว่าต้องถอดก่อนตาย
what (en): Gold, silver or diamond needles a bomoh sets under the skin — chin and cheeks most often — for beauty, allure, presence or invulnerability. Invisible except on a radiograph. Islam rules it haram; the wearer keeps food taboos and holds that the needles must come out before death.
story: The wearer is told to keep it secret and to keep pantangan — no certain bananas, no papaya, no satay skewers, no passing under a clothesline; break them and the susuk weakens or turns harmful. Tradition says a person still carrying susuk dies hard, and that once removed the face returns to its real age within six months, so removal is for the same practitioner who set it. Medicine knows susuk from incidental X-rays, the first reported in 1928. Malay Wikipedia's example is a named celebrity with gold needles and diamonds in her chin.
keeping: Class null: nothing in the vault covers an implant — it is not kept, it is worn inside. What the wearer owes is the taboos and a correct removal; that is the whole of the upkeep, and the whole of why the tradition says who set it matters.
- look at: Detectable only on a radiograph, usually incidentally; clinicians must tell it from other foreign bodies [cited]
- look at: Reported composition: gold alloyed with traces of copper, silver and aluminium; diamonds in some cases [cited]
- look at: Sites: face, chest, breast, lower back and limbs; the chin is the site most often named [cited]
- look at: Wearers keep pantangan — no lady-finger bananas, papaya, satay skewers; not passing under a clothesline or a stair [cited]
- vs takrut: Thai practice also implants a takrut under the skin, but that is an inscribed tube; a susuk is a bare needle with no writing. Both show on X-ray; the tube is the tell.
- vs jimat: A jimat is carried and can be set down; a susuk is in the flesh.
- vs luk-om: A luk om is a bead held in the mouth or carried, never implanted.
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-susuk — Susuk — Wikipedia; s:id-wiki-susuk — Susuk — Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; s:ms-wiki-susuk — Susuk — Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ตะกรุด · takrut · Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/takrut/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/takrut.json
id: takrut · level: kind
aliases: ตะกรุดโทน · ตะกรุดคู่ · ตะกรุดสามกษัตริย์ · ตะกรุดโสฬส · takrud · tagrud · takrut thon · takrut sam kasat · yantra scroll · rolled yantra amulet
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: tube · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), เนื้อทองคำ (gold), เนื้อเงิน (silver), เนื้อนาค (copper-gold alloy (rose gold)), ตะกั่ว (lead), ทองแดง (copper) · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), ค้าขาย (trade, selling), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: th-central, th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) มีบทที่ระบุว่าเป็นของสมเด็จพระวันรัต (แดง) และหลวงปู่บุญ วัดกลางบางแก้ว Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983; two recipes are ascribed to Somdet Phra Wannarat (Daeng) and to Luang Pu Bun of Wat Klang Bang Kaeo · Undated treatise. English Wikipedia calls the takrut the most-mentioned amulet in Khun Chang Khun Phaen and puts its Buddhist form at roughly the 13th century, uncited · Country-wide; Khom script in the centre, Tham script in the north
what (th): แผ่นโลหะ ใบลาน หรือหนัง ลงยันต์แล้วม้วนแน่น ร้อยเชือกคาดเอวหรือห้อยคอ อานุภาพอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธีที่ปิดผนึก ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิต ตำราในคลังนี้เต็มไปด้วยสิ่งที่เขียนไว้ข้างใน
what (en): A sheet of metal — or palm-leaf, or skin — inscribed with a yantra and rolled tight, worn on a cord at the waist or neck. Power lives in the inscription and the rite that closed it. The treatises this site keeps are full of what gets written inside.
story: The treatise gives a dozen recipes. The three-tube trade set inscribes three fish yantras on gold, silver and nak; the chakkraphat set puts a 4x4 magic square on silver and gold. The single 'hundred-thousand-rains' takrut is inscribed inside the ordination hall under a white canopy bearing the eight-direction yantra, the stylus first blessed with ma-a-u, and its cord is spun from virgin thread and dyed with seven leaves of each of seven plants. The nine-tube set assigns each tube a job, from warding ghosts to turning weapons. One further recipe inscribes a sheet of a material the treatise names and this catalogue does not reproduce, rolls and plaits it, lacquers and gilds it, and consecrates it with the Three Refuges 108 times.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history — with the class's one flagged exception: a takrut whose sheet the treatise takes from a source not reproduced here is a spirit-bearing object in this form, and the making, not the tube, decides.
- look at: A rolled hollow tube with a cord channel. A flat inscribed sheet is a pha yan or a yantra plate, not a takrut [cited]
- look at: The treatise inscribes on gold, silver, nak, lead, copper or paper; Thai Wikipedia adds snake skin, buffalo horn and bamboo [catalogue]
- look at: Plaited, lacquered and gilded over per one of the treatise's recipes; the inscription is usually invisible and only the tube ends show [catalogue]
- look at: Count the tubes: single, pair, three, nine or sixteen each answer to a named recipe; the nine-tube set assigns one purpose per tube [catalogue]
- look at: Skin-rolled takrut are the class's stated exception: same form, different making. Ask what the sheet is [catalogue]
- vs pha-yan: Same class, different form: a takrut is a rolled tube, a pha yan a flat cloth. Neither is fed.
- vs salika: A salika takrut is a small tube held under the tongue; a salika figure is a bird. The yantra names the bird; the form decides which record.
