{"schema": 1, "id": "ai-khai", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ไอ้ไข่", "roman": "ai khai", "en": "Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi)", "aliases": {"th": ["ไอ้ไข่ เด็กวัดเจดีย์", "ไอ้ไข่วัดเจดีย์", "ตาไข่"], "roman": ["ai kai", "i khai", "ta khai", "ai khai wat chedi"], "en": ["Ai Khai of Wat Chedi", "the Wat Chedi boy"]}}, "region": ["th-south", "th"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["chok_lap", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "nuea_din"], "figures": ["human"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปเด็กชายไม่สวมเสื้อ กำมือขวายกไว้ที่อก แขนซ้ายแนบลำตัว ตามรูปไม้ตะเคียนแกะ พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๕ · รูปหล่อบูชาขนาด ๒๖–๒๘ ซม. พบมาก · แบบห้อยคอเป็นเหรียญหรือรูปหล่อเล็ก", "shape_en": "A shirtless boy with the right fist raised to the chest and the left arm at his side, after the 1982 takhian-wood carving. Statuettes of 26–28 cm are the common shrine size; wearable forms are medallions and small cast figures.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "แบบเล็กห้อยคอ รูปบูชาตั้งหิ้งพร้อมผ้ายันต์และธูป", "wearable_en": "Small forms at the neck; the statuette sits on a home or shop shrine, sold with its own yantra cloth and incense", "obverse_th": "รูปเด็กชายท่ากำมือ มักมีชื่อ ไอ้ไข่ และ วัดเจดีย์ กำกับ", "obverse_en": "The boy in the fist-to-chest pose, usually lettered ไอ้ไข่ and วัดเจดีย์", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Statuette size from the reference card (F·16); the amulet forms vary by run and no typical size is defended here."}, "iconography": [{"th": "เด็กชายกำมือขวาที่อก", "en": "a boy with the right fist raised to the chest (the 1982 carving's pose)"}, {"th": "ไก่ชน", "en": "a fighting cock beside him, the temple's signature offering"}, {"th": "ประทัด ชุดทหาร ของเล่นทหาร", "en": "firecrackers, soldier uniforms and toy soldiers as vow-payment"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดเจดีย์ (ไอ้ไข่) ตำบลฉลอง อำเภอสิชล จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช", "wat_en": "Wat Chedi (Ai Khai), Tambon Chalong, Amphoe Sichon, Nakhon Si Thammarat", "maker_th": "รูปไม้ทองหลางแกะโดยผู้ใหญ่เที่ยงก่อน พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๕ · รูปไม้ตะเคียนแกะ พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๔–๒๕๒๕ · วัตถุมงคลรุ่นแรกออกโดยเจ้าอาวาส พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๖", "maker_en": "First figure carved from soft thonglang wood by a village headman named Thiang before B.E. 2525; a second in takhian wood in 2524–2525; the abbot issued the first amulet run in B.E. 2526 (1983), per Thai Wikipedia", "era_th": "รูปแกะก่อน ๒๕๒๕ รุ่นแรก ๒๕๒๖ กระแสใหญ่ทศวรรษ ๒๕๖๐", "era_en": "Carvings before 1982, first run 1983; the national wave is the 2020s and the trade counts it the biggest since Jatukham", "place_th": "สิชล นครศรีธรรมราช แล้วแพร่ไปทั่วประเทศ วัดอื่นหลายแห่งตั้งรูปไอ้ไข่จากวัดเจดีย์", "place_en": "Sichon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, then nationwide; Thai Wikipedia's temple articles show copies housed at temples in Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao and elsewhere", "first_attested": "B.E. 2526 first amulet run, per Thai Wikipedia วัดเจดีย์ (ไอ้ไข่)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นรูปเด็กชาย ไม่ใช่องค์พระ ไม่ใช่รูปพระเกจิ", "en": "A boy figure, never a Buddha or a monk portrait", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ท่ากำมือขวาที่อก แขนซ้ายแนบตัว คือท่าอ้างอิงจากรูปไม้ตะเคียน ๒๕๒๕", "en": "Right fist to chest, left arm down: the reference pose from the 1982 takhian carving", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-chedi-ai-khai", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ขายพร้อมผ้ายันต์และธูปของตัวเอง ไก่ชนกับประทัดคือลายเซ็นของการบน — ประกาศที่รวมของเหล่านี้กำลังขายการบน ไม่ใช่วัตถุ", "en": "Sold with its own yantra cloth and incense; fighting cocks and firecrackers are the vow's signature. A listing bundling them is selling the devotion, not the object", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ทุกอย่างผูกกับชื่อ วัดเจดีย์ สิชล ชิ้นที่ไม่ระบุวัดออกเป็นรูปเด็กทั่วไป", "en": "Everything hangs on the name Wat Chedi, Sichon; a piece that names no issuing temple is a generic boy figure", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-chedi-ai-khai", "tier": "inference"}, {"th": "เนื้อมีทั้งโลหะหล่อ ดินเผา และผง เนื้อไม่บอกชนิด ชื่อวัดและรุ่นต่างหากที่บอก", "en": "Bodies run cast metal, fired earth and powder; the material fixes nothing here, the temple and run do", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "kuman-thong", "tell_th": "กุมารทองเป็นวิญญาณเด็กที่เลี้ยงอย่างลูก ป้อนน้ำแดงทุกวัน · ไอ้ไข่เป็นการบน ขอ สัญญา แล้วแก้บน ไม่ได้เลี้ยงเป็นลูก", "tell_en": "Both are child figures. A kuman thong houses a raised child-spirit fed as family (class kuman); Ai Khai is kept as a vow — ask, promise, pay with firecrackers — and the vault has not placed him. The keeping is the tell, not the shape"}, {"id": "jatukham", "tell_th": "จตุคามเป็นเหรียญกลมใหญ่รูปเทพ จากนครศรีธรรมราชเหมือนกัน กระแสก่อนหน้า · ไอ้ไข่เป็นรูปเด็ก", "tell_en": "The previous Nakhon Si Thammarat wave: a large disc medallion of a deva-king (class thep_thewada). Ai Khai is a boy, cast or pressed, from Sichon"}, {"id": "luang-pu-thuat", "tell_th": "ตำนานผูกไอ้ไข่กับหลวงปู่ทวด แต่หลวงปู่ทวดเป็นรูปพระสงฆ์ห่มจีวร · ไอ้ไข่เป็นเด็กไม่สวมเสื้อ", "tell_en": "The legend makes Ai Khai the boy who followed Luang Pu Thuat; a Luang Pu Thuat piece shows a robed monk (class phra_khrueang), Ai Khai a shirtless boy"}], "market": {"search": ["ไอ้ไข่"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Wat Chedi Ai Khai"], "commons_files": ["File:Wat ai khai 1.jpg", "File:Wat ai khai 4.jpg", "File:Wat ai khai 5.jpg", "File:Wat Chedi Ai Khai 1.jpg"], "wanted_en": "The free set (CC BY-SA 4.0, 2020) is the temple entrance and small photographs of the two carved originals — the pre-1982 thonglang figure and the 1982 takhian figure. Still wanted: an amulet obverse and reverse with the temple name legible, and a statuette beside its fighting-cock and firecracker offerings."}, "images": [{"file": "ai-khai/ai-khai-wat-ai-khai-1-777571.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat ai khai 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Wat_ai_khai_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92116571", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Eqqpwppr", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ไอ้ไข่", "alt_en": "Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi) — ภาพทางเข้าวัดเจดีย์ (ไอ้ไข่)", "sha256": "4ed1516140d270d56da7fbd7c38b908578e1f1907a4d6eb13a631787cb7cf0c1", "width": 4000, "height": 3000, "primary": true}, {"file": "ai-khai/ai-khai-wat-ai-khai-2-240290.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat ai khai 2.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Wat_ai_khai_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92118651", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Eqqpwppr", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ไอ้ไข่", "alt_en": "Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi) — คำอธิบายวัดไอ้ไข่", "sha256": "a46c828282a9604f8d75421951769de2ab621fa8cab151156852759545eb7c44", "width": 9248, "height": 6936}, {"file": "ai-khai/ai-khai-wat-ai-khai-3-8ffa2d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat ai khai 3.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Wat_ai_khai_3.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92119787", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Eqqpwppr", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ไอ้ไข่", "alt_en": "Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi) — คำอธิบายวัดไอ้ไข่", "sha256": "6fa4aeb64d1c56d33833116394dc725e1c8d9157b7a4abcf1c452e3781dfe7a6", "width": 9248, "height": 6936}, {"file": "ai-khai/ai-khai-wat-ai-khai-4-a887bb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat ai khai 4.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Wat_ai_khai_4.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92121218", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Eqqpwppr", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ไอ้ไข่", "alt_en": "Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi) — รูปไม้แกะก่อน พ.ศ.2525", "sha256": "6af9c6ce3ca63a56e3225be84d7c0c182f278d101b8246e8d2fe0472c7c5b9f3", "width": 286, "height": 307}, {"file": "ai-khai/ai-khai-wat-ai-khai-5-a594ee.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat ai khai 5.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Wat_ai_khai_5.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92121541", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Eqqpwppr", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ไอ้ไข่", "alt_en": "Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi) — รูปไม้ตะเคียนแกะที่ 2 (เมื่อ พ.ศ.2525)", "sha256": "b82e14b6adbf6cdcc10e6b6832010ae9fe2b89934afdc190e4e308436181a2dd", "width": 246, "height": 308}, {"file": "ai-khai/ai-khai-wat-chedi-ai-khai-1-5037b3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Chedi Ai Khai 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Wat_Chedi_Ai_Khai_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121735840", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "OraMAAG", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ไอ้ไข่", "alt_en": "Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi) — แสดงรูปปั้นไก่ชนขนาดใหญ่สองตัว ที่วัดเจดีย์ (ไอ้ไข่) อำเภอสิชล จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช", "sha256": "0de34f77865ebfcebeac96019864c984c00cf9dd16e4c4cf34e4609a229edeea", "width": 4608, "height": 3456}], "text": {"what_th": "วิญญาณเด็กวัดเจดีย์ อำเภอสิชล กระแสศรัทธาใหญ่ที่สุดนับแต่จตุคาม ขอเรื่องหวยแล้วแก้บนด้วยประทัดและของเล่นทหาร วัตถุมงคลเป็นพาหะของศรัทธา การรักษาคำบนคือการเลี้ยง", "what_en": "The boy-spirit of Wat Chedi in Sichon, the biggest devotional wave since Jatukham — asked for lottery luck and repaid in firecrackers and toy soldiers. The amulet carries the devotion; the vow-keeping is the keeping.", "story_th": "ตำนานวัดว่าไอ้ไข่เป็นเด็กอายุราว ๙–๑๐ ปีที่ติดตามหลวงปู่ทวดจากสงขลาขึ้นไปทางอยุธยา ถูกฝากไว้เฝ้าวัดเจดีย์ ตั้งสัจจะจะอยู่เฝ้าวัด แล้วลงสระของวัดสละชีวิตเพื่ออยู่เป็นผู้รักษา ชาวบ้านขอให้ช่วยหาวัวควายที่หาย รูปไม้ทองหลางแกะโดยผู้ใหญ่เที่ยงก่อน ๒๕๒๕ ผุพังไป จึงแกะรูปไม้ตะเคียนใหม่ ๒๕๒๔–๒๕๒๕ ท่ากำมือขวาที่อก เจ้าอาวาสออกวัตถุมงคลรุ่นแรก ๒๕๒๖ ประทัดกองมหาศาลและไก่ปั้นเต็มลานวัดคือของแก้บน", "story_en": "The temple's story makes Ai Khai a boy of nine or ten who followed Luang Pu Thuat from Songkhla toward Ayutthaya, was left to guard Wat Chedi, vowed to stay, and went into the temple pond to remain as its guardian; villagers asked him to find lost cattle. A soft thonglang-wood carving by a headman named Thiang, made before 1982, rotted; a takhian-wood figure carved in 1981–82 fixed the pose, right fist to the chest. The abbot issued the first amulet run in 1983. Firecrackers by the truckload and moulded cocks filling the grounds are the vows being paid; the 2020s wave carried copies to temples across the country.", "keeping_th": "หมวดว่าง ยังไม่อยู่ในคำศัพท์หมวดของคลัง เลี้ยงส่วนใหญ่เป็นความสัมพันธ์แบบบน — ขอ สัญญา แล้วส่งของที่สัญญา — ไม่ใช่ผู้อาศัยที่ต้องป้อนทุกวัน ผู้รู้อาจจัดให้ละเอียดกว่านี้", "keeping_en": "Class unassigned: the largest new devotion of the era is not yet in the vault's class vocabulary. Kept mostly as a votive relationship — ask, promise, and deliver what you promised — rather than as a fed dependent; a knower may file it more precisely. A piece with unknown history carries an unpaid vow only if its keeper made one."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:amulet-reference", "s:th-wiki-wat-chedi-ai-khai", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "class null is the key's own refusal; materials loha/din mapped onto vault keys"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "the key's fuzzy note, restated"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-chedi-ai-khai", "note": "legend, carvings, first run; the 2020s wave and Jatukham comparison are s:amulet-reference"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-chedi-ai-khai", "note": "the abbot's name is given on-wiki but its spelling is not verified here, so it is not repeated"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-chedi-ai-khai", "note": "pose; the 26–28 cm statuette size is s:amulet-reference card F·16"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "note": "card F·16: 80+ live listings, ฿9–1,299"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-south", "th": "ภาคใต้", "en": "Southern Thailand"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 408, "priced": 408, "median_thb": 78.60499999999999, "typical_thb": [29.0, 259.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "ai-khai/ai-khai-wat-ai-khai-1-777571.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat ai khai 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Wat_ai_khai_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92116571", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Eqqpwppr", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ไอ้ไข่", "alt_en": "Ai Khai (the temple boy of Wat Chedi) — ภาพทางเข้าวัดเจดีย์ (ไอ้ไข่)", "sha256": "4ed1516140d270d56da7fbd7c38b908578e1f1907a4d6eb13a631787cb7cf0c1", "width": 4000, "height": 3000, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "bat-quai", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ", "roman": "bát quái", "en": "Bagua mirror", "aliases": {"th": ["ยันต์แปดทิศ", "กระจกแปดเหลี่ยม", "โป๊ยข่วย", "ปากว้า"], "roman": ["gương bát quái", "bagua jing", "pat kwa", "poi kwai"], "en": ["eight-trigram mirror", "feng shui mirror", "pa kua mirror"]}, "other_scripts": {"vi": "gương bát quái", "zh": "八卦鏡"}}, "region": ["vn", "diaspora"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong"], "materials": [], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "กรอบแปดเหลี่ยม (บางทีกลม) มีตรีลักษณ์ ๘ ล้อมกระจกกลางที่แบน นูน หรือเว้า", "shape_en": "An octagonal, sometimes round, frame carrying the eight trigrams around a central mirror that is flat, convex or concave; wood, plastic or brass frame, painted red, yellow and green", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ไม่ใส่ตัว แขวนเหนือประตูด้านนอกหันออก", "wearable_en": "Not worn. Hung above the front door or a window on the outside, facing outward, and never indoors; this is what separates it from every worn amulet in the catalogue", "obverse_th": "กระจกกลาง ล้อมด้วยตรีลักษณ์ ๘ บางแบบมีหยินหยาง", "obverse_en": "Central mirror ringed by the eight trigrams, sometimes with a yin-yang at the centre instead", "reverse_th": "เรียบ หรือมีตะขอแขวน", "reverse_en": "Plain, or carrying the hanging hook", "notes_en": "Vault materials do not name mirror glass or painted wood; the axis is left empty. Song-dynasty cast-bronze bagua mirrors exist in museums but are a different object from the modern door remedy."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ตรีลักษณ์ ๘: เฉียน ตุ้ย หลี เจิ้น ซวิ่น ข่าน เกิ้น คุน", "en": "The eight trigrams: ☰ ☱ ☲ ☳ ☴ ☵ ☶ ☷"}, {"th": "กระจกกลาง", "en": "Central mirror, flat / convex / concave"}, {"th": "หยินหยาง (บางแบบ)", "en": "Yin-yang disc in some variants"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ร้านฮวงจุ้ยและโรงงาน ไม่ผูกวัด", "maker_en": "Feng shui shops and factories; no temple or maker attached", "era_th": "ตรีลักษณ์ ๘ โยงถึงฝูซี ในตำนาน กระจกประตูเป็นของใช้สมัยใหม่", "era_en": "The trigrams are attributed in legend to Fuxi; the door mirror as an inexpensive self-administered remedy is modern and undated in the sources", "place_th": "จีน แพร่ทั่วเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้", "place_en": "China, spread wherever Chinese houses are", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "กระจกสามแบบ: แบนสะท้อน นูนกระจาย เว้าดูดซับ", "en": "Three mirror types with three stated jobs: flat reflects, convex disperses, concave absorbs or converges", "source": "s:en-wiki-bagua", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "แขวนเหนือประตูหรือหน้าต่างด้านนอก หันออก ไม่แขวนในบ้าน", "en": "Hung above the front door or window, facing out; never installed indoors. It is a feng shui remedy against sha qi from a road or a building corner, not an instrument", "source": "s:en-wiki-bagua", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ทรงแปดเหลี่ยมแทนแปดทิศ บางแบบกลม", "en": "Octagonal for the eight directions; round examples exist", "source": "s:zh-wiki-bagua-jing", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "แบบใหม่ในไต้หวันใช้กระจกสี่เหลี่ยมพิมพ์ยันต์แปดทิศและฮู้เต๋าแทน", "en": "A newer variant is a square mirror printed with the trigrams and Daoist charm-script, cheaper to make than the true octagon; seen in a Commons photograph from Taipei", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "inference"}, {"th": "หันไปทางบ้านเพื่อนบ้านถือว่าเป็นการรุกราน — ฮ่องกงมี 'สงครามกระจก'", "en": "Pointing one at a neighbour's house reads as hostile; Hong Kong has documented mirror feuds. Useful for reading why one is angled the way it is", "source": "s:en-wiki-bagua", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ใส่ตัวหรือติดในบ้าน กระจกแปดทิศแขวนนอกบ้านหันออกเท่านั้น", "tell_en": "Both are impersonal inscribed objects, but a yantra cloth is worn or hung inside; the bagua mirror is architectural, outside, facing away from the house."