- vs bia-kae: A bia kae is a cowrie packed with mercury and wrapped in lead — a shell, not a rolled sheet, though both get the plaited-cord finish.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b672b558fc5e300c0fc1ccecd175cbf46684d70e9cfb738f1c69bdc7c41717a6.png · Public domain · 19th century artist · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136301565
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/69db65c483fd6045838fe42e3a634ae00386e2e84cb90905ae0139267a799e9c.jpg · CC0 · Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm) · https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1301746?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/52bbee14e37c0f1c0f4edadc2d43d590c59df3419fffe1f527ea25f5e550ce42.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Sakyant · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8370219
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/067f660e6ebe076700eb73ab5d6e6a5bfe3c2bc6efa3c53222990d41674651d1.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443093
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2a0693dec85bdcf6ff44cd21db42f2f4f866f8559b4ff25e4acf7e840de94432.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443108
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/75bb4acb0ce571eb17cc719571472a68bc673048c2082b0f3957fac69bb2a5fe.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443109
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4954480622a2d05b7ca65e76e7e9464111687535f38d0abd73760ce4deb7f2f6.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443110
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f86a71a32ce8721f488674bc446ff5868823da934ca4859ee076f954d0ed17c7.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443111
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f39c7c408f091ddae77f90b86b0da9856f56793d91c9a5dfccf18770e7e013e0.jpg · CC0 · Iudexvivorum · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443112
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/d1a9e91bdd8b211a88695e48b7d98cb9d5ba78103f7deb84d91a3a21cfd72870.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Witwatarun · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90896671
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8f989db699a84cc445c271986011ae4cc48a66aee6f36208150399bc1d00bdcd.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Witwatarun · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90905081
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:en-wiki-takrut — Takrut — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-takrut — ตะกรุด — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## เครื่องรางมลายู · tangkal · Tangkal (Malay protective charm, any form)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/tangkal/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/tangkal.json
id: tangkal · level: kind
native: تڠكل (Jawi) · tangkal (ms) · tangkal / penangkal (id)
aliases: ตังกัล · ของกันภัยมลายู · penangkal · tangkal bala · pelindung · Malay ward · warding charm
class: ยังไม่ชี้ขาด (left to a knower) · resident: None · upkeep: None · provenance sensitivity: None
form: other · materials: — · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: my, id, sg
origin:  · โบโมะห์ / ปะวัง หรือทำเองในครัวเรือน A bomoh or pawang for the made kinds; households make the simplest wards themselves · Folk practice older than Islam in the region and continuing beside it · Malay world
what (th): คำมลายูสำหรับของกันภัยทุกชนิด — จากด้ายดำผูกข้อมือถึงกิ่งหนามแขวนประตู — คำนี้บอกหน้าที่ (ตังกัล = ปัดออก) ไม่บอกรูป ถ้ามีตัวเขียนก็เป็นจิมัตด้วย
what (en): The Malay word for any object that wards — from a black thread on the wrist to a thorny branch over the door. It names a job (menangkal, to turn aside), not a form, which is why Malay Wikipedia files it with azimat and everyday speech keeps them apart: jimat is carried for luck, tangkal is set against a threat.
story: Malay Wikipedia folds azimat and tangkal into one article and defines the pair as a thing believed to give its owner luck and/or protection, listing gems, statues, coins, plants, animals and even spoken formulas as forms. In practice tangkal is the protection half: against ghosts (hantu), against misfortune (bala), against the evil eye. A bomoh or pawang makes the serious ones; a household hangs its own thorns. The word is also the region's answer to 'what is that thing over the door' — it is a tangkal, and the answer says nothing about what it is made of.
keeping: Class left null on purpose: tangkal is an umbrella over several vault classes (natural matter, inscribed sheets), and the vault has no ward-by-function category. Nearly all are impersonal — nothing fed, nothing owed; a frayed thread or a dried branch is simply replaced.
- look at: No writing on it at all is the usual mark of a tangkal as against a jimat; once Arabic appears the two words overlap [cited]
- look at: Natural or household matter — a fang, a thorn, a stone, black thread, a scrap of iron — chosen for what it repels [tradition]
- look at: Where it hangs is the tell: doorways, windows, cradles and fields as often as the body [tradition]
- look at: The name states the threat, not the material: tangkal bala (against misfortune), tangkal hantu (against ghosts) [tradition]
- vs jimat: A jimat is a written object carried for luck and protection both; a tangkal is anything that wards, written or not. Every written tangkal is a jimat; most tangkal are not written.
- vs rajah: A rajah is writing and nothing else; a tangkal usually carries none.
- vs mustika: A mustika is a stone kept for its own inherent tuah; a tangkal is kept to turn something away. A stone hung at a door is a tangkal, the same stone in a ring is a mustika.
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms-wiki-azimat — Azimat (Tangkal) — Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu; s:en-wiki-tawiz — Ta'wiz — Wikipedia; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: low · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ · thao wetsuwan · Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/thao-wessuwan/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/thao-wessuwan.json
id: thao-wessuwan · level: kind
aliases: ท้าวเวสวัณ · ท้าวกุเวร · พระไพศรพณ์ · ท้าวเวสสุวัณ · thao wessuwan · thao wetsawan · thao kuwen · wessuwan · Vessavana · Vaisravana · Kubera · guardian of the north
class: เทพ / เทวดา (deva-tier resident) · resident: deva · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อโลหะ (metal (unspecified)), ทองเหลือง (brass), เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: กันผี (warding spirits), คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), ค้าขาย (trade, selling) · region: th-central, th
origin:  ·  · An old Buddhist guardian figure; as a mass-market amulet the surge dates to about 2022, when the large statue at Wat Chulamani, Samut Songkhram, became a phenomenon · Nationwide; the recent wave centres on Samut Songkhram
what (th): ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ ราชาแห่งยักษ์ ผู้รักษาทิศเหนือ มือกุมกระบอง — รูปหล่อ จี้ และแผ่นติดประตู เป็นเทพที่บูชาผ่านวัตถุ ถวายเครื่องสักการะและความเคารพ ไม่ใช่ผีที่ต้องเลี้ยงข้าว
what (en): The northern guardian-king of the yaksha, club in hand — statue, pendant and gate-plaque. A deva venerated through the object: offerings and respect, not meals.