}, {"id": "fu-talisman", "tell_th": "ฮู้กระดาษติดเหนือประตูเดียวกัน แต่เป็นกระดาษเขียน ไม่มีกระจก", "tell_en": "A paper fu is pasted above the same door, but it is written paper, burnable and replaceable; the mirror is a permanent fixture."}, {"id": "pixiu", "tell_th": "ปี่เซียะเป็นรูปสัตว์ตั้งหน้าร้านหรือใส่ตัว มีคนบูชา กระจกไม่มีใครบูชา", "tell_en": "A pixiu is a beast figure at the shop door or on the wrist and receives offerings; nobody makes offerings to a mirror."}], "market": {"search": ["กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ", "กระจกแปดเหลี่ยม", "โป๊ยข่วย"], "excludes": ["พวงกุญแจ"], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Three Types of Modern Bagua Mirror Talismans.jpg", "File:BaGua Mirror Hang on Top of Door at Songshan District, Taipei 20170917.jpg", "File:Bagua mirror - Arlington, MA.jpg", "File:Luopan-bagua1.jpg", "File:Bagua mirror.jpg", "File:Taijitu and demon warding mirror.jpg", "File:Münster, Hollenbeckerstraße 24, Feng-Shui-Bagua-Spiegel -- 2026 -- 0573.jpg", "File:Luopan-bagua2.jpg"], "wanted_en": "One in place over a Vietnamese or Thai-Chinese shophouse door, and a straight-on of the concave type. Category:Bagua mirrors is empty on Commons as of 2026-09-02."}, "text": {"what_th": "กระจกในกรอบแปดเหลี่ยมมีตรีลักษณ์ ๘ ล้อม แขวนเหนือประตูด้านนอกหันออกเพื่อสะท้อนสิ่งไม่ดี ไม่ใช่ของใส่ตัว เวียดนามเรียก gương bát quái ไทยเรียกกระจกยันต์แปดทิศหรือโป๊ยข่วย พลังอยู่ที่แผนภาพ ไม่มีผู้สถิต", "what_en": "A mirror in an octagonal frame of the eight trigrams, hung outside above the door and facing away, to turn back harmful qi from a road or a building edge. Not worn, not venerated: an impersonal diagram doing a job at the threshold. Vietnamese gương bát quái, Thai กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ.", "story_th": "ตรีลักษณ์ ๘ มาจากอี้จิง โยงถึงฝูซี กระจกประตูเป็นวิธีแก้ฮวงจุ้ยราคาถูกที่เจ้าของบ้านทำเอง แบนสะท้อน นูนกระจาย เว้าดูดซับ แขวนนอกบ้านเท่านั้น หันใส่บ้านเพื่อนบ้านถือว่าท้าทาย", "story_en": "The trigrams come from the Yijing and are credited in legend to Fuxi. The door mirror is the cheapest feng shui remedy there is, chosen and hung by the householder without a master: flat to reflect, convex to scatter, concave to absorb. It goes outside and only outside. Because it works by sending harm back where it came from, angling one at a neighbour is a provocation, and Hong Kong has recorded mirror feuds fought house against house. On Lazada Thailand it sells beside pendant versions of the same diagram, which are worn and are a different object.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ติดแล้วปล่อยไว้ เปลี่ยนเมื่อแตก", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. It hangs and is left alone; a cracked one is replaced. The only care the trade names is not to bring it indoors and not to aim it at people."}, "sources": ["s:en-wiki-bagua", "s:zh-wiki-bagua-jing", "s:catalog-db", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-bagua"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "inference", "note": "yantra_wattu by analogy: power in the diagram, no resident; the vault does not name the mirror"}, "names.th": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "Lazada titles: กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ ยันต์8ทิศ กระจกแปดเหลี่ยม โป๊ยข่วย"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "frame materials and colours from the trade"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "6 titles on ยันต์แปดทิศ as of 2026-09-02, most of them pendants; the mirror-specific terms are used here"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "bat-quai/bat-quai-three-types-of-modern-bagua-mirror-talis-599dd4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Three Types of Modern Bagua Mirror Talismans.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Three_Types_of_Modern_Bagua_Mirror_Talismans.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=188158250", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Physicist1204", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ", "alt_en": "Bagua mirror — Three variants of modern bagua mirror talismans. 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Arlington, MA.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Bagua_mirror_-_Arlington%2C_MA.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=150395238", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Daderot", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ", "alt_en": "Bagua mirror — Bagua mirror - Arlington, Massachusetts, USA.", "sha256": "0482ac89f64a51b6f1c6e9843c6bc54c9ca55494f7d4e22ad1aeb9fe28252014", "width": 1978, "height": 1975}, {"file": "bat-quai/bat-quai-luopan-bagua2-236deb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Luopan-bagua2.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Luopan-bagua2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5020498", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Fengshuimestari", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ", "alt_en": "Bagua mirror — The back of a bagua mirror.", "sha256": "a24a20a41516dfa27052c12137df398b9a25571e6173ac30304895da018a08cb", "width": 1533, "height": 1487}, {"file": "bat-quai/bat-quai-m-nster-hollenbeckerstra-e-24-feng-shui-dd97aa.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Münster, Hollenbeckerstraße 24, Feng-Shui-Bagua-Spiegel -- 2026 -- 0573.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/M%C3%BCnster%2C_Hollenbeckerstra%C3%9Fe_24%2C_Feng-Shui-Bagua-Spiegel_--_2026_--_0573.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=186805825", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Dietmar Rabich", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ", "alt_en": "Bagua mirror — Feng Shui Bagua mirror above the front door of the house at Hollenbeckerstraße 24, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germ", "sha256": "9bc82d906bb0c2fd13a6546b51954a0cb50a675152aedd6ba159191e2d638bb1", "width": 4684, "height": 4684}], "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "vn", "th": "เวียดนาม", "en": "Vietnam"}, {"key": "diaspora", "th": "ชุมชนไทยโพ้นทะเล", "en": "Overseas Thai / Chinese-Thai collector communities"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 2, "priced": 2, "median_thb": 55.5, "typical_thb": [55.0, 56.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "bat-quai/bat-quai-three-types-of-modern-bagua-mirror-talis-599dd4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Three Types of Modern Bagua Mirror Talismans.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Three_Types_of_Modern_Bagua_Mirror_Talismans.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=188158250", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Physicist1204", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กระจกยันต์แปดทิศ", "alt_en": "Bagua mirror — Three variants of modern bagua mirror talismans. From left to right: Flat variant (with embossed trigrams on a metallic", "sha256": "93e4d2baa013c3e2a8d335ffb578e46418f7a5a749dd4edffad5fe56f6f64c1c", "width": 1920, "height": 798, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "bia-kae", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "เบี้ยแก้", "roman": "bia kae", "en": "Bia kae (warding cowrie)", "aliases": {"th": ["เบี้ยจั่น", "เบี้ยแก้หลวงปู่บุญ"], "roman": ["bia gae", "bia kae"], "en": ["mercury cowrie", "counter-charm cowrie"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["maha_ut", "kan_phi", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["takua"], "figures": ["natural"]}, "form": {"type": "shell", "shape_th": "เปลือกหอยเบี้ย บรรจุปรอท อุดปากด้วยชันโรง หุ้มตะกั่วแผ่นบาง ถักเชือก ลงรักปิดทอง", "shape_en": "A cowrie shell filled with mercury, its mouth stopped with stingless-bee resin, wrapped in beaten lead, plaited with cord, lacquered and gilded", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอหรือคาดเอว มักใส่ตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn at neck or waist, often cased", "obverse_th": "หลังหอยโค้ง มักมองไม่เห็นใต้เชือกถัก", "obverse_en": "The domed back of the shell, usually hidden under the plaiting", "reverse_th": "ปากหอยที่อุดไว้ หุ้มตะกั่วลงตัว นะ มหาอุด", "reverse_en": "The sealed mouth under lead, inscribed with the na maha-ut glyph", "notes_en": "Shake it: the trade listens for the mercury moving inside. That is a type-level expectation, not a test of any piece."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ตัว นะ มหาอุด ในวงกลม ลงบนตะกั่ว", "en": "the na maha-ut glyph in a circle on the lead wrap"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดกลางบางแก้ว", "wat_en": "Wat Klang Bang Kaeo", "maker_th": "ท่านเจ้าคุณพุทธวิถีนายก (หลวงปู่บุญ) ตามที่ตำราระบุ", "maker_en": "Chao Khun Phutthawithinayok, Luang Pu Bun, per the treatise's own ascription", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise; the ascription is the treatise's, not verified here", "place_th": "นครปฐม ภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thailand", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นหอยเบี้ยจริง ไม่ใช่หล่อ — ฟันหอยที่ปากอาจโผล่ใต้ตะกั่ว", "en": "A real cowrie, not a casting: the shell's toothed lip may show at the edge of the lead", "source": "s:th-wiki-bia-kae", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ปากหอยอุดชันโรงแล้วหุ้มตะกั่วแผ่บาง", "en": "Mouth stopped with underground stingless-bee resin, then sheeted over with beaten lead", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ถักเชือก ลงรัก ปิดทอง — ผิวนอกจึงเป็นเชือกรักดำทองเก่า", "en": "Finished by cord plaiting, lacquer and gilding; the outer skin reads as dark lacquered cord with worn gold", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำรากำหนดปรอทหนัก ๑ บาท — น้ำหนักในมือมากกว่าหอยเปล่า", "en": "The recipe loads one baht-weight of mercury; a bia kae is heavy for its size next to an empty shell", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดเป็นแผ่นม้วน เบี้ยแก้เป็นหอย ถักเชือกเหมือนกัน", "tell_en": "Both get the plaited-cord finish; a takrut is a rolled sheet with a cord channel, a bia kae a shell with no channel and a domed back."}, {"id": "khot-kala", "tell_th": "คดกะลาเป็นก้อนแข็งในกะลา ไม่ผ่านพิธี เบี้ยแก้สร้างด้วยพิธี", "tell_en": "A khot kala is a natural concretion kept as found, its class natural talisman; a bia kae is manufactured and consecrated, its class inscribed object."}, {"id": "lek-lai", "tell_th": "เหล็กไหลเป็นโลหะดำมัน ไม่ใช่หอย", "tell_en": "Lek lai is a dark lustrous metal held to be alive; a bia kae is a shell whose weight is mercury. Different class, different story."}], "market": {"search": ["เบี้ยแก้"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches on เบี้ยแก้, bia kae, cowrie amulet returned nothing relevant). Needed: the plaited piece whole, the sealed mouth, and an unbound cowrie beside it for scale."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "หอยเบี้ยบรรจุปรอทผนึกไว้ ถักเชือกหรือหุ้มโลหะ เครื่องราง แก้ คลาสสิกที่หันภัยและคุณไสยออกไป ตำราในคลังนี้มีวิธีสร้างที่ระบุว่าเป็นของหลวงปู่บุญ วัดกลางบางแก้ว", "what_en": "A cowrie shell loaded with sealed mercury and bound in cord or foil — the classic 'undoer' that turns aside harm and bad medicine. The formulary in this corpus carries a making ascribed to Luang Pu Bun of Wat Klang Bang Kaew.", "story_th": "ตำราให้เสกปรอทหนัก ๑ บาทด้วยคาถา อะสิสะติธะนู ๑๐๘ คาบ กรอกลงหอยเบี้ย เสกคาถาปิด ๑๐๘ คาบ อุดปากหอยด้วยชันโรงใต้ดินพร้อมบริกรรม โธอุทธัง ธังอุทโธ ๑๐๘ คาบ แผ่ตะกั่วหุ้ม ลง นะ มหาอุด ถักเชือก ลงรักปิดทอง แล้วปลุกเสกด้วยอิติปิโสแปดด้าน ๑๐๘ คาบ ใช้ทางมหาอุด กันการกระทำ กันผีปอบผีป่า", "story_en": "The treatise consecrates one baht-weight of mercury with the asisati-thanu formula 108 times, pours it into the cowrie, seals it with a closing katha 108 times, stops the mouth with underground stingless-bee resin while reciting tho-utthang 108 times, sheets it in beaten lead inscribed with the na maha-ut glyph, plaits, lacquers and gilds it, and wakes it with the eight-direction Itipiso 108 times. It is for maha-ut, against sorcery-workings, and against pob and forest ghosts. Thai Wikipedia adds the trade's condition: the keeper must think and act well or it may not hold.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; mercury inside, so do not open it."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-bia-kae", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 3496–3497 (printed p. 93)"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-bia-kae"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "origin.place_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "maha_ut", "term": "มหาอุด", "roman": "maha ut", "en": "stopping projectiles / misfire", "definition": "Literally \"greatly stopped-up\". The gun jams, misfires, or the shot does not penetrate. The efficacy is located in the weapon, not the body."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "takua", "term": "ตะกั่ว", "roman": "takua", "en": "lead", "definition": "Lead, used both as an alloy component in ชิน and on its own — most visibly as the sheet rolled into ตะกรุด. Soft enough to take an inscription with a stylus, which is the whole reason it is used for rolled amulets."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 275, "priced": 275, "median_thb": 119.0, "typical_thb": [39.0, 490.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "bo-min-gaung", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "โบมินกอง", "roman": "Bo Min Gaung", "en": "Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint)", "aliases": {"th": ["โบมินกอง", "อองมินกอง", "รูปวิชชาพม่า"], "roman": ["Bo Min Gaung", "Bo Min Kaung", "Aung Min Gaung", "Bodaw Aung Min Gaung"], "en": ["Bo Min Gaung statue", "weizza saint image"]}, "other_scripts": {"my": "ဘိုးမင်းခေါင်"}}, "region": ["mm"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat", "chok_lap"], "materials": [], "figures": ["human"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปชายชราวัยกลางคนในชุดพม่า เสื้อไตปง เสื้อกล้าม ผ้าโสร่งลายตาราง มีทั้งรูปหล่อ รูปปั้น รูปถ่ายใส่กรอบ ล็อกเก็ต และเหรียญ", "shape_en": "A man in lay Burmese dress — taikpon jacket, singlet and checked paso — as a cast or plaster statue on the altar, a framed photograph, a pocket locket or a stamped medallion. Often shown seated, and often paired with Bo Bo Aung.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ล็อกเก็ตหรือเหรียญห้อยคอ รูปใหญ่ตั้งหิ้ง", "wearable_en": "Lockets and medallions at the neck; statues and photographs on the household altar", "obverse_th": "รูปโบมินกอง", "obverse_en": "The saint", "reverse_th": "ว่าง หรือมีอักษรพม่า", "reverse_en": "Plain, or Burmese text on medallions", "notes_en": "The cheroot many images put in his hand is a trade observation, not something either Wikipedia article states."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ชุดฆราวาสพม่า ไม่ใช่จีวร", "en": "lay Burmese dress, never a monk's robe"}, {"th": "คู่กับโบโบออง", "en": "paired with Bo Bo Aung, the other great weikza"}, {"th": "ภูเขาโปปา", "en": "Mount Popa, where he lived, built his last pagoda and died"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "โบมินกอง เกิด พ.ศ. ๒๔๒๓ (ค.ศ. 1880) มรณภาพ พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๕ (1952) ที่ภูเขาโปปา", "era_en": "Bo Min Gaung: born 2 May 1880 near Mount Popa, Kyaukpadaung Township; died 5 September 1952 at Mount Popa. Images are twentieth century onward.", "place_th": "ภูเขาโปปาและทั่วพม่า", "place_en": "Mount Popa, and altars across Myanmar", "first_attested": "1952 — the Pyi Lone Chan Thar Kat Kyaw pagoda he oversaw at Mount Popa (en-wiki)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "แต่งกายอย่างฆราวาส เสื้อไตปง เสื้อกล้าม โสร่งลายตาราง — ไม่ใช่พระ", "en": "Lay dress: taikpon jacket, singlet, checked paso. A robed figure is a monk image, not Bo Min Gaung", "source": "s:my-wiki-bo-min-gaung", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "มักอยู่คู่กับรูปโบโบออง", "en": "Statues of Bo Bo Aung stand beside his on Burmese altars; two lay figures together is the weikza pair", "source": "s:en-wiki-bo-bo-aung", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "รูปถ่ายเป็นสื่อหลัก — เชื่อกันว่าท่านปรากฏในภาพถ่ายของศิษย์บางคนเท่านั้น", "en": "Photographs are a primary medium: the tradition holds he appeared only in photographs taken by certain devotees, so framed prints and photo-lockets are as common as cast figures", "source": "s:en-wiki-bo-min-gaung", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "รูปประดิษฐานที่เจดีย์ชเวดากอง — รูปนอกวัดถ่ายแบบจากรูปนั้น", "en": "His statue is enshrined at Shwedagon; commercial pieces copy the enshrined type", "source": "s:en-wiki-bo-min-gaung", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ในมือมักมีบุหรี่ซิการ์พม่า", "en": "A cheroot in the hand is usual in the trade's images; treat it as a habit of the type, not a rule", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rup-lersi", "tell_th": "ฤๅษีไทยสวมหนังเสือ เกล้าผม มีเขา · โบมินกองใส่เสื้อโสร่งพม่า", "tell_en": "A Thai lersi wears a tiger skin and a topknot or antlered cap; Bo Min Gaung wears a Burmese jacket and paso. Both are non-monk sages kept for protection; Thai class leaves the lersi unplaced, this record venerates a named being."}, {"id": "luang-pu-thuat", "tell_th": "หลวงปู่ทวดครองจีวร · โบมินกองเป็นฆราวาส", "tell_en": "Luang Pu Thuat is a robed monk on a tablet or medallion; Bo Min Gaung is a layman. The robe decides it."}, {"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "เหรียญเกจิเป็นพระสงฆ์ไทย · เหรียญโบมินกองเป็นฆราวาสพม่า อักษรพม่า", "tell_en": "A Thai monk medallion shows a robed monk with Thai text; a Bo Min Gaung medallion shows a layman with Burmese text."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อไทยหล่อพระเกจิ · รูปหล่อโบมินกองหล่อฆราวาสนั่ง", "tell_en": "Thai cast figures are of monks; a cast Bo Min Gaung is a seated layman, often with Bo Bo Aung beside."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Weizzas"], "commons_files": ["File:Bo Min Gaung statue at Shwedagon Pagoda.JPG", "File:Bo Min Gaung.JPG", "File:Mount Popa 006.jpg", "File:Mount Popa 003.jpg", "File:Burmese Weizzas.jpg", "File:Dat Poung Su pagoda 2023.jpg"], "wanted_en": "A pocket locket or medallion straight on, and a household altar with his photograph beside Bo Bo Aung; Commons has the Shwedagon statue and Mount Popa shrine figures."}, "images": [{"file": "bo-min-gaung/bo-min-gaung-bo-min-gaung-statue-at-shwedagon-pagoda-86d9f9.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bo Min Gaung statue at Shwedagon Pagoda.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Bo_Min_Gaung_statue_at_Shwedagon_Pagoda.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73561897", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Ladybesttruthful at Burmese Wikipedia", "credit": "Transferred from my.wikipedia to Commons.", "view": "other", "alt_th": "โบมินกอง", "alt_en": "Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint) — ဖော်ပြပါ ဘိုးမင်းခေါင် ရုပ်တုသည် ရွှေတိဂုံဘုရား၊ အလယ်ပစ္စယံပေါ်တွင် ရှိသည်။ နောင်တော်ကြီးဘုရားနှင့် ဓမ္မစေတီကျောက်စာအနီး", "sha256": "67081ea16d6cd0c438591548e5bf215f35c86ae19e6229ad071dbdf32c04bb5b", "width": 1280, "height": 960, "primary": true}, {"file": "bo-min-gaung/bo-min-gaung-mount-popa-003-7132e8.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Mount Popa 003.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Mount_Popa_003.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4739848", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "YashiWong", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "โบมินกอง", "alt_en": "Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint) — Nats and weizza (Taw Bo Bo Aung, Bodaw Aung Mingaung), Mount Popa, Myammar", "sha256": "fa0aab5655fcba6d08a33427ae5d636c782e3f6d9338679393b9cdc87cf2a398", "width": 2560, "height": 1920}, {"file": "bo-min-gaung/bo-min-gaung-mount-popa-006-6e0752.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Mount Popa 006.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Mount_Popa_006.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4740037", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "YashiWong", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "โบมินกอง", "alt_en": "Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint) — Weikza Bo Min Gaung, Mount Popa, Myammar", "sha256": "c672d047c02b490acb399b35ad9918f110776c6a587e13ca56ffc85696280388", "width": 1920, "height": 2560}, {"file": "bo-min-gaung/bo-min-gaung-burmese-weizzas-453b93.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Burmese Weizzas.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Burmese_Weizzas.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72214358", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Emily Khine", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "โบมินกอง", "alt_en": "Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint) — Famous Weizzas from Myanmar", "sha256": "f352dd88d6956cc32d42091e32ac22cbaf9e78b2f84cfb02ccf17c425609e439", "width": 3993, "height": 2504}, {"file": "bo-min-gaung/bo-min-gaung-dat-poung-su-pagoda-2023-66b0fb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Dat Poung Su pagoda 2023.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Dat_Poung_Su_pagoda_2023.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=143216569", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Ladybesttruthful", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "โบมินกอง", "alt_en": "Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint) — It is Dat Poung Su pagoda which belong to Burmese 'weizza' (wizard) Bo Min Gaung (aka) Aung Min Gaung. The pagoda is loc", "sha256": "b088990d90171583774a93b21080849311103ccb44a96b3950a8bb76a4d8b95b", "width": 1844, "height": 3941}, {"file": "bo-min-gaung/bo-min-gaung-bo-min-gaung-015bee.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bo Min Gaung.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Bo_Min_Gaung.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157549862", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "", "credit": "", "view": "other", "alt_th": "โบมินกอง", "alt_en": "Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint)", "sha256": "c36f4b2d2c807a3bacd4814a3f64035d077e02a9220d1624008e5b784bbf2f70", "width": 436, "height": 638}], "text": {"what_th": "รูปของโบมินกอง วิชชาผู้เป็นที่นับถือที่สุดของพม่ายุคใหม่ เกิดใกล้ภูเขาโปปา มรณภาพที่นั่นเมื่อ พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๕ ศิษย์เชื่อว่าท่านยังอยู่ ให้ความฝัน โชคลาภ และความคุ้มครอง จึงตั้งรูปไว้บนหิ้งและพกติดตัว", "what_en": "Images of Bo Min Gaung, the most venerated weikza of modern Burmese Buddhism: born near Mount Popa in 1880, died there in 1952. Devotees hold that he did not die as others do, that he bestows dreams, wealth and protection, and his image sits on household altars and travels as a locket. A named being venerated through the object, which is what places it with the devas rather than with Buddha amulets.", "story_th": "ท่านเกิดในเขตจอกปะดอง ใกล้ภูเขาโปปา ปีสุดท้ายของชีวิตท่านดูแลการสร้างเจดีย์ปยีโลนจันตาที่โปปา และมรณภาพที่นั่น รูปของท่านประดิษฐานที่ชเวดากอง ศิษย์เล่าว่าท่านปรากฏในภาพถ่ายของบางคนเท่านั้น ทางไทยไม่มีชื่อเรียกอื่นนอกจากทับศัพท์", "story_en": "Born in Kyaukpadaung Township in 1880, he spent his last years at Mount Popa, oversaw the Pyi Lone Chan Thar Kat Kyaw pagoda there in 1952, and died that September. His statue is enshrined at Shwedagon and his photograph on altars across the country. The tradition tells that he appeared only in photographs taken by certain devotees, and that he could send dreams, wealth and protection. Thai has no name for him beyond the transliteration.", "keeping_th": "บูชาอย่างเทพ ถวายดอกไม้ น้ำ และความเคารพ ไม่ใช่การเลี้ยงอย่างกุมาร", "keeping_en": "Veneration: flowers, water, respect, a place on the altar. Worship, not parenting — nothing is fed and nothing is closed."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-bo-min-gaung", "s:my-wiki-bo-min-gaung", "s:en-wiki-bo-bo-aung", "s:en-wiki-weikza", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-bo-min-gaung"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "thep_thewada by resident/upkeep test: venerated named being, offerings, no feeding"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:my-wiki-bo-min-gaung", "note": "dress cited; medium range from Commons files and tradition"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference", "note": "romanisations seen in Commons file titles and en-wiki"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "no Thai listing title carries โบมินกอง or Bo Min Gaung"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "mm", "th": "พม่า · เมียนมา", "en": "Myanmar"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "bo-min-gaung/bo-min-gaung-bo-min-gaung-statue-at-shwedagon-pagoda-86d9f9.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bo Min Gaung statue at Shwedagon Pagoda.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Bo_Min_Gaung_statue_at_Shwedagon_Pagoda.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73561897", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Ladybesttruthful at Burmese Wikipedia", "credit": "Transferred from my.wikipedia to Commons.", "view": "other", "alt_th": "โบมินกอง", "alt_en": "Bo Min Gaung image (weikza saint) — ဖော်ပြပါ ဘိုးမင်းခေါင် ရုပ်တုသည် ရွှေတိဂုံဘုရား၊ အလယ်ပစ္စယံပေါ်တွင် ရှိသည်။ နောင်တော်ကြီးဘုရားနှင့် ဓမ္မစေတီကျောက်စာအနီး", "sha256": "67081ea16d6cd0c438591548e5bf215f35c86ae19e6229ad071dbdf32c04bb5b", "width": 1280, "height": 960, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "bua", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ยันต์กระดาษเวียดนาม", "roman": "bùa", "en": "Vietnamese talisman (bùa)", "aliases": {"th": ["บั่ว", "บั่วโห่เหม่ง", "เครื่องรางเวียดนาม"], "roman": ["bua", "bùa hộ mệnh", "bùa bình an", "phù"], "en": ["Vietnamese amulet", "protective charm (bùa hộ mệnh)", "peace charm (bùa bình an)"]}, "other_scripts": {"vi": "bùa · bùa hộ mệnh", "zh": "符"}}, "region": ["vn"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi"], "materials": [], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "กระดาษแผ่นเล็กเขียนอักษรจีนหรืออักษรจื๋อโนม พับเล็กแล้วห่อผ้าเป็นถุงห้อยคอ หรือติดผนัง", "shape_en": "A small paper sheet written with Chinese or Nôm characters and drawn signs, folded small and sewn into a cloth pouch to hang at the neck, or pasted up in the house; metal, jade and stone bùa hộ mệnh also exist", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในถุงผ้า พกในกระเป๋า หรือติดบ้าน", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a cloth pouch, carried in a wallet, or pasted in the house", "obverse_th": "อักษรและลายเส้นยันต์ มักหมึกแดงหรือดำ", "obverse_en": "Characters and talismanic strokes, usually red or black ink; temple issues carry a red seal stamp", "reverse_th": "เปล่า", "reverse_en": "Plain", "notes_en": "The Vietnamese Wikipedia entry for bùa is a disambiguation page: the word covers paper talismans (phù lục), coin charms, the worn bùa hộ mệnh, and spoken spells. This record is the worn / pasted paper-and-cloth object; bùa yêu (love charms) and bùa ngải (herb sorcery) are different practices that share the word."}, "iconography": [{"th": "อักษรจีน/จื๋อโนม และเส้นยันต์", "en": "Chinese or Nôm characters with talismanic strokes"}, {"th": "ตราประทับแดงของวัดหรือเจ้าสำนัก", "en": "Red seal of the issuing temple or master"}, {"th": "ถุงผ้าสีห่อกระดาษ", "en": "Coloured cloth pouch enclosing the folded paper"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "วัด (chùa) ศาลเจ้า (đền) พระสงฆ์ หรือหมอผี (thầy)", "maker_en": "Buddhist temples (chùa), shrines (đền), monks and ritual specialists (thầy pháp, thầy cúng); parents bought them for children", "era_th": "ประเพณีสืบมา; ต้นศตวรรษที่ ๒๐ นิยมให้เด็กพก", "era_en": "Continuing practice; early-twentieth-century accounts describe them commonly given to children for health", "place_th": "เวียดนาม", "place_en": "Vietnam", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "กระดาษเขียนคาถาหรืออักษรจีน พับเล็กห่อผ้าสีห้อยคอ — รูปแบบหลักของ bùa hộ mệnh", "en": "A small paper written with incantations or Classical-Chinese characters, folded and wrapped in a coloured cloth pouch at the neck: the standard bùa hộ mệnh form", "source": "s:vi-wiki-bua-ho-menh", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "โครงสร้างตามฮู้จีน: หัวยันต์ ตัวยันต์ ท้ายยันต์ และตราประทับ", "en": "Where the paper follows the Chinese fu model it reads in three parts, header, body and foot, with a seal; the Vietnamese name for that model is phù lục", "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "bùa hộ mệnh ยังมีแบบโลหะ (เหรียญ แหวน) หยก หิน และรูปเล็ก — รูปทรงไม่ได้บอกชนิด", "en": "Metal (coins, rings), jade, stone and small figures are also called bùa hộ mệnh; the form does not settle what the object is", "source": "s:vi-wiki-bua-ho-menh", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ฉบับวัดแจกช่วงเต๊ตมักพิมพ์ ฉบับเขียนมือชี้ไปที่เจ้าสำนัก", "en": "Temple-issued bình an charms handed out around Tết are usually printed; a hand-brushed sheet usually points to an individual master. The trade holds this; not verified against a source", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ชาวเวียดนามมักเรียกฮู้ทุกชนิดรวมกันว่า bùa Lỗ Ban", "en": "Vietnamese speakers commonly lump all fu-type talismans under the name bùa Lỗ Ban (Lu Ban charms), so a seller's label may be broader than the object", "source": "s:vi-wiki-phu-luc", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "fu-talisman", "tell_th": "ฮู้จีนคือกระดาษเหลืองหมึกแดงตามแบบเต๋า ส่วน bùa เป็นกรอบเวียดนาม รวมถุงผ้า อักษรโนม และของโลหะด้วย", "tell_en": "Same class, same paper model. The fu is the Taoist sheet itself, yellow paper and red ink; bùa is the Vietnamese frame around it, which also takes Nôm script, the sewn cloth pouch, and metal or jade objects under one word."}, {"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ไทยเป็นผ้าผืนพิมพ์ยันต์ขอม ไม่พับใส่ถุง", "tell_en": "Thai yantra cloth is a printed cloth sheet in Khom script, hung or folded in a wallet; a bùa is paper sewn into a small cloth pouch."}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดเป็นแผ่นโลหะม้วนหลอด bùa เป็นกระดาษพับในผ้า", "tell_en": "A takrut is rolled metal foil in a tube; a bùa is folded paper in cloth. Both impersonal, both worn."}, {"id": "jimat", "tell_th": "jimat มลายูมักเป็นอักษรอาหรับ/ยาวี bùa เป็นอักษรจีนหรือโนม", "tell_en": "A Malay jimat carries Arabic or Jawi writing; a bùa carries Chinese or Nôm."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Bùa bình an cầu được ở chùa tại Đông Hà năm 2016.jpg", "File:Vietnamese Women's Museum, Amulet.jpg", "File:AAVH AP4928 – Annam, 1926 – Amulette – Magie conjuratoire – Elimination des \"diables de la demeure\".jpg"], "wanted_en": "A bùa hộ mệnh pouch closed and then opened with the folded paper unfolded beside it; a temple bình an charm with its red seal legible. No Commons category exists as of 2026-09-02."}, "text": {"what_th": "เครื่องรางเวียดนาม คำว่า bùa ครอบคลุมยันต์กระดาษแบบจีน เหรียญยันต์ และ bùa hộ mệnh ที่พกติดตัว ส่วนใหญ่เป็นกระดาษเขียนอักษรจีนหรือโนม พับใส่ถุงผ้าห้อยคอ พลังอยู่ที่อักษรและพิธี ไม่มีผู้สถิต", "what_en": "The Vietnamese talisman: a paper written with Chinese or Nôm characters and talismanic strokes, folded into a cloth pouch and worn, or pasted in the house. The word bùa also covers coin charms, jade and metal pieces, and spoken spells; power sits in the writing and the rite, nobody is home.", "story_th": "ต้นศตวรรษที่ ๒๐ พ่อแม่ซื้อ bùa hộ mệnh จากวัดหรือหมอผีให้ลูกพกกันโรคภัย ผู้เขียนคือดาวสือ (đạo sĩ) หมอไล่ผี หรือพระ ใช้เพื่อ trấn yểm ตรึงพื้นที่และ trừ tà ไล่สิ่งชั่วร้าย ชาวเวียดนามมักเรียกฮู้แบบจีนทุกชนิดว่า bùa Lỗ Ban", "story_en": "Early-twentieth-century accounts have parents buying a bùa hộ mệnh at a temple or from a thầy for a sick or vulnerable child. The writers are Taoist priests (đạo sĩ), exorcists and monks; the stated purposes are warding a place (trấn yểm) and driving off harm (trừ tà). Older Vietnamese protective practice, tattooing water-spirit designs, sits behind the paper form. Vietnamese speakers often call every Chinese-model paper talisman a bùa Lỗ Ban.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง หมดฤทธิ์หรือขาดก็นำไปเผาหรือคืนวัด", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed: an inscribed object in the vault's yantra_wattu sense. When worn out it is burned or returned to the temple rather than thrown away, which the trade holds and the record does not verify. Bùa ngải and bùa yêu, made with herbs and directed at a person, are a different matter that shares the word."