story: One of the Four Great Kings, lord of the yaksha and guardian of the north. The older Thai use is a yantra or small image hung at a baby's cradle so no spirit troubles the child; the modern one is a figure at the door of a house or shop, keeping ghosts and black magic off the threshold and guarding what is stored inside. The trade form took off around 2022 after the large statue at Wat Chulamani in Samut Songkhram drew crowds, and the same duty now sells at every scale from garden statue to silver pendant. His image is also the emblem of the Thai public prosecutors, which tells you how he is read: an enforcer, not a benefactor.
keeping: Someone is home, at the deva tier: owed veneration — flowers, incense, water, respect — not feeding. Can be set down; worth asking who venerated it before you, but not a spirit with a history that bites.
- look at: A yaksha figure, never a Buddha or a monk: a venerated deva, not a raised spirit [catalogue]
- look at: The club is the identifying attribute; a giant without one is likely another yaksha (a temple gate-guardian, a Ramakien figure) [cited]
- look at: Guardian of the north and lord of the yaksha, one of the Four Great Kings; the same figure is the emblem of the Thai public prosecutors, so an official seal is not an amulet [cited]
- look at: The older form is a yantra or image hung at a child's cradle to keep spirits off the infant; the cast statue and pendant are the modern trade form [cited]
- look at: Current listings are resin, plated brass and silver, one of the fastest-growing categories in the market; volume says nothing about any one piece [catalogue]
- vs phaya-khrut: Wessuwan is a standing giant with a club; the garuda is a winged man-bird. Same class (deva, veneration), different body — count the wings.
- vs jatukham: Jatukham is a large round disc with a seated deva ringed by Rahu heads or zodiac animals; Wessuwan is a full standing yaksha figure, rarely a disc.
- vs hun-phayon: A hun phayon is an armed man-figure animated to serve and fed daily; Wessuwan is a deva shown as a giant, owed respect and offerings, never a meal-a-day.
- vs rup-lo: A rup lo casts a monk in robes; Wessuwan is a crowned, fanged giant. Both are cast metal, so the face decides.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/19837bd47846c428e076bcffb17579f6e7519f5bcd00faf2e51456844d06948b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114652402
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bc4b03b08725d496ae9c88d5ebb4ad0e7eb3bcab5ab18c8fa0c937f3e780ed04.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Kittipong khunnen · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28121871
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/93418f0352767b2ff92d606b7ff514566418df89f44491877c6e6446422b3319.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · กสิณธร ราชโอรส · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51116734
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8f7184224f13d80426505283ef0959e933e6d66d374df0e387c2d0bbcbd333e7.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Xiengyod~commonswiki · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64233813
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/efa72e5f5e1ca37c62dc68a1640b6cbdbfd1c5f986a3a4564ab67f3aee3fbb3b.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Xiengyod~commonswiki · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64233815
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c8609dbbcf8575216dd123b07e88429acd5b77e91f396ee3f1974d923f14a21c.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Trisorn Triboon · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71444028
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e96f6cb22cf0b76ae04cfa6b89204ff29131658fc7dee5c8d246e1ef0c33a8d3.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Tris T7 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74311246
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/816daf70150ad31d31b8bffbb13ceca3ea3ee679a6e44d7767efe29e3fc361bb.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Tris T7 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74311248
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/792a7384880954c18df3270a47bd6a4eba310ea9361c3b9db7e5d9742dc29d00.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Kritmong · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85812139
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/beba0cff985ea4a54f83cacea81a85a39a5c14e02d3ecd39bd5ee30da68ab0a7.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · ManoiCMU · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=167923373
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/58f52f67d80cce2965e674e9631240017a7bcccfe9273322ad8d574a052f80e6.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=171455049
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/21104f662129589359c3efd3399c8adb3b83d1cfc3a62bdc71d583a844616454.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Chainwit. · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=171455050
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/16d69f1b99b73587dfcbbfba864a8484965342a099f413110e4efa464edeb1dd.jpg · CC BY 4.0 · Myanmar Wik · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=178835171
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan — ท้าวเวสวัณ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-vessavana — Vessavana — Wikipedia; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## ว่าน · waan · Waan (sacred tuber)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/waan/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/waan.json
id: waan · level: kind
aliases: ว่านมงคล · ว่านยา · เนื้อว่าน · wan · wahn · nuea waan · power plant · sacred herb · magical tuber
class: เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ (natural talisman) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: plant · materials: เนื้อว่าน (sacred-herb paste) · functions: เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), มหาเสน่ห์ (powerful attraction, allure), โชคลาภ (luck and windfall) · region: th, th-north
origin:  ·  · Undated; the treatise assumes ว่าน as a stock ingredient throughout · Thailand generally; the material axis notes northern practice is particularly rich
what (th): ว่านคือพืชมีฤทธิ์ — หัวหรือเหง้าที่ปลูก ตากแห้ง แกะ หรือใส่กระถาง คุณอยู่ที่ชนิดและการเลี้ยง เป็นชนิดเดียวในหน้านี้ที่ยังมีชีวิตได้ บางคนรดน้ำให้
what (en): A plant of power — a rhizome or tuber grown, dried, carved or potted, its virtue in the species and the keeping. The one kind on this page that can still be alive; some keepers water theirs.