}, "sources": ["s:vi-wiki-bua-ho-menh", "s:vi-wiki-phu-luc", "s:zh-wiki-fulu", "s:en-wiki-vietnamese-folk-religion", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:vi-wiki-bua-ho-menh"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "inference", "note": "vault class applied across the border by analogy; the vault does not name bùa"}, "names.th": {"tier": "inference", "note": "descriptive Thai gloss; no Thai term is in use"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:vi-wiki-phu-luc"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "no Lazada Thailand title carries a Vietnamese term; counts not run"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "bua/bua-b-a-b-nh-an-c-u-c-ch-a-t-i-ng-h-n-m-2016-5ff425.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bùa bình an cầu được ở chùa tại Đông Hà năm 2016.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/B%C3%B9a_b%C3%ACnh_an_c%E1%BA%A7u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%E1%BB%9F_ch%C3%B9a_t%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A0_n%C4%83m_2016.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103384983", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Phương Huy", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์กระดาษเวียดนาม", "alt_en": "Vietnamese talisman (bùa) — Objects of Vietnam", "sha256": "1f0a327725bff846413d292e9dea72460c485e922d3124ce16b372829124d8b9", "width": 2001, "height": 2939, "primary": true}, {"file": "bua/bua-vietnamese-women-s-museum-amulet-e0536b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vietnamese Women's Museum, Amulet.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Vietnamese_Women%27s_Museum%2C_Amulet.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32119047", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Vietnamese Women's Museum", "credit": "http://www.baotangphunu.org.vn/", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์กระดาษเวียดนาม", "alt_en": "Vietnamese talisman (bùa) — Amulet of Mrs Hoang Thi Nhu Hoa Việt, \nHà Nam\n\nL.9cm", "sha256": "699695d7aba91c8366a7dbb184a8f4182f35ecc7426717f3ca7355f6cd61eab3", "width": 2200, "height": 3300}], "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "vn", "th": "เวียดนาม", "en": "Vietnam"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "bua/bua-b-a-b-nh-an-c-u-c-ch-a-t-i-ng-h-n-m-2016-5ff425.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bùa bình an cầu được ở chùa tại Đông Hà năm 2016.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/B%C3%B9a_b%C3%ACnh_an_c%E1%BA%A7u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%E1%BB%9F_ch%C3%B9a_t%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A0_n%C4%83m_2016.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103384983", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Phương Huy", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์กระดาษเวียดนาม", "alt_en": "Vietnamese talisman (bùa) — Objects of Vietnam", "sha256": "1f0a327725bff846413d292e9dea72460c485e922d3124ce16b372829124d8b9", "width": 2001, "height": 2939, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "cha-ping", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "จะปิ้ง", "roman": "cha ping", "en": "Cha ping (child's modesty plate)", "aliases": {"th": ["จับปิ้ง", "ตะปิ้ง", "กระจับปิ้ง"], "roman": ["chaping", "jabping", "tapping"], "en": ["modesty shield", "child's genital cover", "araimudi (Tamil cognate)"]}}, "region": ["th", "my", "id"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["khum_khrong"], "materials": ["kala", "ngoen", "naak", "thongkham"], "figures": ["object"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "แผ่นโลหะหรือกะลารูปหัวใจ ใบไม้ หรือโล่ ผูกเชือกคาดเอว", "shape_en": "A small plate — brass, silver, nak, gold, or coconut shell — heart- or leaf-shaped for girls, shield-shaped for boys, hung from a waist cord over the genitals", "size_mm": [40, 50, 2], "wearable_th": "คาดเอวเด็กเล็ก", "wearable_en": "Worn at the waist by small children, girls above all, from infancy to the head-shaving years", "obverse_th": "ลายพรรณพฤกษาสำหรับเด็กหญิง เครื่องหมายกากบาทสำหรับเด็กชาย", "obverse_en": "Plant motifs for girls; a cross (+) mark for boys, per the Thai article", "reverse_th": "เรียบ", "reverse_en": "Plain", "notes_en": "Sizes vary by age and family; the Stockholm set has 'larger' and 'smaller' forms. Size given is typical of the museum pieces, marked inference."}, "iconography": [{"th": "รูปหัวใจ / ใบโพธิ์", "en": "heart or bodhi-leaf outline"}, {"th": "ลายตาข่ายเกล็ดเต่า", "en": "turtle-scale lattice"}, {"th": "กากบาท", "en": "a cross mark on the boys' shield form"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ช่างทอง ช่างเงินตามฐานะครอบครัว", "maker_en": "Household jewellers; the metal follows the family's standing", "era_th": "ตั้งแต่สมัยศรีวิชัย ถึงต้นรัตนโกสินทร์ และหลงเหลือถึงปัจจุบัน", "era_en": "Attested from the Srivijaya centuries through early Bangkok; museum examples bought in Bangkok in 1887; rare on children today", "place_th": "ทั่วสยาม มลายู ชวา และอินเดียใต้ (araimudi)", "place_en": "Siam, the Malay world, Java, and Tamil south India (araimudi)", "first_attested": "1887 (Stockholm set, bought in Bangkok)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "แผ่นบาง มีห่วงหรือรูสำหรับร้อยเชือกที่ขอบบน", "en": "A thin plate with a loop or holes at the top edge for the waist cord — never a bail for a neck chain", "source": "s:smvk-vanadis-1887", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "รูปหัวใจสำหรับเด็กหญิง โล่สำหรับเด็กชาย", "en": "Heart or leaf outline for girls, shield outline for boys — the museum's own 1887 labels make the split", "source": "s:smvk-vanadis-1887", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ทองเหลืองเป็นเนื้อสามัญ เงิน นาก ทอง ตามฐานะ", "en": "Brass is the common body; silver, nak and gold mark wealth; coconut shell the poorest", "source": "s:th-wiki-cha-ping", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ไม่มีองค์พระ ไม่มียันต์ ไม่มีชื่อวัด", "en": "No Buddha, no yantra, no temple: it is a worn protection, not a consecrated one, which is why the vault vocabulary has no class for it", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "inference"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "palad-khik", "tell_th": "ปลัดขิกคาดเอวเด็กชายเพื่อป้องกันเช่นกัน แต่เป็นรูปอวัยวะเพศชายและปลุกเสก · จะปิ้งเป็นแผ่นปิด ไม่ปลุกเสก", "tell_en": "Both hang at a child's waist for protection, but a palad khik is a consecrated phallus and a cha ping is an unconsecrated plate that covers"}, {"id": "kala-ta-diao", "tell_th": "กะลาตาเดียวเป็นของธรรมชาติที่พบ · จะปิ้งกะลาเป็นของตัดขึ้นเป็นรูป", "tell_en": "A one-eyed coconut is found and kept whole; a coconut-shell cha ping is cut and shaped"}, {"id": "locket", "tell_th": "ล็อกเก็ตห้อยคอ มีรูปพระ · จะปิ้งคาดเอว ไม่มีรูป", "tell_en": "A locket hangs at the neck and carries a monk's picture; a cha ping hangs at the waist and carries a pattern"}], "market": {"search": ["จะปิ้ง", "จับปิ้ง"], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "Museum pieces exist (Stockholm 1887 set, CC0); a photograph of one worn, and a coconut-shell example, would complete it"}, "images": [{"file": "cha-ping/cha-ping-museum-prydnad-girls-heart-form-267065.jpg", "source": "museum", "title": "prydnad — girls' heart form", "url": "https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-em/web/image/zoom/3330674/1887.08.3946-3949.jpg", 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"author": "Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm)", "credit": "Vanadis expedition purchase, Bangkok 1887", "view": "obverse", "alt_th": "จะปิ้ง", "alt_en": "Cha ping (child's modesty plate) — prydnad — girls' heart form", "sha256": "bd7fb637684a7744269d09eabbff16a1b0da5cf53ae9406fb2bf0292f6655065"}, {"file": "cha-ping/cha-ping-museum-prydnad-girls-heart-form-839f20.jpg", "source": "museum", "title": "prydnad — girls' heart form", "url": "https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-em/web/image/zoom/3330664/1887.08.3945.jpg", "page_url": "https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300842?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm)", "credit": "Vanadis expedition purchase, Bangkok 1887", "view": "obverse", "alt_th": "จะปิ้ง", "alt_en": "Cha ping (child's modesty plate) — prydnad — girls' heart form", "sha256": "839f20be42a5a78f74dd226e3a981e4f5f889abad998e1507a2186661c9a290e"}, {"file": "cha-ping/cha-ping-museum-prydnad-girls-heart-form-5812a3.jpg", "source": "museum", "title": "prydnad — girls' heart form", "url": "https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-em/web/image/zoom/3330624/1887.08.3935-3941.jpg", "page_url": "https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300797?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm)", "credit": "Vanadis expedition purchase, Bangkok 1887", "view": "obverse", "alt_th": "จะปิ้ง", "alt_en": "Cha ping (child's modesty plate) — prydnad — girls' heart form", "sha256": "5812a396a8ad35de1c95bb356d30c10f7d154c58dcd8ae54559db83b034b558f"}, {"file": "cha-ping/cha-ping-museum-prydnad-girls-heart-form-256dde.jpg", "source": "museum", "title": "prydnad — girls' heart form", "url": "https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-em/web/image/zoom/3330644/1887.08.3943.jpg", "page_url": "https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300840?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm)", "credit": "Vanadis expedition purchase, Bangkok 1887", "view": "obverse", "alt_th": "จะปิ้ง", "alt_en": "Cha ping (child's modesty plate) — prydnad — girls' heart form", "sha256": "256dde35e4894762d6c385234313b1db19e058e31375f4d484d5bb96a6465a6b"}, {"file": "cha-ping/cha-ping-museum-prydnad-girls-heart-form-be61e7.jpg", "source": "museum", "title": "prydnad — girls' heart form", "url": "https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-em/web/image/zoom/3330654/1887.08.3944.jpg", "page_url": "https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300841?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm)", "credit": "Vanadis expedition purchase, Bangkok 1887", "view": "obverse", "alt_th": "จะปิ้ง", "alt_en": "Cha ping (child's modesty plate) — prydnad — girls' heart form", "sha256": "be61e719b631258783d383831a9916a55c545fd3a10adf39fe36c230a08d0bbe"}], "text": {"what_th": "แผ่นปิดของลับสำหรับเด็กเล็ก ผูกเชือกคาดเอว ทำจากทองเหลือง เงิน นาก ทอง หรือกะลา รูปหัวใจหรือใบไม้สำหรับเด็กหญิง โล่สำหรับเด็กชาย พิพิธภัณฑ์สตอกโฮล์มที่ซื้อจากบางกอกใน พ.ศ. ๒๔๓๐ จดว่าเป็น “เครื่องราง”", "what_en": "A child's modesty plate worn on a waist cord — brass, silver, nak, gold or coconut shell; heart or leaf for girls, shield for boys. The Stockholm museum that bought a set in Bangkok in 1887 catalogued them as amulets, and the Thai article notes the Tamil cousin is a talisman against spirits.", "story_th": "ในชุดที่เรือวานาดิสซื้อจากบางกอก พ.ศ. ๒๔๓๐ มีจะปิ้งทองเหลืองทั้งแบบใหญ่และเล็ก แบบหัวใจสำหรับเด็กหญิง แบบโล่สำหรับเด็กชาย เก็บอยู่ที่พิพิธภัณฑ์ชาติพันธุ์วิทยา สตอกโฮล์ม", "story_en": "The Swedish frigate Vanadis called at Bangkok in 1885 and the Museum of Ethnography catalogued the purchases in 1887: among them a run of brass cha ping, larger and smaller, hearts for girls and shields for boys, each labelled 'ornament (amulet)'. They are the only museum-quality free photographs of a Thai child's protection we have found.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ปลุกเสก เป็นของประดับที่ป้องกัน", "keeping_en": "Nobody home and no rite: a worn protection, not a consecrated one. The vault vocabulary has no class for it and that refusal is recorded."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-cha-ping", "s:smvk-vanadis-1887", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-cha-ping"}, "fields": {"form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "origin.first_attested": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:smvk-vanadis-1887"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:smvk-vanadis-1887"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-03", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "kala", "term": "กะลา", "roman": "kala", "en": "coconut shell", "definition": "Coconut shell, most often the single-eyed shell (กะลาตาเดียว) carved and inscribed. High occurrence in the corpus. Note that many กะลา hits are the carved ปลัดขิก form — cross-check the class axis, which deliberately leaves ปลัดขิก unassigned."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}, {"key": "naak", "term": "เนื้อนาค", "roman": "nuea naak", "en": "copper-gold alloy (rose gold)", "definition": "A copper-and-gold alloy of reddish cast, ranked in the treatises alongside gold and silver as one of the sheets a yantra may be inscribed on — the corpus phrase is แผ่นทอง แผ่นเงิน แผ่นนาค. Added to this axis *because of* that passage, not from the market: the compound forms return zero listings, so this is a material the treatises name and the retail corpus does not carry. **Carried only in unambiguous compounds.** Bare นาค returns 553 pages and 132 listings, but nearly all of those are the naga serpent — a being, not an alloy — which belongs to the class and motif axes. Scanning the bare term here would import a bestiary into a materials list."}, {"key": "thongkham", "term": "เนื้อทองคำ", "roman": "nuea thongkham", "en": "gold", "definition": "Gold. Thin in this corpus — 93 of 13,020 listings, and most of those name it for a frame or a plating rather than for the body of the piece. Gold issues are not rare in the tradition; they do not circulate on an open retail platform. That thinness measures what this corpus can and cannot see, and is among the clearest arguments for seeding the register from competition and association records rather than from listings. **Correction of record:** an earlier draft put this at 1 occurrence, having searched only the compound เนื้อทองคำ. The bare term is the one the market uses."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}, {"key": "id", "th": "อินโดนีเซีย", "en": "Indonesia"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 0, "priced": 0, "median_thb": null, "typical_thb": [null, null], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "no listing title carries this term"}, "primary_image": {"file": "cha-ping/cha-ping-museum-prydnad-girls-heart-form-267065.jpg", "source": "museum", "title": "prydnad — girls' heart form", "url": "https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-em/web/image/zoom/3330674/1887.08.3946-3949.jpg", "page_url": "https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1300843?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm)", "credit": "Vanadis expedition purchase, Bangkok 1887", "view": "obverse", "alt_th": "จะปิ้ง", "alt_en": "Cha ping (child's modesty plate) — prydnad — girls' heart form", "sha256": "2670650401c862127cecd599465a06a02beccfc0b13983493df4ae092a000632", "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "chan-mak", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ฉันหมาก", "roman": "chan mak", "en": "Chan mak (a monk's chewed betel quid)", "aliases": {"th": ["ชานหมาก", "ชานหมากหลวงปู่", "ลูกอมชานหมาก", "สมเด็จชานหมาก"], "roman": ["chan maak", "charn mark", "chaan mak"], "en": ["betel-quid relic", "chewed betel amulet", "the master's chewed betel"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_phong"], "figures": ["natural", "pot"]}, "form": {"type": "natural", "shape_th": "ก้อนชานหมากแห้ง รูปทรงไม่แน่นอน เส้นใยหมากกับปูนสีแดงน้ำตาล บางชิ้นลงรัก ปิดทอง ห่อแผ่นโลหะ หรือถักด้ายแล้วใส่ตลับ · แบบแปรรูปคือลูกอมและพระผงที่ผสมชานหมาก", "shape_en": "A dried quid of irregular shape — areca fibre and lime, red-brown — sometimes lacquered, gilded, foil-wrapped or thread-bound, then cased. Derived forms: a ลูกอม ball of it in a binder, and pressed powder tablets with the quid in the mix.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ใส่ตลับห้อยคอ หรือเก็บไว้บูชา", "wearable_en": "Cased and worn at the neck, or kept on the shrine", "obverse_th": "ไม่มีด้านหน้าด้านหลัง เป็นก้อน", "obverse_en": "No obverse or reverse; it is a lump", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Spelling: the encyclopedic and market form is ชานหมาก (ชาน = chewed residue); ฉันหมาก, the holding key's form, reads as the clerical verb 'to take betel' and also circulates. Both are kept as names; market.search reuses the key's term verbatim. The materials axis has no key for a bodily relic; nuea_phong is given only for the pressed derivatives."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ก้อนชานหมาก", "en": "the quid itself; no image"}, {"th": "รัก ทอง แผ่นโลหะ หรือด้ายที่หุ้ม", "en": "the lacquer, gilding, foil or thread that seals it (trade convention)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "ไม่มีวัดเดียว · วิกิพีเดียไทย: วัดจันทาวาส ตำบลท่าทอง อำเภอกาญจนดิษฐ์ สุราษฎร์ธานี (พระครูคลาย คนฺธสุธมฺโม) · วัดราชโยธา กรุงเทพฯ (หลวงปู่ทอง อายะนะ) · วัดชำปะง่าม (สมเด็จชานหมาก)", "wat_en": "No single temple. Thai Wikipedia names Wat Chanthawat, Kanchanadit, Surat Thani (Phra Khru Khlai, abbot from 1972, whose famous item it is); Wat Ratchayotha, Bangkok (Luang Pu Thong Ayana, 1820–1937); and Wat Champa-ngam (สมเด็จชานหมาก tablets)", "maker_th": "พระเกจิที่ฉันหมาก ผู้ใดก็ได้ที่ศิษย์เก็บชานหมากของท่านไว้ การ์ดอ้างอิงเอ่ยหลวงปู่สี และหลวงพ่อทบ ว่าราคาสูงสุด", "maker_en": "Any revered betel-chewing monk whose disciples kept the quid; the reference card names Luang Pu See and Luang Pho Thob as the top of the price range", "era_th": "การเคี้ยวหมากถูกรณรงค์ให้เลิกตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. ๒๔๘๓ ของที่มีอยู่จึงมาจากพระรุ่นนั้นและผู้เฒ่าชนบทหลังจากนั้นเป็นหลัก", "era_en": "Betel chewing was campaigned against from 1940 and faded from the cities, so the supply is mostly monks of that generation and rural elders since — an inference from the betel article, not a dated claim", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Nationwide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ไม่ได้ทำเพื่อผู้สวมใส่ เป็นกาก ไม่ใช่ของออกพิมพ์ — ไม่มีรอยพิมพ์ ไม่มีตะเข็บ", "en": "Not made for the wearer: a residue, not a mould product. No press marks, no seams", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "เส้นใยหมากกับปูน สีแดงน้ำตาลจากปฏิกิริยาหมากพลูกับปูนแดง", "en": "Areca fibre and lime, red-brown from the reaction of nut, leaf and red lime — the same stain that reddened chewers' teeth", "source": "s:th-wiki-betel-chewing", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "มักลงรัก ปิดทอง ห่อแผ่นโลหะ หรือถักด้ายแล้วใส่ตลับ อ่านที่มาจากก้อนไม่ได้ บันทึกของวัดเท่านั้นที่ค้ำได้ — เช่นเดียวกับเกศาและจีวร", "en": "Usually lacquered, gilded, foil-wrapped or thread-bound and cased. The attribution cannot be read off the object; only the temple's own record supports it — the same logic the materials axis applies to hair and robe relics", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ลูกอมชานหมาก และ สมเด็จชานหมาก เป็นของแปรรูป — พระผงที่มีชานหมากในชื่อคือพระผงที่ใส่ชานหมากเป็นมวลสาร ไม่ใช่ตัวกากเอง", "en": "ลูกอมชานหมาก balls and สมเด็จชานหมาก tablets are derivatives: a pressed tablet with the word in its name is a powder amulet with quid as an ingredient, not the relic itself", "source": "s:th-wiki-luang-pu-thong-ayana", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ราคาเฉลี่ยสูงสุดในทุกหมวดที่สำรวจ (฿๓๐–๑๕,๕๐๐ เฉลี่ย ฿๗๘๕) แรงกดดันให้ทำเลียนแบบจึงสูง — ข้อความว่าด้วยหมวด ไม่ใช่ชิ้น", "en": "Highest average listing price of any category surveyed (฿30–15,500, average ฿785), so the pressure to fabricate is high — a statement about the category, never about an object", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "สมเด็จชานหมากเป็นพระผงอัดพิมพ์ทรงสี่เหลี่ยมที่ใส่ชานหมากเป็นมวลสาร · ชานหมากแท้เป็นก้อนไม่มีพิมพ์", "tell_en": "A สมเด็จชานหมาก is a pressed rectangular powder tablet with the quid as one ingredient; the relic proper is an unmoulded lump. Same class, different object"}, {"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "เหรียญพระเกจิเป็นโลหะปั๊มรูปท่าน บารมีเดียวกัน แต่เป็นของทำ · ชานหมากเป็นของจากตัวท่านเอง", "tell_en": "A monk medallion is struck metal bearing his likeness — the same barami, but a made thing; the quid came from his own mouth. Portrait versus residue"}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดเป็นแผ่นโลหะลงอักขระม้วนเป็นหลอด · ชานหมากที่ห่อแผ่นโลหะดูคล้าย แต่ข้างในเป็นก้อนกาก ไม่ใช่ยันต์", "tell_en": "A takrut is an inscribed metal sheet rolled into a tube (class yantra_wattu); a foil-wrapped quid can look alike, but inside is residue, not a yantra, and the power claimed is the monk's body, not an inscription"}], "market": {"search": ["ฉันหมาก", "ชานหมาก"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph of a chan mak found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02; a search for ชานหมาก returns only powder tablets that list it as an ingredient. Needed: one cased quid straight on and one out of its case at scale, and a ลูกอมชานหมาก beside it for contrast."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "ชานหมากที่พระเกจิผู้เป็นที่เคารพเคี้ยวเอง ตากแห้งเก็บไว้ — พระธาตุจากร่างกายในความหมายตรงที่สุด ราคาในตลาดเป็นไปตามนั้น พลังคือบารมีของท่าน การเลี้ยงคือความเคารพธรรมดา", "what_en": "A quid of betel a revered monk himself chewed, dried and kept — a bodily relic in the most literal sense, priced accordingly in the living market. Power is the master's barami; keeping is plain respect.", "story_th": "หมากไทยประกอบด้วยใบพลู หมาก และปูนแดง บางทีเติมยาเส้น เคี้ยวแล้วเหลือกากสีแดงน้ำตาล ศิษย์เก็บกากที่ครูบาอาจารย์คายไว้ ตากแห้ง ลงรักหรือห่อ แล้วใส่ตลับ วิกิพีเดียไทยบันทึกว่าชานหมากเป็นวัตถุมงคลที่โด่งดังของพระครูคลาย วัดจันทาวาส สุราษฎร์ธานี และอยู่ในรายการของหลวงปู่ทอง อายะนะ วัดราชโยธา ร่วมกับลูกอมและพระผงพิมพ์สมเด็จ หลังรัฐรณรงค์เลิกหมาก พ.ศ. ๒๔๘๓ ของอย่างนี้ก็ยิ่งหายาก", "story_en": "A Thai quid is betel leaf, areca nut and red lime, sometimes tobacco; chewed, it leaves a red-brown residue. Disciples kept what a master spat out, dried it, lacquered or wrapped it, and cased it. Thai Wikipedia records the quid as the famous item of Phra Khru Khlai of Wat Chanthawat in Surat Thani, and among the objects of Luang Pu Thong Ayana of Wat Ratchayotha, beside ลูกอม balls and somdet-form powder tablets. The state's 1940 campaign against betel made the habit, and so the supply, rarer. Nothing is inscribed and nothing is consecrated in the usual sense: the object is the monk's own body's trace, which is why the trade prices it above every manufactured category.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ถือด้วยความเคารพอย่างของจากตัวครูบาอาจารย์ คำถามเรื่องที่มาคือของแท้และราคา ไม่ใช่ความปลอดภัยทางวิญญาณ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed; class phra_khrueang per the holding key. Handled with the respect due a master's bodily trace. Its provenance question is attribution and price, never spiritual safety — and attribution is the whole object, so the record that says whose it was is worth more than the lump."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:amulet-reference", "s:th-wiki-wat-chanthawat", "s:th-wiki-luang-pu-thong-ayana", "s:th-wiki-betel-chewing", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "class and figures from the key; functions from card F·20; nuea_phong for derivatives only"}, "names": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "th form ฉันหมาก is the key's; ชานหมาก is the spelling Thai Wikipedia and the card use"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-betel-chewing", "note": "named monks from s:th-wiki-wat-chanthawat and s:th-wiki-luang-pu-thong-ayana; the disciples-kept-it account is tradition"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-chanthawat", "note": "Luang Pu See / Luang Pho Thob from card F·20; era_en is inference"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "holding_key term ฉันหมาก kept; ชานหมาก added because it is the encyclopedic and market spelling"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 270, "priced": 270, "median_thb": 299.0, "typical_thb": [89.0, 1000.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "chingchok-song-hang", "names": {"th": "จิ้งจกสองหาง", "roman": "chingchok song hang", "en": "Two-tailed gecko", "aliases": {"th": ["จิ้งจก ๒ หาง", "จิ้งจกหางแฉก"], "roman": ["jingjok song hang", "jing jok 2 hang"], "en": ["forked-tail gecko charm", "double-tailed house gecko"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "khong_thammachat", "functions": ["chok_lap", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": [], "figures": ["animal"]}, "form": {"type": "natural", "shape_th": "จิ้งจกบ้านที่หางขาดแล้วงอกใหม่เป็นสองแฉก ตัวจริงตายแล้วเก็บแห้งในตลับ หรือรูปจิ้งจกสองหางแกะจากไม้ หรือหล่อโลหะ และเป็นลายหลังพระสมเด็จ", "shape_en": "A house gecko whose broken tail regrew as a fork. The natural specimen is kept dried in a box; the trade also sells carved or cast two-tailed gecko figures, and th.wikipedia records a somdet with the gecko on its back.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ตัวจริงเก็บในตลับ รูปแกะเลี่ยมห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "The specimen stays in a box; carved versions are cased and worn", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "A natural anomaly, kin to กะลาตาเดียว: nothing conferred, nothing to feed. Tail regeneration after autotomy is ordinary biology (th.wikipedia จิ้งจก: 2–6 weeks); a fork is the uncommon outcome, which is the whole of the rarity. Modern copies are the norm and the honest seller says so."}, "iconography": [{"th": "จิ้งจกหางแยกสองแฉก", "en": "a gecko with the tail split in two"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดโพธิ์รัตนาราม ราชบุรี (พระสมเด็จหลังจิ้งจกสองหาง พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๐)", "wat_en": "Wat Pho Rattanaram, Ratchaburi — the one named issue, a somdet with the gecko on the reverse, c. B.E. 2520 (th.wikipedia)", "maker_th": "พระอธิการคง จิตตคโม (พระสมเด็จหลังจิ้งจก)", "maker_en": "Phra Athikan Khong Chittakhamo for that issue; the natural charm has no maker", "era_th": "", "era_en": "The belief is undated folk knowledge; one named issue is 1977", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Thailand", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ตัวจริง: หางงอกใหม่สีคล้ำ เกล็ดหยาบกว่าลำตัว ผิวแฉกเรียบไม่มีข้อ", "en": "On a real specimen the regrown fork is duller and coarser-scaled than the body and lacks the original tail's segment lines — regrowth, not a second tail", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ตัวแห้งเปราะ หด ตาโบ๋ — ของสด/ปั้นเรซินเงาผิดธรรมชาติ", "en": "A dried gecko is brittle, shrunken, eye-sockets sunk; a glossy plump one is resin", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ของแกะ/หล่อเป็นรูป ไม่ใช่ตัวสัตว์ — ก็คือรูปเคารพ ไม่ใช่ของธรรมชาติ", "en": "A carved or cast gecko is an image, not the anomaly; class shifts from natural talisman to consecrated object and the seller should say which", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ไม่ต้องเสก ถ้าเสกก็ไม่เสียหาย — แต่อำนาจอยู่ที่ความผิดปกติ", "en": "No consecration is required for the natural piece; its claim rests on the anomaly, as with the one-eyed coconut", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "kala-ta-diao", "tell_th": "กะลาตาเดียวเป็นผลมะพร้าวผิดปกติ จิ้งจกเป็นสัตว์ผิดปกติ หมวดเดียวกัน", "tell_en": "Same class, different anomaly: a coconut shell with one eye versus a lizard with two tails."}, {"id": "salika", "tell_th": "สาลิกาเป็นรูปนกแกะหรือหล่อ ไม่ใช่สัตว์จริง ใช้ทางเมตตา", "tell_en": "A salika is a carved or cast bird for speech-charm, never a real animal; a two-tailed gecko in its natural form is the animal itself."}, {"id": "khot-kala", "tell_th": "คดกะลาเป็นก้อนแข็งในกะลา ของธรรมชาติเหมือนกันแต่ไม่มีรูป", "tell_en": "A khot kala is a concretion, formless; the gecko is a creature with a legible anomaly."}], "market": {"search": ["จิ้งจกสองหาง"], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Two-tailed lizard.jpg"], "wanted_en": "The one free file (CC BY-SA 3.0) shows a two-tailed lizard as a natural anomaly, not a Thai specimen or charm. Needed: a dried Thai house gecko in its box, and a carved two-tailed gecko amulet."}, "images": [{"file": "chingchok-song-hang/chingchok-song-hang-two-tailed-lizard-9b48cc.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Two-tailed lizard.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Two-tailed_lizard.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10059777", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Albert kok", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "จิ้งจกสองหาง", "alt_en": "Two-tailed gecko — Two-tailed lizard", "sha256": "7b8e296f0331eb24a1b8f2616de4ba052f0c6422d3e12e0865082feb23ff986f", "width": 1069, "height": 837, "primary": true}], "text": {"what_th": "จิ้งจกบ้านที่หางงอกใหม่เป็นสองแฉก ถือเป็นของหายากตามธรรมชาติ เก็บแห้งไว้เพื่อโชคลาภเมตตา ไม่ต้องเสก ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ของแกะเลียนแบบมีมาก", "what_en": "A house gecko whose regrown tail forked in two, kept dried as a natural rarity for luck and favour. Nothing conferred and nothing to feed; carved imitations far outnumber the real thing.", "story_th": "จิ้งจกสละหางหนีศัตรูแล้วงอกใหม่ได้ใน ๒–๖ สัปดาห์ นานๆ ครั้งจะงอกเป็นสองแฉก คนไทยถือว่าตัวที่ได้เป็นของขลัง เก็บตากแห้งใส่ตลับ วัดโพธิ์รัตนาราม ราชบุรี เคยสร้างพระสมเด็จหลังเป็นจิ้งจกสองหางราว พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๐ — ลายหลังนั้นบอกว่าความเชื่อแพร่พอที่วัดจะยืมมาใช้", "story_en": "A gecko drops its tail to escape and regrows it in two to six weeks; now and then the regrowth forks. That animal, found dead or kept, is dried and boxed as a windfall charm. A temple in Ratchaburi put the two-tailed gecko on the back of a somdet around 1977 — evidence the belief was common enough to borrow. Ms 6983 does not mention it; this is folk knowledge, not treatise.", "keeping_th": "เก็บในตลับให้แห้ง ไม่ต้องบูชา ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "keeping_en": "Kept dry in its box. No offerings owed, nobody home. Safe to adopt with unknown history, the same as any natural talisman."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:th-wiki-wat-pho-rattanaram", "s:tradition", "s:commons-amulets-th"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "placed beside กะลาตาเดียว by analogy; not a listed member"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-pho-rattanaram"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "regeneration time from th.wiki จิ้งจก (not added as a source: taxonomic article); issue from s:th-wiki-wat-pho-rattanaram"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th", "note": "licence checked 2026-09-02"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "khong_thammachat", "term": "เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ", "roman": "khrueang rang thammachat", "en_gloss": "natural talisman", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Power inherent in a rare natural object rather than conferred by rite: เหล็กไหล (leklai, a living metal), กะลาตาเดียว (a one-eyed coconut), certain woods, stones and animal parts. Impersonal but NOT consecration-based — a third thing, neither Buddha-amulet nor spirit-vessel.", "confidence": "medium"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 2, "priced": 2, "median_thb": 279.0, "typical_thb": [199.0, 359.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "chingchok-song-hang/chingchok-song-hang-two-tailed-lizard-9b48cc.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Two-tailed lizard.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Two-tailed_lizard.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10059777", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Albert kok", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "จิ้งจกสองหาง", "alt_en": "Two-tailed gecko — Two-tailed lizard", "sha256": "7b8e296f0331eb24a1b8f2616de4ba052f0c6422d3e12e0865082feb23ff986f", "width": 1069, "height": 837, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "chuchok", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ชูชก", "roman": "chuchok", "en": "Chuchok (the beggar of the Vessantara Jataka)", "aliases": {"th": ["พ่อปู่ชูชก", "ตาชูชก", "พราหมณ์ชูชก"], "roman": ["chujok", "choochok", "jujaka"], "en": ["Jujaka", "the beggar brahmin"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["kha_khai", "chok_lap", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang"], "figures": ["human"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปพราหมณ์แก่ หลังค่อม พุงพลุ้ย ถือไม้เท้า สะพายย่าม บางแบบมีร่ม บางแบบจูงกัณหาชาลีด้วยเชือก · รูปหล่อบูชาตั้งร้าน และรูปหล่อเล็กห้อยคอ", "shape_en": "An old, bent, pot-bellied brahmin with a staff and a shoulder bag, sometimes an umbrella, sometimes leading the two children Kanha and Jali on a cord. Shrine statuettes for shops and small cast pendants.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "รูปหล่อเล็กห้อยคอ รูปบูชาตั้งหน้าร้าน", "wearable_en": "Small cast figures at the neck; statuettes on the shop shrine", "obverse_th": "รูปชูชกทั้งตัว มักมีชื่อ ชูชก และวัดที่สร้างกำกับ", "obverse_en": "The whole figure, usually lettered ชูชก and the issuing temple", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "The staff, bag and umbrella are the trade's standard kit for him and are marked tradition; Thai Wikipedia gives only the ugly beggar-brahmin, and the Commons procession photograph shows him with the children."