story: The treatise never gives waan a recipe of its own because it is in everyone else's: ว่านนางกวัก is carved into a Nang Kwak and put in a money bag; ว่านเพชรน้อย, ว่านเพชรใหญ่ and ว่านเพชรสังฆาต are ground with lodestone and laterite into an invulnerability pellet, or with burnt sacred leaves into a Hanuman; the tiger-waking katha calls on the tubers proh, phlai and lemongrass by name. The market sells it two ways — a living plant in a pot, and a named ingredient inside love-wax, oils and kuman lockets. Some keepers water theirs.
keeping: Nobody home, nothing owed in the spirit sense; a living one needs water and light like any plant, which is the closest this class comes to upkeep. Safe to adopt with unknown history.
- look at: It is a plant part: a tuber, rhizome or living stem, never a pressed tablet [catalogue]
- look at: Ages by drying and shrinking, not by patina or crust — the material axis's dating signal for เนื้อว่าน [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise names species by job: ว่านนางกวัก carved into Nang Kwak; ว่านเพชรน้อย, ว่านเพชรใหญ่ and ว่านเพชรสังฆาต ground into Hanuman figures and invulnerability pellets [catalogue]
- look at: The species name states the job (ว่านดอกทอง for attraction, ว่านนางกวัก for trade); in listings the bare term collides with กว่าน 'than', which the search excludes [catalogue]
- look at: A potted living plant and a dried tuber are the same kind at two moments; the trade sells both [tradition]
- vs si-phueng: Waan is a plant; charm wax is a cooked salve in a tin that may contain waan as an ingredient. One is alive, one is finished.
- vs khot-kala: Both are natural class; a khot is a stone-hard nodule found and kept as is, a waan grows and can be planted.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/7d7cfa7dd092724ef0055f0165927313eae9e5d51dacfe495a1460fb7b78c0ee.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · เจษฎา33304 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=196501927
sources: s:holding-key — manuscript-wiki/data/holding_key.json — the 36-kind identification key behind wichaa.net/holding; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:vault-materials — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/materials.md — เนื้อ material axis; s:vault-functions — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/functions.md — function axis; s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## แหวนพิรอด · waen phirot · Phirot ring (plaited yantra ring)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/waen-phirot/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/waen-phirot.json
id: waen-phirot · level: kind
aliases: พิรอด · แหวนหัวพิรอด · พิรอดนิ้ว · พิรอดแขน · waen pirod · pirod ring · phirot · woven yantra ring · pirod armband
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: ring · materials: — · functions: คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), จังงัง (stupefaction, being frozen), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: th-central, th
origin: วัดประดู่โรงธรรม (วัดประดู่ทรงธรรม) อยุธยา Wat Pradu Rong Tham / Pradu Songtham, Ayutthaya — named by both the treatise and th.wikipedia · พระอุปัชฌาย์ม่วง (หลวงพ่อม่วง) วัดประดู่โรงธรรม Preceptor Muang of Wat Pradu Rong Tham, the maker both sources name; the ring itself is older than any one maker · th.wikipedia says King Rama V praised Luang Pho Muang's rings in his own writing; the treatise is undated · Central Thailand
what (th): แหวนที่ถักจากแถบกระดาษ ผ้า หรือด้ายซึ่งลงยันต์และเสกแล้ว ขมวดปลายเป็นหัวพิรอด สวมนิ้วหรือรัดแขน เชื่อกันว่าอยู่คงแคล้วคลาด ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง
what (en): A ring plaited from an inscribed, consecrated strip of paper, cloth or thread, its ends worked into the phirot knot, worn on a finger or the upper arm for invulnerability and evasion. Power in the inscription and the rite; nobody home.
story: The treatise gives several recipes. Plait phraek grass into a phirot-headed ring and consecrate it seven times against all weapons; or inscribe a Khom katha on parchment-paper, plait it into the ring, empower it on your own body 108 times and wear it against bows, crossbows and firearms. One band-yantra version is to be made on an auspicious day, best a lunar eclipse, chanted eighteen times so that fangs and tusks are struck still; if a lord is angry, put the ring on and recite the Triple Refuge until it passes. The treatise names the same maker th.wikipedia does — Preceptor Muang of Wat Pradu Rong Tham — and Wikipedia adds the test: finished rings went into a charcoal fire, and only those that did not burn were gilded and given out.
keeping: Nothing to feed and nobody to answer to: a consecrated object, kept with ordinary respect. Same keeping as a takrut.
- look at: It is plaited, not cast: a solid-metal ring with a yantra is a different object [cited]
- look at: Look for the raised phirot knot with 3, 5 or 9 peaks [cited]
- look at: Black lacquer skin, sometimes gilded; the plait shows through under a loupe [cited]
- look at: th.wikipedia records that the Wat Pradu rings were put in a charcoal fire and only the unburnt ones kept. A story about the making, not a test a buyer can run [cited]
- vs takrut: A takrut is the same inscribed strip rolled into a tube and hung; a phirot is the strip plaited into a ring you wear. Same class.
- vs sai-sin: Sai sin is bare white thread tied at the wrist after chanting, no yantra, no lacquer; a phirot is plaited, lacquered and inscribed.