}, "iconography": [{"th": "พราหมณ์แก่รูปร่างน่าเกลียด อาชีพขอทาน", "en": "the ugly old brahmin who lives by begging (Thai Wikipedia)"}, {"th": "ไม้เท้า ย่าม ร่ม", "en": "staff, shoulder bag, umbrella (trade convention)"}, {"th": "กัณหา ชาลี ถูกจูงด้วยเชือก", "en": "Kanha and Jali led on a cord — the scene the procession figures show"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "ไม่มีวัดต้นกำเนิดเดียว · วิกิพีเดียไทยเอ่ยถึงมณฑปพ่อปู่ชูชกและรูปชูชก “ใหญ่ที่สุดในโลก” ที่วัดป้อมรามัญ ตำบลสวนพริก อยุธยา", "wat_en": "No single origin temple. Thai Wikipedia names a Chuchok pavilion (มณฑปพ่อปู่ชูชก) and a claimed world's-largest Chuchok at Wat Pom Raman, Tambon Suan Phrik, Ayutthaya", "maker_th": "หลายวัดหลายเกจิ ไม่มีผู้สร้างต้นแบบ", "maker_en": "Many temples and monks; no founding maker", "era_th": "ตัวละครอยู่ในมหาเวสสันดรชาดก กัณฑ์ที่ ๕ กัณฑ์ชูชก · เครื่องรางเป็นของยุคหลัง วงการถือว่าใหม่", "era_en": "The character is canonical — kan 5 of the thirteen kan of the Maha Wessandon Jataka is his. The charm is modern; the trade treats it as a recent devotion, and no dated first issue is named here", "place_th": "ภาคกลาง แล้วทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Central Thailand, then nationwide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ชายแก่ถือของขอทาน ไม่ใช่รูปพระเกจิ ไม่ใช่องค์พระ รูปคือคำตอบ", "en": "An old man with a beggar's kit, never a monk portrait or a Buddha; the figure is the tell", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หลังค่อม พุงพลุ้ย — ชาดกให้เขาตายเพราะกินจนท้องแตก พุงจึงเป็นลายเซ็น", "en": "Hunched and pot-bellied: the jataka kills him by overeating, so the belly is the signature", "source": "s:th-wiki-maha-wetsandon", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "มักมีเด็กสองคนถูกจูง หรือย่ามและไม้เท้า ฉากจากกัณฑ์ชูชกและกัณฑ์กุมาร", "en": "Often with the two children on a cord, or bag and staff — scenes from kan 5 and kan 8", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ตรรกะของการบูชาคือ “ขอแล้วไม่เคยถูกปฏิเสธ” เป็นรูปของคนขาย ไม่มีการเซ่นเลี้ยง", "en": "The logic is 'asked and was never refused' — a seller's figure. Nothing is fed", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "เนื้อทองเหลืองหล่อหรือเรซิน รูปเล็กโลหะหล่อ เนื้อไม่เพิ่มอะไรให้ชนิด", "en": "Cast brass or resin statuettes and small cast pendants; the material adds nothing to the kind", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rup-lersi", "tell_th": "ฤๅษีเป็นผู้บำเพ็ญ นุ่งหนังเสือ สวมชฎา บูชาเป็นครู · ชูชกเป็นขอทาน สะพายย่าม ถือไม้เท้า", "tell_en": "Both are bearded old men. A lersi wears a tiger skin and topknot and is venerated as a teacher; Chuchok carries a beggar's bag and staff and is asked for the asking-luck of the story's villain"}, {"id": "phra-siwali", "tell_th": "พระสีวลีเป็นพระอรหันต์ห่มจีวร ถือกลด บาตร ลาภมาเอง · ชูชกเป็นพราหมณ์ฆราวาส ขอเอา", "tell_en": "Phra Sivali is a robed arahant with umbrella and bowl to whom gains come unasked (class phra_khrueang); Chuchok is a lay brahmin who asks. Robe versus rags settles it"}, {"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักเป็นหญิงกวักมือเรียกลูกค้า บูชาเป็นเทพ · ชูชกเป็นชายแก่ขอทาน", "tell_en": "Both sit on shop shrines. Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman venerated as a deva; Chuchok is an old male beggar the vault has not placed"}], "market": {"search": ["ชูชก"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:ชูชกและกัณหาชาลี.jpg", "File:Thai - Vessantara Jataka, Chapter 5 (Jujaka) - Walters 35250 - A T Front.jpg", "File:Jali and Kanhajina are Brought Before Their Grandfather King Sanjaya Along with Their Captor, the Ugly Brahmin Jujaka, Scene from Vessantara Jataka LACMA M.76.112.21.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No Commons category for the charm. The free files are the story's iconography — a Mahachat-festival procession figure with the children (CC BY 4.0, 2024) and two public-domain paintings of kan 5 and the return to Sanjaya. Still wanted: a pendant or statuette obverse and reverse, and one on a shop shrine."}, "images": [{"file": "chuchok/chuchok-jpg-827e99.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ชูชกและกัณหาชาลี.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146439230", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Chin Jirayu", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ชูชก", "alt_en": "Chuchok (the beggar of the Vessantara Jataka) — Picture of Chuchok Kanha and Charlie, characters in the story of Phra Vessantorn. Annual procession of Phra Vessantorn,", "sha256": "65f937b0d59520f64f03aea9f65a19c5ac4a1a5718edae7148252824a2ad8cb3", "width": 4032, "height": 3024, "primary": true}, {"file": "chuchok/chuchok-thai-vessantara-jataka-chapter-5-jujaka-f7645f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thai - Vessantara Jataka, Chapter 5 (Jujaka) - Walters 35250 - A T Front.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Thai_-_Vessantara_Jataka%2C_Chapter_5_%28Jujaka%29_-_Walters_35250_-_A_T_Front.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18842628", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Anonymous (Thailand)Unknown author", "credit": "Walters Art Museum:  Home page  Info about artwork", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ชูชก", "alt_en": "Chuchok (the beggar of the Vessantara Jataka) — The old brahmin Jujaka is poor but has a young, beautiful wife named Amittatapana. When Amittatapana goes to fetch water", "sha256": "8f186e347aa78140eb68aef390354faecce462b3621e4f1b76bdc8b5ab6a3f92", "width": 1800, "height": 1304}, {"file": "chuchok/chuchok-jali-and-kanhajina-are-brought-before-th-2f183c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Jali and Kanhajina are Brought Before Their Grandfather King Sanjaya Along with Their Captor, the Ugly Brahmin Jujaka, Scene from Vessantara Jataka LACMA M.76.112.21.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Jali_and_Kanhajina_are_Brought_Before_Their_Grandfather_King_Sanjaya_Along_with_Their_Captor%2C_the_Ugly_Brahmin_Jujaka%2C_Scene_from_Vessantara_Jataka_LACMA_M.76.112.21.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27326252", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "", "credit": "Image: http://collections.lacma.org/sites/default/files/remote_images/piction/ma-31957964-O3.jpg\nGallery: http://collections.lacma.org/node/227862 archive copy at the Wayback Machine", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ชูชก", "alt_en": "Chuchok (the beggar of the Vessantara Jataka) — Thailand, 19th century\nDrawings; watercolors\nOpaque watercolor on cloth\nGift of Margot and Hans Ries (M.76.112.21)\nSouth", "sha256": "921069a97e1379313a86a8ddb5d27ed63a12cafc585fd779037fd5724502944d", "width": 2077, "height": 2100}], "text": {"what_th": "พราหมณ์ขอทานผู้ไม่รู้จักเหนื่อยในชาดก คนขายและคนขอพกไว้ด้วยตรรกะว่าไม่มีใครเคยปฏิเสธเขา เป็นศรัทธาของตลาด ทั้งรูปบูชาและจี้ห้อยคอ", "what_en": "The jataka's tireless beggar, carried by sellers and askers on the logic that no one ever refused him. A statue-and-pendant devotion of the marketplace.", "story_th": "ในมหาเวสสันดรชาดก ชูชกเป็นพราหมณ์แก่รูปร่างน่าเกลียด อาชีพขอทาน มีภรรยาสาวชื่ออมิตตดา นางถูกหญิงในหมู่บ้านรุมด่าจนไม่ยอมไปตักน้ำ จึงเคี่ยวเข็ญให้เขาไปหาคนรับใช้ ชูชกเดินทางไปขอกัณหาชาลีจากพระเวสสันดร ได้แล้วผูกเชือกจูงไป จนถึงเมืองพระเจ้าสญชัยไถ่หลานคืนด้วยทรัพย์มหาศาล ชูชกกินจนท้องแตกตายในมื้อแรกที่ร่ำรวย เรื่องนี้เทศน์กันทั้งสิบสามกัณฑ์ทุกปี กัณฑ์ที่ ๕ เป็นของเขา วงการค้าเอาเฉพาะข้อเดียวมาถือ คือขอแล้วได้", "story_en": "In the Vessantara Jataka Chuchok is an ugly old brahmin beggar with a young wife, Amittada; mocked by the village women, she refuses to fetch water until he finds her servants. He walks to the forest hermitage, asks Vessantara for the children Kanha and Jali, is given them, and drags them off on a cord; at King Sanjaya's court the grandchildren are redeemed for a fortune, and at his first meal as a rich man he eats until he bursts. The thirteen kan of the story are preached every year in the Thet Mahachat, and kan 5 is his. The market keeps one line of it — he asked and was given — and a temple in Ayutthaya now houses what it calls the world's largest Chuchok. Describing the devotion is not endorsing it: the story's own verdict on him is the belly.", "keeping_th": "หมวดว่าง ไม่อยู่ในคำศัพท์หมวดของคลัง พ่อค้าถือเป็นรูปสำหรับขอ — บูชา ไม่ได้เลี้ยง — จัดไว้ที่นี่ก่อนผู้รู้จะชี้", "keeping_en": "Class unassigned: not in the vault's vocabulary. Traders keep him as an asking-figure — venerated with respect and offerings, not fed as a dependent — and this record files him that way ahead of a knower's ruling. Nobody is raised in the figure, so history matters less than with a kuman."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-maha-wetsandon", "s:en-wiki-vessantara-jataka", "s:th-wiki-wat-pom-raman", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "class null is the key's own refusal; functions are the key's 'sellers and askers' read onto the axis, inference"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "the key's fuzzy note, restated"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-vessantara-jataka", "note": "the thirteen kan and kan 5 from s:th-wiki-maha-wetsandon; Wat Pom Raman from s:th-wiki-wat-pom-raman; the market line is s:holding-key"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-pom-raman", "note": "era_en's 'modern' is tradition"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "staff/bag/umbrella kit"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "tier retail is inference"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 8, "priced": 8, "median_thb": 104.0, "typical_thb": [49.0, 5500.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "chuchok/chuchok-jpg-827e99.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ชูชกและกัณหาชาลี.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146439230", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Chin Jirayu", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ชูชก", "alt_en": "Chuchok (the beggar of the Vessantara Jataka) — Picture of Chuchok Kanha and Charlie, characters in the story of Phra Vessantorn. Annual procession of Phra Vessantorn,", "sha256": "65f937b0d59520f64f03aea9f65a19c5ac4a1a5718edae7148252824a2ad8cb3", "width": 4032, "height": 3024, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "dat-lone", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ลูกแก้วธาตุ", "roman": "dat-lone", "en": "Dat-lone (weikza alchemical ball)", "aliases": {"th": ["ดั๊ตโลน", "ลูกธาตุพม่า", "เหล็กไหลพม่า"], "roman": ["dat lone", "datlone", "dhat lone", "pyada lone"], "en": ["alchemical ball", "weizza ball", "Burmese philosopher's stone"]}, "other_scripts": {"my": "ဓာတ်လုံး"}}, "region": ["mm"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_loha"], "figures": ["object"]}, "form": {"type": "bead", "shape_th": "ลูกกลมเล็ก ผิวมัน โลหะสีเข้ม ทำจากปรอทหรือเหล็กที่ผ่านการหุงตามวิชา", "shape_en": "A small polished ball of dark metal, made by firing mercury (pyada path) or iron (than path) through the alchemical stages. Held in the hand, carried in a pouch or cased.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "พกในถุงหรือตลับ ไม่ค่อยห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Carried in a pouch or case rather than hung at the neck; size and finish vary by maker", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "The Burmese Wikipedia article at ဓာတ်လုံး treats the term as the philosopher's stone of Western alchemy and gives ပြဒါးရှင်လုံး (living-mercury ball) as a synonym; the weikza usage is the same word applied to the adept's own product."}, "iconography": [], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "วิชชาสายปรอทและสายเหล็ก", "maker_en": "Weikza of the mercury (pyada) and iron (than) paths", "era_th": "ไม่ระบุ", "era_en": "Undated; the weikza movement as now known is placed in the Konbaung period", "place_th": "พม่า", "place_en": "Myanmar", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นลูกกลมขัดมัน ไม่ใช่ก้อนแร่ดิบจากถ้ำ", "en": "A worked, polished ball rather than a rough fragment; the object was made, not found", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ไม่มีอักขระ ไม่มีรูป", "en": "No inscription and no figure — unlike a takrut or a Buddha, its claim rests on the material alone", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "สายเหล็กติดแม่เหล็ก สายปรอทไม่ติด", "en": "An iron-path ball answers a magnet; a mercury-path ball does not. The magnet separates the two paths and exposes a plated substitute", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "inference"}, {"th": "หนัก เย็น ไม่ยืดเมื่อโดนไฟ — ต่างจากเหล็กไหลที่เล่ากันว่ายืดได้", "en": "Dense and cold, and it does not stretch under flame; the Thai lek lai story is of a metal that softens and draws like thread when heated with honey", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตลาดไทยไม่มีคำเรียกตายตัว ของที่ขายว่า 'เหล็กไหลพม่า' ต้องถามว่าทำหรือขุด", "en": "Thai listings have no fixed word for it; anything sold as 'Burmese lek lai' should be asked whether it was made or dug, because that is the whole difference", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "lek-lai", "tell_th": "เหล็กไหลเป็นของธรรมชาติที่ไปเอามาจากถ้ำด้วยพิธี พลังอยู่ในตัวมันเอง · ดั๊ตโลนเป็นของที่วิชชาหุงขึ้นจากปรอทหรือเหล็ก พลังมาจากการทำ ทั้งสองไม่มีผู้อยู่และไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "tell_en": "Lek lai is a natural metal fetched from a cave by rite; its power is held to be inherent, and the Thai class calls it a natural talisman. A dat-lone is made: a weikza fires mercury or iron up through the stages until the ball is finished, so the power is in the work. Same look in the hand — a dark lustrous lump — opposite provenance question. Both have nobody home. Ask 'found or fired?' in either direction."}, {"id": "luk-om", "tell_th": "ลูกอมเป็นผงหรือขี้ผึ้งปั้นกลม เบาและอ่อน · ดั๊ตโลนเป็นโลหะหนัก", "tell_en": "A Thai luk om is a ball of pressed powder or wax, light and soft; a dat-lone is dense metal."}, {"id": "mustika", "tell_th": "มุสติกาเป็นหินหรือไข่มุกที่พบในสัตว์หรือพืช ถือเป็นของธรรมชาติ · ดั๊ตโลนเป็นของที่ทำ", "tell_en": "A Malay-Indonesian mustika is a stone or pearl found inside an animal or plant, a natural object; a dat-lone is manufactured metal."}, {"id": "khot-kala", "tell_th": "คดกะลาเป็นก้อนแข็งในกะลามะพร้าว ไม่ใช่โลหะ", "tell_en": "A khot kala is a concretion found in a coconut shell, not metal, and not made."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Weizzas"], "commons_files": ["File:Burmese Weizzas.jpg", "File:Weizzas, Taunggyi pagoda.JPG", "File:Famous Yogis and Wizirds from Myanmar.JPG"], "wanted_en": "No free photograph of a dat-lone itself exists on Commons as of 2026-09-02; the files listed show the weikza shrine context only. Needed: one ball in the palm for scale, and a magnet test frame."}, "images": [{"file": "dat-lone/dat-lone-burmese-weizzas-453b93.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Burmese Weizzas.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Burmese_Weizzas.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72214358", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Emily Khine", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ลูกแก้วธาตุ", "alt_en": "Dat-lone (weikza alchemical ball) — Famous Weizzas from Myanmar", "sha256": "f352dd88d6956cc32d42091e32ac22cbaf9e78b2f84cfb02ccf17c425609e439", "width": 3993, "height": 2504, "primary": true}, {"file": "dat-lone/dat-lone-weizzas-taunggyi-pagoda-75697d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Weizzas, Taunggyi pagoda.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Weizzas%2C_Taunggyi_pagoda.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11340616", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Hintha", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ลูกแก้วธาตุ", "alt_en": "Dat-lone (weikza alchemical ball) — Weizzas (wizards) shrine at a pagoda in Taunggyi", "sha256": "5e076cab0e951c7edd6491df9fcaa6b357ea616a2299cb2a37974ce2cd0fd13b", "width": 989, "height": 1319}, {"file": "dat-lone/dat-lone-famous-yogis-and-wizirds-from-myanmar-f602d4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Famous Yogis and Wizirds from Myanmar.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Famous_Yogis_and_Wizirds_from_Myanmar.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39768471", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Lionslayer", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ลูกแก้วธาตุ", "alt_en": "Dat-lone (weikza alchemical ball) — Famous Yogis and Wizards from Myanmar", "sha256": "1bc676c37f85754345f88fca0f807472ea2d3dc36424df5df542995818777dce", "width": 2000, "height": 440}], "text": {"what_th": "ลูกกลมโลหะที่วิชชาพม่าหุงขึ้นจากปรอทหรือเหล็ก เชื่อกันว่าเมื่อสำเร็จจะให้คงกระพัน อายุยืน และเป็นบันไดสู่ความเป็นวิชชา เป็นคู่เทียบของเหล็กไหลไทย แต่เหล็กไหลเป็นของที่ไปเอามา ส่วนดั๊ตโลนเป็นของที่ทำขึ้น", "what_en": "The alchemical ball of the Burmese weikza tradition: mercury or iron fired through the stages until it is held to be finished. Carried for invulnerability and long life, and for the adept a step toward becoming a weikza. The Burmese counterpart of Thai lek lai — but lek lai is fetched from a cave and a dat-lone is made in a fire.", "story_th": "สายปรอท (ปยะดา) ศึกษาการแปรธาตุเพื่อทำทองและเงินจากโลหะสามัญ ลูกที่หุงสำเร็จคือดั๊ตโลน เล่ากันว่าผู้ที่สำเร็จจะกลืนหรือถือลูกนี้ไว้ และไม่ตายอย่างคนธรรมดา รอพระศรีอาริย์ ชาวพม่าจำนวนมากถือว่าโบโบอองและโบมินกองยังอยู่", "story_en": "The mercury-path weikza study transmutation, producing gold and silver from common metals; the finished ball is the dat-lone. The tradition holds that the accomplished adept keeps or swallows the ball and does not die as others do, but withdraws to wait for Maitreya — which is how many Burmese speak of Bo Bo Aung and Bo Min Gaung today. Six paths are named in the Burmese article: mercury, iron, medicine, in, mantra and the spirit-infused blade.