- vs luk-sakot: Luk sakot are small lead beads on a cord; a phirot is a single plaited ring.
sources: s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-phirot — พิรอด — วิกิพีเดีย; s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity)
confidence: high · needs_verification: False · updated: 2026-09-02

## วัวธนู · wua thanu · Wua thanu (guardian bull)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/wua-thanu/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/wua-thanu.json
id: wua-thanu · level: kind
aliases: ควายธนู · วัธนู · wua tanu · khwai thanu · kwai tanoo · bow-bull · buffalo talisman · guardian buffalo
class: หุ่นพยนต์ (animated effigy / servant-golem) · resident: animated · upkeep: veneration · provenance sensitivity: medium
form: figure · materials: เนื้อดิน (clay body) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: th-central, th
origin:  · ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983 · Undated treatise; Thai Wikipedia ties the buffalo form to rice-farming animism without a date · Central Thai tradition
what (th): รูปวัวหรือควายที่สาน ปั้น หรือหล่อ แล้วปลุกด้วยคาถาให้เฝ้าบ้าน ตำราให้ทำโรงให้อยู่ บอกความประสงค์ และเลี้ยงด้วยหญ้าและน้ำอย่างสัตว์เป็น ผู้ร้ายเข้ามาให้ชน
what (en): A bull or buffalo figure — woven, moulded or cast — woken by katha to guard the house. The treatise gives it a shed, tells it what is wanted, and feeds it grass and water like a living beast; intruders are to be gored.
story: Method 1 cuts, in a single stroke and with the namo tassa, a bamboo that grew arching over a path, splits it and weaves a bull while reciting 'om ko-no ko-no' to the end, consecrates it seven more times, builds it a shed, instructs it to gore any wrongdoer to death, and offers white liquor. Method 2 moulds clay or beeswax into a bull and consecrates it with a katha in which the bull's horns are spears and its gaze spans a hundred thousand leagues, then gives it a place, grass and water under its own feeding-katha, and tells it what is wanted — against every kind of theft. The buffalo is made the same way with gods assembled into its body; the treatise says make one or the other, not both.
keeping: Something animated is home. It owes a place, grass, water and instructions; Thai Wikipedia records a regional belief that a neglected buffalo turns on its keeper. Class placement is this record's inference — see form.notes_en — and worth asking who kept it before you.
- look at: A whole bull or buffalo figure, never a bare horn — a horn alone is a natural talisman [catalogue]
- look at: Woven bamboo strip, clay or beeswax in the treatise; cast metal on the modern shelf [catalogue]
- look at: A kept piece has a shed or place of its own with grass and water set out; that upkeep is the class tell [catalogue]
- look at: The treatise says choose bull or buffalo, not both; a pair is a market idea [catalogue]
- vs hun-phayon: A hun phayon is a man with a weapon, a wua thanu a bull; both are woken by katha, housed and fed, so the class is shared and only the figure differs.
- vs phaya-tao-ruean: The house-turtle is a blessed animal amulet with nobody home; the bull is fed grass and water. Same shelf, different keeping.
- vs kuman-thong: A kuman is a child-spirit raised as family; the bull is a guard animal fed as an animal. Neither is a phra khrueang.
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:ms6983 — ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง — amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, bilingual transcription (170 pp, 160 formulas); s:th-wiki-khwai-thanu — ควายธนู — วิกิพีเดีย; s:amulet-reference — amulet-reference.html — 22 specimen cards, 7 formula cards, 112-term market taxonomy (2026-07); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ยันต์ลาว · yan (Lao Tham-script yantra) · Lao yantra in Tham script
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/lao-yan/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/lao-yan.json
id: lao-yan · level: kind
native: ຍັນ (lo)
aliases: ยันต์ธรรมลาว · ยันต์อีสาน · ยันต์ตัวธรรม · ยันต์ล้านช้าง · yan lao · yan tham lao · yan isan · yantra lao · Lao Tham yantra · Isan yantra · Lan Xang yantra
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: other · materials: ผ้ายันต์ (inscribed cloth), ตะกั่ว (lead), ทองแดง (copper) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), กันผี (warding spirits), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity) · region: la, th-isan
origin:  · พระและหมอธรรมลาว-อีสาน Lao and Isan monks and mo tham, the lay ritualists who read Tham · Lao Tham is an adaptation of Lanna Tham; the oldest dated Isan example is the inscription on the base of the principal Buddha at Wat Phra That Phanom, 1503 (BE 2046), under Lan Xang · Lan Xang — Luang Prabang, Vientiane — and Isan
what (th): ยันต์ที่เขียนด้วยตัวธรรมลาว สายอักษรเดียวกับล้านนา ใช้บนผ้า ตะกรุด ใบลาน และผิวหนัง พลังอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): A yantra written in Lao Tham, the Lanna-family sacred script of Lan Xang and Isan, carried on cloth, in a takrut, on palm leaf, or on skin. Power lives in the letters and the rite; nobody is home.
story: Lao Tham — to tham, 'the dhamma letters' — is the Lanna script adapted for Lao and reserved for scripture: Pali texts, Jataka, and the bound manuscripts of village temples. The oldest dated Isan example is the 1503 inscription at Wat Phra That Phanom, written under Lan Xang. After the Burmese took Lanna in the sixteenth century, Vientiane and Luang Prabang became the manuscript centres, and the Lao Wikipedia records a 1910 assembly that assigned Tham to religious text and the modern Lao script to the state. Today its use in Laos is limited to long-term monks, so the yantra written in it is as much a survival of literacy as of magic.
keeping: Impersonal: kept high, never stepped over, nothing fed. What the keeper owes is care for the letters.
- look at: The Northeast writes its yantra in the Isan / Lao Tham script, the North in Lanna Tham, the Centre in Khom — the script names the region before the design does [cited]
- look at: Lao Tham is an adaptation of Lanna Tham in both structure and letter shape; Lao speakers call the Lanna form aksorn yuan — the two are one family and a loupe separates them by hand, not by system [cited]
- look at: Tai Tham carries two numeral systems, Lek Hora for general use and Lek Nai Tham for liturgy; a Tham yantra may use either [cited]
- look at: Pali mixed with the vernacular and almost no Sanskrit, as in the Thai and Khmer traditions [cited]
- look at: In Laos the script's use is limited to long-term monks, so freshly written and correctly read Tham yantra are scarcer each decade [cited]
- vs yan-lanna: Same Tham family: Lanna is the source, Lao the adaptation. Tell by letter shapes and by the vernacular mixed into the Pali — Kam Mueang against Lao — and by where it was made.
- vs pha-yan: A Central Thai pha yan is in Khom; a Lao yantra in Tham. Angular versus round under the loupe.
- vs khmer-yantra-cloth: The Khmer cloth is in Khom / Mul letters; the Lao design in Tham.
- vs takrut: A takrut is a form; a Lao yantra is the design that may be rolled inside one. If the sheet is in Tham, it is both.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/706cc3b373466e88c839266e7a6d3717db3161c418824bcd9de332b0016d6402.jpg · CC0 · Aikhut · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187748318
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/be908eddd297967bfc7856d56003640a8d80ab5e010ff6a2b1fa553bf9da081e.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · X-Javier · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41225449
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/30e958c0d1da875c0340f912f5b3460ede5955f9003764c7ec450842af691a37.png · Public domain · The British Library (Jana Igunma, curator) · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47103675
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0b74708aa1c248e23606effa1ef62eaacfe8463c5495764dae1ea5b1a7476567.jpg · Public domain · PLMP, National Library of Laos · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55125846
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/54c6ea9374217c2da09eab3968255fc90f04176c23a3aa705099dd1ffeef76f2.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ms Sarah Welch · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73992293
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8dfb9743488c9a800c8f172eff3b7433812094f8481d1c79152979d5b2861241.png · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Octahedron80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11068520
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f9104dab1f1ebf23c6e1d4a9f790a44167a1f989f7b14284d3ac855280ada90e.png · Public domain · Alifshinobi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30350399
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/e2e784f911d050d464e226aef4922d679a2db55a97c5ea12ef8207d8103f86e1.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Nakaileader · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48658114
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/98df6895692e5955343040dcd24df64ac187a05974d4c4ba4585df41af952118.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · พชรกมล หิรัญวิทย์ · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=67709759
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0d70ca4d060df1dfbd9ac38be5001358d046f84b62cbab60baeb46bf5bf4291f.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Subsin11G · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70813299
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b134eb1f85c883400c727fc66f702d83bbdf6127b9bcdb061fa771556e12b56d.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Elfidee · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75200434
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/948a2a3f5139c3318a086882f505107c0ee23d832ea3c187b968b45b75e13db1.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Hermes Antinous · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=105509527
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8d91157adfb675d226211f08c033a445d29d691b7ff9117a2b308dddb395b4c6.png · CC0 · Octahedron80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108378344
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/2a5c11589967ade7c8ee5f94dc14435641998ee6e35fdd9c3f3a961b106d51c4.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Octahedron80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108378850
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/978d2b42e7de3a489dbeb314ca3aa064e0132b7a557aafa9553a32a0162c733b.png · CC0 · Octahedron80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108568562
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/6e785c5042c742e07797594d79e3d5671dac6375763bd23acc4cd3e1ee7bad8f.png · CC0 · Octahedron80 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108659977
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/516a2c692edff3da2672ed4940f4096b2f4f270720086c26af65a692b4e7d8a6.png · CC BY-SA 4.0 · KLITE789 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112418716
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:en-wiki-tai-tham — Tai Tham script — Wikipedia; s:th-wiki-tham-lao — อักษรธรรมลาว — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-tai-tham — อักษรธรรมล้านนา — วิกิพีเดีย; s:lo-wiki-to-tham-lao — ໂຕທຳລາວ — ວິກິພີເດຍ; s:th-wiki-lek-yan — เลขยันต์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-saiyasat — ไสยศาสตร์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing — Yantra tattooing — Wikipedia; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ยันต์ล้านนา · yan lanna · Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script)
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/yan-lanna/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/yan-lanna.json
id: yan-lanna · level: kind
aliases: ผ้ายันต์ล้านนา · ยันต์ตัวเมือง · ยันต์เทียน · ยันต์อักษรธรรม · yant lanna · yan tua mueang · yan thian · Northern Thai yantra · Tua Mueang yantra · Lanna yant cloth
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: cloth · materials: ผ้ายันต์ (inscribed cloth) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), เมตตามหานิยม (loving-kindness and wide popularity), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: th-north
origin:  · ครูบาและพ่อหนานล้านนา Lanna monks (khruba) and ex-monk lay masters (pho nan) · Continues the palm-leaf manuscript tradition written in Tai Tham; script use in the north declined after 1930s Thaification and is reviving · Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Nan, Chiang Rai
what (th): ยันต์ของภาคเหนือ เขียนด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา (ตัวเมือง) บนผ้า เทียน หรือแผ่นโลหะ อำนาจอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ลายยันต์จากตำรามีดัชนีที่ wichaa.net/yant
what (en): The northern yantra: grids, rings and figures written in Tai Tham (ตัวเมือง) script on cloth, in candles, or on metal. Power sits in the inscription and the rite, nobody home. The drawn designs from the treatises have their own index at wichaa.net/yant.
story: Tai Tham is the script Lanna used for Pali and its palm-leaf scriptures, so the north wrote its yantra in it rather than in Khom. Thai Wikipedia's เลขยันต์ has candle yantras as the region's commonest form and its cloth yantras larger than elsewhere. Thaification in the 1930s pushed the script out of schools, but monks kept reading it and it is being relearned; the yantra never stopped being written. The sibling index at wichaa.net/yant catalogues 36 designs across 63 treatise plates by virtue and figure.
keeping: Nothing owed and nobody home. Ordinary respect for an inscribed object: not underfoot, not in a low place.