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง หมวดไทยยังไม่มีที่ให้ — ไม่ใช่ของธรรมชาติ ไม่ใช่ยันต์ ไม่ใช่พระ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home and nothing owed. The Thai class vocabulary leaves it unplaced: not a natural talisman (it is made), not a yantra object (no inscription), not a Buddha image. That refusal is the record."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-weikza", "s:en-wiki-bo-bo-aung", "s:my-wiki-weizzadhara", "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"names.other_scripts": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:my-wiki-weizzadhara"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza", "note": "transmutation and paths cited; swallowing and waiting for Maitreya from en-wiki Bo Bo Aung and tradition"}, "confusable_with": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "note": "lek lai harvest story cited; dat-lone side tradition"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "no Thai listing title carries ลูกแก้วธาตุ, ดั๊ตโลน or เหล็กไหลพม่า"}, "axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "null: vocabulary refuses; see keeping_en"}}}, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "mm", "th": "พม่า · เมียนมา", "en": "Myanmar"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "dat-lone/dat-lone-burmese-weizzas-453b93.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Burmese Weizzas.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Burmese_Weizzas.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72214358", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Emily Khine", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ลูกแก้วธาตุ", "alt_en": "Dat-lone (weikza alchemical ball) — Famous Weizzas from Myanmar", "sha256": "f352dd88d6956cc32d42091e32ac22cbaf9e78b2f84cfb02ccf17c425609e439", "width": 3993, "height": 2504, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "fu-talisman", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน", "roman": "fu", "en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu)", "aliases": {"th": ["ฮู้", "ฮู้จีน", "ยันต์จีน", "ยันต์กระดาษจีน", "ยันต์เซียนจีน"], "roman": ["fulu", "hu", "hu-a", "phù", "phù lục"], "en": ["fulu", "Chinese paper charm", "Daoist talisman"]}, "other_scripts": {"zh": "符 · 符籙", "vi": "phù lục · bùa"}}, "region": ["diaspora", "th", "my", "sg"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi"], "materials": [], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "กระดาษเหลืองแผ่นยาวแนวตั้ง เขียนหมึกแดง (ชาด) หรือดำ ประทับตราแดง", "shape_en": "A tall narrow strip of yellow paper written top to bottom in cinnabar-red or black ink and stamped with a red seal; printed versions are sold at shrines", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "พับพกติดตัว ติดเหนือประตู หรือเผาละลายน้ำดื่ม", "wearable_en": "Folded and carried, pasted above a door, or burned and the ash stirred into water that is drunk; three uses, one object", "obverse_th": "หัวยันต์ (三清 สามขีด) ตัวยันต์ ท้ายยันต์ และตรา", "obverse_en": "Header (three ticks for the Three Pure Ones), body, foot, and seal", "reverse_th": "เปล่า", "reverse_en": "Plain", "notes_en": "Thai listing titles call it ยันต์ฮู้จีน / ยันต์กระดาษ / ยันต์เซียนจีน and say พกติดตัว ติดบ้าน (carry, or post at home)."}, "iconography": [{"th": "สามขีดบนหัวยันต์แทนสามบริสุทธิ์", "en": "Three ticks at the head for the Three Pure Ones (三清)"}, {"th": "อักษรคำสั่ง 敕令 'บัญชา'", "en": "The command formula 敕令 near the top on many types"}, {"th": "อักษรซ้อนและเส้นยันต์ที่อ่านไม่ได้", "en": "Stacked characters and asemic strokes in the body"}, {"th": "ตราแดงของสำนักหรือศาลเจ้า", "en": "Red seal of the shrine or lineage"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ดาวสือ (道士) หรือหมอพิธี (法師) และศาลเจ้าจีน", "maker_en": "Daoist priests (daoshi) and ritual masters (fashi); in Southeast Asia also spirit mediums and shrine counters", "era_th": "ฮู้สมัยฮั่นมีบนไม้ไผ่จารึก ประเพณีสืบมา", "era_en": "Han-dynasty fu survive on bamboo slips; the practice is continuous", "place_th": "จีน แพร่ตามชุมชนจีนในไทย มาเลเซีย สิงคโปร์ เวียดนาม", "place_en": "China, carried by Chinese communities into Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "กระดาษเหลือง หมึกแดงชาดหรือดำ", "en": "Yellow paper, cinnabar-red or black ink; the colours are the first read", "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "สามส่วน: หัว (สามขีด) ตัว ท้าย พร้อมตรา", "en": "Three parts, header with three ticks, body, foot, plus a seal impression; a sheet missing the seal is unfinished by the tradition's own account", "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ใช้สามทาง: ติด พก หรือเผาละลายน้ำ", "en": "Three uses: pasted, carried, or burned into 符水 talisman water; the type name (平安符, 鎮宅符, 護身符, 五雷符) says which", "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "อักษรผิดรูป ยืดยาว ซ้อนกัน อ่านไม่ออกโดยตั้งใจ", "en": "Irregular strokes that stretch or stack characters and mix in non-characters; deliberately unreadable to the uninitiated", "source": "s:en-wiki-fulu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ในไทยขายเป็น 'ยันต์ฮู้จีน' พกติดตัว ติดบ้าน และมีฮู้ผ้าลายเทพ", "en": "Thai retail sells it as ยันต์ฮู้จีน for carrying or posting at home, and also a cloth version printed with a deity (ฮู้ยันต์ผ้า); the cloth form is a Thai-market crossover with ผ้ายันต์", "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ฮู้จากร่างทรงในเทศกาลกินเจมักเขียนสด บางทีด้วยเลือด — ความเชื่อในวงการ ยังไม่ตรวจ", "en": "Fu issued by spirit mediums at the Nine Emperor / vegetarian festival are said to be written in trance, sometimes with the medium's blood. The trade holds this; not verified against a source here", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "bua", "tell_th": "bùa คือกรอบเวียดนาม รวมถุงผ้าและของโลหะ ฮู้คือแผ่นกระดาษเต๋าเอง", "tell_en": "Bùa is the Vietnamese word around the same paper, extended to cloth pouches and metal; the fu is the Taoist yellow strip itself."}, {"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ไทยเป็นผ้า อักษรขอม ยันต์ตาราง ฮู้เป็นกระดาษเหลืองอักษรจีน", "tell_en": "Thai yantra cloth is cloth, in Khom script, in grids; the fu is yellow paper in stretched Chinese script. Thai shops now sell a cloth ฮู้ that sits between the two."}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดม้วนโลหะ ฮู้พับกระดาษ", "tell_en": "A takrut is rolled metal; a fu is folded paper. Both carried, both impersonal."}, {"id": "khmer-yantra-cloth", "tell_th": "ยันต์เขมรเป็นผ้าอักษรขอม", "tell_en": "Khmer yantra is cloth in Khmer script; the fu is paper in Chinese."}], "market": {"search": ["ฮู้", "ยันต์จีน"], "excludes": ["ฮู้ด"], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Fulu from Chao Pho Suea Shrine in Bangkok, March 2023.jpg", "File:道教符.jpg", "File:深坑集順廟的肅符兼平安符.jpg", "File:ZhongHe GuangJi Temple 2018 廣濟宮門符.jpg", "File:A Taoist magic writing on a bulletin board of Hsinchu City God Temple.jpg", "File:Chinese Fulu talisman han dynasty 乌程汉简浙江出土.jpg"], "wanted_en": "A single sheet flat and straight on, with header ticks, body and seal all legible, from a Thai or Malaysian shrine; and one pasted over a shophouse door. Category:Fulu is empty on Commons as of 2026-09-02."}, "text": {"what_th": "กระดาษเหลืองเขียนหมึกแดงหรือดำเป็นอักษรคำสั่งและเส้นยันต์ตามแบบเต๋า ประทับตรา ใช้ติดบ้าน พกติดตัว หรือเผาละลายน้ำดื่ม ศาลเจ้าจีนในไทย มาเลเซีย สิงคโปร์ออกให้ ไทยเรียกยันต์ฮู้จีน พลังอยู่ที่อักษรและตรา ไม่มีผู้สถิต", "what_en": "The Taoist paper talisman: a yellow strip written in red or black with commands to spirits and asemic strokes, sealed, and then pasted over a door, carried folded, or burned into water and drunk. Chinese shrines in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore issue them; Thai retail calls them ยันต์ฮู้จีน. Power in the writing and the seal, nobody home.", "story_th": "ผู้เขียนคือดาวสือหรือหมอพิธีที่ได้รับสืบทอดวิชา อักษรตั้งใจให้อ่านไม่ออก มีหัว ตัว ท้าย และตรา ประเภทบอกหน้าที่ — ผิงอันฮู้ ปกป้อง เจิ้นไจ๋ฮู้ ตรึงบ้าน อู่เหลยฮู้ ห้าอสนี ในไทยศาลเจ้าขายฉบับพิมพ์ และร้านออนไลน์ขายในชื่อยันต์ฮู้จีน 'ผ่านพิธีอธิษฐานจิตแล้ว พกติดตัว ติดบ้าน'", "story_en": "A daoshi or fashi who has received the craft writes it, and the writing is meant to be unreadable: instructions to deities, exorcistic signs, occasionally a recipe. The type names the job: 平安符 for safety, 鎮宅符 to settle a house, 護身符 to guard the body, 五雷符 the five thunders. Han-dynasty examples survive on bamboo. In Bangkok the Chao Pho Suea shrine sells printed sheets; online, Thai sellers list ยันต์ฮู้จีน as already blessed, to carry or post at home, and a cloth version printed with Nezha.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง หมดอายุหรือขาดให้เผา ไม่ทิ้งถัง", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. When it has done its year or is torn it is burned, not binned, which the trade holds and the record does not verify. A fu that a medium wrote for a named person is still impersonal in class; the personalisation is in the writing, not in a resident."}, "sources": ["s:zh-wiki-fulu", "s:en-wiki-fulu", "s:vi-wiki-phu-luc", "s:catalog-db", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "inference", "note": "yantra_wattu by analogy; the vault's members are Thai"}, "names.th": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "Lazada titles: ยันต์ฮู้จีน ยันต์กระดาษ ยันต์เซียนจีน; ฮู้ยันต์ผ้า"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu", "note": "Southeast Asian mediums and shrine counters: tradition"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "8 titles on ฮู้ and 1 on ยันต์จีน as of 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-fulu-from-chao-pho-suea-shrine-in-bangko-a88fa6.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Fulu from Chao Pho Suea Shrine in Bangkok, March 2023.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Fulu_from_Chao_Pho_Suea_Shrine_in_Bangkok%2C_March_2023.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133835109", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "HMGiovanniV", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน", "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​曼谷四枋厂古庙售卖的符箓", "sha256": "3a04f38f9fc07c5a779b273fcb23b093841f282c442d6f2818dae4adcf0f3ef8", "width": 4032, "height": 2268, "primary": true}, {"file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-jpg-dc3bab.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:道教符.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99%E7%AC%A6.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7901081", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Mkckim", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน", "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​道教符", "sha256": "305b550d860a27eba462fae7074e0090ba49cb9cce42a7bd0bfebebfb46f86b1", "width": 795, "height": 1621}, {"file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-zhonghe-guangji-temple-2018-f86130.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ZhongHe GuangJi Temple 2018 廣濟宮門符.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/ZhongHe_GuangJi_Temple_2018_%E5%BB%A3%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%AE%E9%96%80%E7%AC%A6.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69524929", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Taiwankengo", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน", "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​ZhongHe GuangJi Temple   2018 廣濟宮門符", "sha256": "bdf82950b4b7bd7ed2c0b4ae586da868826588352b6dd03eac8f0847b9f266de", "width": 3264, "height": 4896}, {"file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-a-taoist-magic-writing-on-a-bulletin-boa-04c20f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:A Taoist magic writing on a bulletin board of Hsinchu City God Temple.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/A_Taoist_magic_writing_on_a_bulletin_board_of_Hsinchu_City_God_Temple.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=101261192", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Nomad112", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน", "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​新竹都城隍廟廟口公布欄上香條", "sha256": "c628bbfe5dc745f5d6c57c56aed026f4f812260b507ab4ce533877a5fbd790ea", "width": 3632, "height": 5456}, {"file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-chinese-fulu-talisman-han-dynasty-884575.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chinese Fulu talisman han dynasty 乌程汉简浙江出土.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Chinese_Fulu_talisman_han_dynasty_%E4%B9%8C%E7%A8%8B%E6%B1%89%E7%AE%80%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139244364", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "http://wwj.zj.gov.cn/art/2023/5/19/art_1639083_59057140.html", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน", "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — Chinese \"Fulu\" talisman from the Han dynasty, part of the Wucheng Bamboo-slips, found in Zhejiang", "sha256": "3f526efaecf60239ee1b1d6be35d27ed817336ed9088a2f7a008c792f1f73ba7", "width": 707, "height": 960}], "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "diaspora", "th": "ชุมชนไทยโพ้นทะเล", "en": "Overseas Thai / Chinese-Thai collector communities"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}, {"key": "sg", "th": "สิงคโปร์", "en": "Singapore"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 8, "priced": 8, "median_thb": 64.0, "typical_thb": [15.0, 1200.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-fulu-from-chao-pho-suea-shrine-in-bangko-a88fa6.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Fulu from Chao Pho Suea Shrine in Bangkok, March 2023.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Fulu_from_Chao_Pho_Suea_Shrine_in_Bangkok%2C_March_2023.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133835109", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "HMGiovanniV", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน", "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​曼谷四枋厂古庙售卖的符箓", "sha256": "3a04f38f9fc07c5a779b273fcb23b093841f282c442d6f2818dae4adcf0f3ef8", "width": 4032, "height": 2268, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "hanuman", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "หนุมาน", "roman": "hanuman", "en": "Hanuman figure", "aliases": {"th": ["พระหนุมาน", "หนุมานเชิญธง", "หนุมานแกะ"], "roman": ["hanuman", "phra hanuman"], "en": ["Hanuman amulet", "monkey-general charm"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "maha_ut", "khlaeo_khlat", "long_hon", "sakot", "thoi_khwam", "maha_saneh", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["nuea_waan", "nuea_loha", "thonglueang"], "figures": ["deity"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "ตำรา: รูปแกะจากรากพุดซ้อนหรือปั้นจากว่านและรัก สูงหนึ่งองคุลี นั่งพับเพียง นั่งยอง หรือคุกเข่าพนมมือ · ตลาด: รูปหล่อโลหะและเหรียญ", "shape_en": "In the treatise a figure one finger-breadth tall, carved from double-jasmine root or moulded from herb paste and lac, seated, squatting, or kneeling with palms joined, lacquered and gilded. In the market a cast metal figure or medallion of the crowned white monkey, often 'holding the banner'.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ตำราให้อมไว้ในปากหรือห่อผ้าโพกหัว · ปัจจุบันห้อยคอหรือพกกระเป๋า", "wearable_en": "The treatise has it held in the mouth or wrapped in the head-cloth; today it hangs at the neck or rides in a pocket", "obverse_th": "หนุมานสวมมงกุฎ อ้าปาก บางแบบปิดตา", "obverse_en": "Crowned monkey, mouth open; some treatise forms cover the eyes with the hands", "reverse_th": "อักขระที่ขา อก หลัง ตามตำรา หรือยันต์และชื่อวัด", "reverse_en": "Syllables on legs, chest and back per the treatise; yantra and wat on modern pieces", "notes_en": "Height 'one องคุลี' (finger-breadth) is the treatise's figure; no millimetre value is defended."