- look at: The script is rounded Tai Tham, not the angular Khom of central yantra: the one mark that settles north against centre at a glance [cited]
- look at: Candle yantras are the commonest northern carrier; a written sheet rolled inside the wax [cited]
- look at: Northern cloth yantras run larger than central ones [cited]
- look at: The script carries Pali and Kam Mueang; astrological and dharma numerals sit in the cells [cited]
- look at: Tai Tham, Tham Isan and Lao Tham are close cousins; telling them apart takes the letter forms, not the layout [cited]
- vs pha-yan: Same class, same cloth: a central pha yan is written in Khom script, a Lanna one in Tai Tham. Read the letters.
- vs lao-yan: A Lao yan is in Lao Tham script, a near cousin of Tai Tham; only the letter forms separate them
- vs khmer-yantra-cloth: A Khmer yantra cloth is in Khmer script with Khmer figure drawing
- vs takrut: A takrut is a yantra rolled in a metal tube; a Lanna yantra can be rolled into one too, and then the script is the only tell
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/bb8bc3cc0d4a77bdbc36630e4873a1daeb635518b09d09d0c807f7d0b36312eb.jpg · CC0 · Lannafolium · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158446648
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/ec7d1e06e80b19c6aa1eedc47eeb88448bf7ade6ec8deffeb780793625e03791.jpg · Public domain · Pawyi Lee photo of poster by หลวงปู่พรหมมา เซมจาโร · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3713973
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/37965c1fcfa36b83b5f84ca527b38bc123b79dce346b8a431392494005a4bf7e.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Elfidee · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74941417
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/09a8e971937d59e06b3063e1f6d1d3dfd2fbec63cc86cba1031856b0a70e2e0a.png · Public domain · Alifshinobi · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112594578
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/a3b71eaf8c8ad9dedba975f6647967856662fd7964fc677682c99bf1b4dabdf7.png · Public domain · Autoisme · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112675158
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b672b558fc5e300c0fc1ccecd175cbf46684d70e9cfb738f1c69bdc7c41717a6.png · Public domain · 19th century artist · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136301565
sources: s:th-wiki-lek-yan — เลขยันต์ — วิกิพีเดีย; s:th-wiki-tai-tham — อักษรธรรมล้านนา — วิกิพีเดีย; s:en-wiki-tai-tham — Tai Tham script — Wikipedia; s:wichaa-yant — WICHAA — ยันต์ · The yant designs (36 designs, 63 plates, four treatise volumes; sibling index); s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02

## ผ้ายันต์เขมร · yoan (Khmer yantra cloth) · Khmer yantra cloth
URL: https://wichaa.net/amulets/kind/khmer-yantra-cloth/
JSON: https://wichaa.net/amulets/api/kind/khmer-yantra-cloth.json
id: khmer-yantra-cloth · level: kind
native: យ័ន្ត (km)
aliases: ผ้ายันต์ขอม · ยันต์เขมร · ผ้าขาวม้ายันต์ · yan khmer · yantra khmer · pha yan khmer · krama yoan · Cambodian yantra cloth · Khmer yant · yantra krama
class: วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์) (blessed/inscribed object) · resident: none · upkeep: none · provenance sensitivity: low
form: cloth · materials: ผ้ายันต์ (inscribed cloth) · functions: คุ้มครอง (general protection, watching over), คงกระพัน (invulnerability to blades), แคล้วคลาด (evasion, narrow escape), กันผี (warding spirits) · region: kh
origin:  · ครูขแมร์ อาจารย์ และพระ Kru khmer, achar and monks of the yogavacara line · Undated; yantra practice in Cambodia is traced to the Khmer Empire around the ninth century, and the cloth form is documented into the present · Cambodia
what (th): ผ้าเขียนยันต์ตัวขอมของเขมร แขวนขื่อบ้าน พับพก หรือคาดตัวนักสู้ พลังอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่
what (en): A cloth drawn with Khom-letter yantra in the Cambodian tradition — hung from the house beam, folded into a pocket, or tied on a fighter. Power lives in the inscription and the rite; nobody is home.
story: The Khmer Wikipedia article defines a yoan (យ័ន្ត) as a design drawn on white cloth or paper, and the Cambodian Hevajra yantra shows the Angkor-period esoteric layer still inside it. The English article on yantra cloth records the Khmer habits — a rain-quail motif, and raising the cloth to the house beam as the blessing that makes a house a home — and fighters in bokator go in wrapped in cloth and enchanted cords. Achar and kru khmer draw and bless them; factory-printed cloths without the rite circulate alongside. The gatha written on the cloth is the same Pali formula that goes into a katha tube or onto the skin.
keeping: Impersonal: hung high, never stepped over, nothing fed. The keeper owes respect to the letters, not to an occupant.
- look at: Red, black or white ground carrying Buddhist esoteric inscriptions and geometric designs [cited]
- look at: Khmer versions often carry the rain-quail motif and are raised on a house beam as the blessing of the house; Thai versions lean to Nang Kwak and monk portraits [cited]
- look at: Letters are the Khom / Mul hand that Cambodia and Thailand both use for yantra on cloth, paper and brass; the hand alone will not settle which side of the border made it [cited]
- look at: Bokator fighters tie blue and red silk cords (sangvar day) at head and biceps once believed enchanted for strength; the cloth worn into the ring is the same protective idea on a garment [cited]
- look at: Factory-printed cloths without the rite are common; the same design can be a consecrated object or a souvenir, and the cloth will not tell you which [cited]
- vs pha-yan: Same class and form as the Thai pha yan; the Khmer cloth is told by motif (rain quail, Hevajra yantra) and by the maker's lineage, not by the script, which is shared.
- vs khmer-katha: The katha is a rolled metal tube; this is a flat cloth. Same class, different form.
- vs suea-yan: A yantra shirt is a stitched garment worn over the torso; the Khmer cloth is an unstitched square hung or wrapped.
- vs lao-yan: Lao yantra is in round Tham letters; the Khmer cloth in Khom. Look at the script before the design.
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/fa5e8e1ec12c88b871bf5efeb928aff0554e48ff83b04536663f770e536fa764.webp · CC0 · The original distributor of this image is Gavin Symahanou · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=162757596
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/93b2d9738652dc3d1d7c224696fc38310004bfa9dcbebee7cbb497b674033679.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Thomas Schoch · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2197584
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/767510937c0b6751e178ac71001a5e8a4b05423e9ac38e91a69f4921e55d2eb8.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Brett Matthews · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2587252
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/086638adb27660f0998c32ded1a5a7f80517dffd4ce6487f8aede4e8e36aa1a3.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · International Rice Research Institute · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5386052
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/65d0ead5a12886835e723e90afb0911d5f963b4f780d14a7929db94526ba6816.jpg · CC BY 3.0 · Adam Jones Adam63 · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7301921
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/0f05f4e93a26f9cb8ee97130f3ea8d1b8d448c18513ee7dc62d4de29975ea9ba.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Toony · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10943648
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/42da48bcb5d896d53fc5aa9a6787d61e78a751b4046867aacc23cd11fbb26032.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Majmunka · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18277331
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c249b7d47bff64f4fe5d90509ea2d70229a106922eafa6eef132eeed1e1e203a.jpg · Public domain · Irwin Loy, VOA · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19654388
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/26847d8528c5f5cf4dce409297e299a2a266292a5a823b0ddc8c0e833ed0bf5f.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Krama Krama · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22493774
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/c130ad67f9fcd6993ca662ea497a143d9a1dbbfc412e4e53900a793c969f195b.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · peter klashorst · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22562689
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8111c537a46154cfdba3220f4e6d7147e4ed545bb1f639aee422f671012b097d.jpg · Public domain ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23015118
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/129fb1a67879bd79dd8d089717390db0a73d9c1fba585b57ac22eb322900015c.jpg · Public domain ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23015247
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/49565fa15edface27729d52f20981deb8703a6ae3a40b0d5a81fff09610808a9.jpg · Public domain ·  · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23015600
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/43ccfad5cc666fc019e40afab688bdb069b1a27614b75351db98619e362abb34.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Christopher Michel · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24817457
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/36b89a7e22801302aaf32a6a0b61126d2b15b488a2271f9b3ab3c3991bf4af03.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Christopher Michel · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24817460
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/8945350b49075e1443846af142f7e61eedf0af3e4799b21be4b1be0ba7620c92.jpg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Krama khmer · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38174379
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/cadbe26f94f7482876898678125de3ff7fa60b12a6cec8af035e7d0d60c3e0f8.jpg · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Toony · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147131017
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/4d2b0eeff50cc7992a46128153c467406993353a6d222fb0d40d3d64739c746d.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Ik T · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157752142
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/63ed1d9c336c2af0603bcfb5af44b5f5ddf822373bbc3b9f72b96bf11d8c4207.jpg · CC BY-SA 2.0 · missmei · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157752174
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/20d55ce1713a7221c13632babfa3fccabca9f7541f92b60862db39f44fffdafc.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · Benjamin Thomas · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157752202
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/b1c2578cbecc62d5fef0684b1b15f0bba490775046b4e6646ac7f37e65f65d52.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · peter klashorst · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=192253906
- image: https://wichaa.net/img/f23d6650289142cb244fe14fdd4cb8e8dc5f1ee7faa18938039d1502e9421821.jpg · CC BY 2.0 · peter klashorst · https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=192254182
sources: s:vault-classes — wichaa-vault _meta/vocab/classes.md — class axis (resident / upkeep / provenance_sensitivity); s:km-wiki-yantra — យ័ន្ត — វិគីភីឌា; s:en-wiki-yantra-cloth — Yantra cloth — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-khmer-script — Khmer script — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing — Yantra tattooing — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-bokator — Bokator — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-krama — Krama — Wikipedia; s:km-wiki-krama — ក្រមា — វិគីភីឌា; s:en-wiki-achar-khmer — Achar (Khmer lay ritualist) — Wikipedia; s:en-wiki-southern-esoteric-buddhism — Southern Esoteric Buddhism — Wikipedia; s:catalog-db — manuscript-crawler catalog.db — items table, 13,020 Lazada TH listings (method=commerce) + 6,990 manuscripts; s:tradition — General knowledge of the Thai / Lanna amulet tradition (model training + secondary literature), hedged — never a specific date, title or scholar unless separately cited
confidence: medium · needs_verification: True · updated: 2026-09-02