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ลิงเผือกสวมมงกุฎ", "en": "white monkey with a crown"}, {"th": "สี่หน้าแปดกรเมื่อแผลงฤทธิ์", "en": "four faces and eight arms when manifesting power (Ramakien)"}, {"th": "มือปิดตา (ตำรา แบบที่ 3 และ 8)", "en": "hands over the eyes (treatise methods 3 and 8)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างหนุมาน 8 แบบ ใน ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ms 6983) · ปัจจุบันหลายวัด", "maker_en": "Eight recipes in ms 6983; modern pieces from many wats", "era_th": "", "era_en": "The Ramakien Hanuman of the Thai court tradition; the treatise is a nineteenth-to-twentieth-century compilation of older formulas (tradition)", "place_th": "ภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thailand for the treatise tradition; nationwide today", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ตำรา: สูงองคุลีเดียว แกะจากรากพุดซ้อน หรือปั้นจากว่านเพชร ใบไม้รู้นอน ผสมรัก ลงรักปิดทอง", "en": "Treatise figures are one finger-breadth tall, carved from double-jasmine root or moulded from diamond-herbs and nyctinastic leaves in lac, then lacquered and gilded", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "อักขระ อะกะถะตะสะ ที่ขา นะมะการา ที่อก อุปัทธะเว ที่หลัง (แบบที่ 1)", "en": "Method 1 places อะกะถะตะสะ on both legs, นะมะการา on the chest, อุปัทธะเว on the back — a loupe finds the inscription where the text says", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ท่านั่ง: พับเพียบ นั่งยอง ปิดตา คุกเข่าพนมมือ", "en": "Postures the recipes name: seated cross-legged, squatting, eyes covered, kneeling with palms joined", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตลาด: รูปหล่อโลหะ ‘หนุมานเชิญธง’ ยืนถือธง มีชื่อวัดที่ฐาน", "en": "Market pieces are cast metal, the 'Hanuman raising the banner' pose standing with a flag, the wat on the base", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ยันต์หนุมานสักหรือลงผ้า ให้คงกระพัน เมตตามหานิยม", "en": "The Hanuman as a yantra design (tattoo or cloth) is read for คงกระพัน and เมตตามหานิยม", "source": "s:th-wiki-sak-yan", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "hun-phayon", "tell_th": "หุ่นพยนต์เป็นหุ่นคนที่ถูกปลุกให้เฝ้าและเลี้ยงทุกวัน · หนุมานตามตำราถูกอมและสั่งใช้ คลาสส์เดียวกันตาม classes.md แต่หนุมานตลาดเป็นรูปเทพบูชา", "tell_en": "A hun phayon is a man-shaped effigy animated to guard, fed daily. The treatise Hanuman, held in the mouth and commanded, belongs with it per classes.md; the market Hanuman is a venerated deity figure. The making settles the class, not the shape."}, {"id": "rup-lersi", "tell_th": "ฤๅษีเป็นคนแก่หนวดยาวสวมหนังเสือ · หนุมานเป็นลิงสวมมงกุฎ", "tell_en": "A hermit figure is a bearded old man in tiger skin; Hanuman is a crowned monkey"}, {"id": "phaya-khrut", "tell_th": "ครุฑมีปีกและจะงอยปาก · หนุมานหน้าลิง", "tell_en": "Garuda has wings and a beak; Hanuman has a monkey's face and no wings"}], "market": {"search": ["หนุมาน"], "excludes": ["หัวโขน", "ตุ๊กตา", "หนุมาน ชาญสมร"], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Hanuman in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:036 Hanuman (9190844478).jpg", "File:Máscara de Hánuman.jpg", "File:Thai puppet 02.jpg", "File:Ramakien 19.jpg", "File:Hanuman1.jpg", "File:19th-century Ramayana manuscript, Ramakien, Thailand version, Khom script, Hanuman with sword reaches Ravana's palace.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Free files show the Ramakien Hanuman in stone, mask, puppet, mural and manuscript, not an amulet. Needed: a carved-root or herb-paste Hanuman one finger-breadth tall with its inscriptions, and a cast 'banner' Hanuman with base."}, "text": {"what_th": "รูปหนุมาน ทหารเอกลิงเผือกของพระรามในรามเกียรติ์ ทำเป็นเครื่องราง ตำราเก่าให้แกะจากรากไม้หรือปั้นจากว่านแล้วอมไว้ในปาก ปัจจุบันเป็นรูปหล่อและเหรียญห้อยคอ", "what_en": "A figure of Hanuman, Rama's white-monkey general of the Ramakien, made as a charm. The old treatise carves him from root or moulds him from herbs and has the bearer hold him in the mouth; today he is a cast figure or medallion at the neck.", "story_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลังให้แปดแบบ แบบที่ 1 แกะรากพุดซ้อนเป็นหนุมานนั่งพับเพียง ลงอักขระที่ขา อก หลัง เสก 108 คาบ เมื่อจะอมเสก 7 ที ฟันแทงมิถูก ท่านตีค่าไว้ชั่งทองหนึ่ง แบบที่ 3 ปั้นเป็นหนุมานนั่งยองปิดตา เสกพันคาบ — ตำราให้สูตรทำ ไม่นำส่วนผสมมาลงที่นี่ แบบที่ 7 อมไปแล้ว “สรรพถ้อยความทั้งปวงก็ถอยไป” แบบที่ 8 ทำในพระอุโบสถ", "story_en": "Ms 6983 gives eight recipes. Method 1 carves double-jasmine root into a seated Hanuman, inscribes syllables on legs, chest and back, consecrates it 108 times; held in the mouth after seven recitations, blade and spear cannot strike, and the text prices it at one chang of gold. Method 3 is a squatting Hanuman with hands over his eyes, kneaded in lac and consecrated a thousand times; the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here. The household he enters falls asleep. Method 7 is another making whose ingredients are likewise not reproduced; it promises that held in the mouth 'all disputes withdraw' and lords fear the bearer. Method 8 is made in the ubosot and, steeped in scented oil, shuts the eyes, ears and mouths of a house.", "keeping_th": "รูปหล่อสมัยใหม่บูชาอย่างเทพ ให้ความเคารพ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง · หนุมานตามตำราถูกสั่งใช้และอมไป เป็นชั้นหุ่นพยนต์ ต้องรู้ว่าใครสร้างและสร้างจากอะไร", "keeping_en": "The modern cast Hanuman is kept as a deity: respect, no feeding. The treatise Hanuman is commanded and carried in the mouth, and classes.md places that courtroom Hanuman with the hun phayon; several recipes use ingredients this catalogue does not reproduce, so its making and maker are the provenance question. Class here follows the market object; the making, not the shape, decides any given piece."}, "sources": ["s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-hanuman", "s:th-wiki-sak-yan", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-functions", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 2624–2810 (printed pp. 65–69), ตำราสร้างหนุมาน แบบที่ ๑–๘"}, "fields": {"axes.class": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "market object placed thep_thewada; classes.md puts the treatise's mouth-held Hanuman in hun_phayon"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "metta_maha_niyom from s:th-wiki-sak-yan (cited)"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-hanuman", "note": "the eyes-covered posture is s:ms6983"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "market forms: tradition"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "hanuman/hanuman-036-hanuman-9190844478-ca147f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:036 Hanuman (9190844478).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/036_Hanuman_%289190844478%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50815794", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand", "credit": "036 Hanuman", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หนุมาน", "alt_en": "Hanuman figure — 036 Hanuman, at Wat Phananchoeng, Ayutthaya", "sha256": "da91e7b0b12cb530e5b763407561a0343e894e49363ca75829eccd8a52e2940f", "width": 2365, "height": 2661, "primary": true}, {"file": "hanuman/hanuman-hanuman1-5be038.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hanuman1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Hanuman1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3894752", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "No machine-readable author provided. 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Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "maha_ut", "term": "มหาอุด", "roman": "maha ut", "en": "stopping projectiles / misfire", "definition": "Literally \"greatly stopped-up\". The gun jams, misfires, or the shot does not penetrate. The efficacy is located in the weapon, not the body."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "long_hon", "term": "ล่องหน", "roman": "long hon", "en": "invisibility", "definition": "Vanishing outright, as opposed to merely being overlooked."}, {"key": "sakot", "term": "สะกด", "roman": "sakot", "en": "subduing, binding, putting to sleep", "definition": "Compelling another to stillness or sleep — the household that cannot wake, the pursuer who cannot follow. Applied to people and to animals."}, {"key": "thoi_khwam", "term": "ถ้อยความ", "roman": "thoi khwam", "en": "legal dispute — made to retreat", "definition": "The suit itself: literally the words of a dispute, the testimony. As a function it is always phrased as the dispute RETREATING — สรรพถ้อยความทั้งปวงก็ถอยไป, \"all disputes whatsoever withdraw\" — not as the bearer winning one. Ms 6983 places it, without comment, between going into battle and prize-fighting: a contest entered by someone who expects to be outmatched. The mechanism is not persuasion but silencing — the katha shuts the mouth, ears and eyes of the other side (ปิดปาก ปิดหู ปิดตา), after which \"they cannot speak against you, and both plaintiff and judge greatly fear your power.\""}, {"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_waan", "term": "เนื้อว่าน", "roman": "nuea waan", "en": "sacred-herb paste", "definition": "Paste of ว่าน — the sacred tubers and herbs gathered under prescribed conditions. Northern practice is particularly rich here. Ages by drying and shrinking rather than by patina. The manuscripts carry ว่าน heavily — คาถาเสกว่าน, formulae for consecrating the herb — so this term joins the two corpora directly, once the กว่าน collision is excluded."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 35, "priced": 35, "median_thb": 129.0, "typical_thb": [49.0, 299.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "hanuman/hanuman-036-hanuman-9190844478-ca147f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:036 Hanuman (9190844478).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/036_Hanuman_%289190844478%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50815794", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand", "credit": "036 Hanuman", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หนุมาน", "alt_en": "Hanuman figure — 036 Hanuman, at Wat Phananchoeng, Ayutthaya", "sha256": "da91e7b0b12cb530e5b763407561a0343e894e49363ca75829eccd8a52e2940f", "width": 2365, "height": 2661, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "hun-phayon", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "หุ่นพยนต์", "roman": "hun phayon", "en": "Hun Payon (animated effigy)", "aliases": {"th": ["พยนต์", "หุ่นพยนต์เฝ้าทรัพย์", "หุ่นฟาง"], "roman": ["hun payon", "hoon payon", "hun payont", "hun phayont"], "en": ["servant effigy", "straw golem", "guardian effigy"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "hun_phayon", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi"], "materials": ["nuea_din"], "figures": ["human"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปคนถือกระบอง ปั้นจากดิน หรือหุ่นผูกจากซังข้าว ๓๒ เส้น ถือหอก", "shape_en": "A man-shaped figure: moulded from earth, holding a club (method 1), or bound from 32 rice-straw stalks with a spear (method 2). Modern retail pieces are small cloth or straw figures, sometimes wrapped in a yantra cloth and cased.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ไม่ได้ห้อยคอ ตั้งไว้ในโรงศาลเล็กๆ", "wearable_en": "Not worn in the treatise form; it is housed in a small shrine. Cased pocket versions exist in the modern market.", "obverse_th": "รูปคนทั้งตัว มักมีผ้ายันต์พันหรือหุ้ม", "obverse_en": "A whole figure, often wrapped or clothed in cloth inscribed with yantra", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "The treatise seals a yantra wrapped around one fueang of quicksilver inside the belly, with further ingredients that are not reproduced here."}, "iconography": [{"th": "รูปคนถือกระบองหรือหอก", "en": "a man holding a club or spear"}, {"th": "ยันต์สี่เหลี่ยมครอบข้าวหลามตัด (ตารางเลข ๑–๘)", "en": "square yantra enclosing a diamond magic square numbered 1–8"}, {"th": "ห่อผ้าตามตำรา (วิธีที่ ๒)", "en": "a cloth wrapping per the treatise (method 2)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง)", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise; the practice is older than any surviving print of it", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นรูปคน ไม่ใช่องค์พระ ไม่ใช่เหรียญ", "en": "It is a person-shaped figure, never a Buddha image or a medallion", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "วัสดุคือดิน ฟาง ผ้า หรือโลหะหล่อ ไม่ใช่ผงอัดพิมพ์", "en": "Body is earth, straw, cloth or cast metal, not pressed powder", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "มักมีผ้ายันต์พันหรือรูที่ท้องสำหรับบรรจุ", "en": "Look for a yantra wrapping and a sealed cavity in the belly where the charge sits", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราให้ทำโรงศาลเล็กๆ และเซ่นเหล้าข้าวทุกวัน — ของที่ต้องเลี้ยงคือหุ่นพยนต์ ไม่ใช่พระเครื่อง", "en": "The treatise houses it in a small shrine and feeds it liquor and rice daily. A kept-and-fed object is a hun payon or a kuman, never a phra khrueang", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "หุ่นพยนต์คือหุ่นที่ถูกปลุกให้ทำงาน ต้องเซ่น · พระสมเด็จคือองค์พระอัดผง ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "tell_en": "A hun payon is a figure compelled to serve and fed; a somdej is a pressed Buddha tablet with nobody home. Ask what the object is shaped like and whether its keeper feeds it — both answers separate them."}, {"id": "kuman-thong", "tell_th": "กุมารทองเป็นรูปเด็กที่มีวิญญาณเด็กเลี้ยงไว้อย่างลูก · หุ่นพยนต์เป็นรูปผู้ใหญ่ถืออาวุธ เป็นการปลุกให้ขยับ ไม่ใช่ผีที่มีชื่อ", "tell_en": "A kuman thong is a child figure housing a raised child-spirit, kept as family; a hun payon is an armed adult figure whose occupant is an animation, not a named ghost. Class and upkeep differ."}, {"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักเป็นรูปหญิงกวักมือ เป็นเทพที่บูชา · หุ่นพยนต์เฝ้าทรัพย์และขู่โจร", "tell_en": "Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman venerated for trade; a hun payon guards property and frightens thieves"}], "market": {"search": ["หุ่นพยนต์", "พยนต์"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:ฤาษีหมูตัน หุ่นพยนต์.jpg", "File:ฤาษีหมูตัน หุ่นพยนต์ไผ่สาน.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No free photograph found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02. Needed: a straw or cloth figure whole, and a detail of the yantra wrapping. Nan's own photograph, or a line drawing from the treatise's description, fills this."}, "images": [{"file": "hun-phayon/hun-phayon-jpg-37450d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ฤาษีหมูตัน หุ่นพยนต์.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=149191229", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "วิถีชนเผ่า", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หุ่นพยนต์", "alt_en": "Hun Payon (animated effigy) — Hoonphayon", "sha256": "aeb7c0f63953dc29d01809edd868cb3b8a2d0e09f15eb116c5e31c6cdc3d91f4", "width": 2296, "height": 4080, "primary": true}, {"file": "hun-phayon/hun-phayon-jpg-3156de.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ฤาษีหมูตัน หุ่นพยนต์ไผ่สาน.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=149191240", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "วิถีชนเผ่า", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หุ่นพยนต์", "alt_en": "Hun Payon (animated effigy) — Phayon", "sha256": "fb763138a73c75022118f4b710b4b82493cd83cd0f1be0ec9691bcf2974e7dc9", "width": 1712, "height": 3712}], "text": {"what_th": "หุ่นรูปคน — ดิน ฟาง ผ้า หรือโลหะ — ที่ถูกปลุกด้วยยันต์และคาถาให้ทำหน้าที่เป็นผู้รับใช้หรือผู้เฝ้า ผู้อยู่ในหุ่นคือสิ่งที่ถูกบังคับให้ขยับ ไม่ใช่ผีที่มีชื่อหรือเทพที่บูชา จึงเป็นหมวดของตัวเอง", "what_en": "An effigy — figure, cloth, or metal — animated by yantra and spell to act as a servant or guardian. The occupant is a compelled animation rather than a named ghost or venerated deva, which is what makes it its own class.", "story_th": "ตำราให้สองวิธี วิธีแรกปั้นดินเป็นรูปคนถือกระบอง ลงยันต์ห่อปรอทหนักหนึ่งเฟื้องยัดลงท้อง แล้วอธิษฐานให้เฝ้าคนร้าย “ให้ทำแต่เพียงลำบาก อย่าให้ถึงตาย” วิธีที่สองผูกหุ่นจากซังข้าว ๓๒ เส้น ใส่ตอก ห่อผ้า ถือหอก ภาวนาอาการ ๓๒ จนเสร็จ แล้วปลุกด้วยคาถา “ปลุก ปลุก ปลุก” ทั้งสองวิธีตำราให้สูตรทำ ไม่นำส่วนผสมมาลงที่นี่", "story_en": "The treatise gives two recipes. In the first, earth is moulded into a man holding a club; a yantra wrapped round a fueang of quicksilver goes into the belly, and the maker resolves aloud that it should watch for thieves and cause them only hardship, never death. In the second, thirty-two stalks of rice straw are bound with splints, wrapped in cloth, given a spear, and the maker meditates through the thirty-two parts of the body while binding, then wakes it with a katha whose Thai words are simply 'wake, wake, wake'. For both, the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here. It goes into a small shrine, gets liquor and rice every day, and is told its instructions. Thieves, the text says, see it as a living person.", "keeping_th": "ถวายความเคารพ เซ่นเหล้าข้าวตามตำรา และสั่งความให้รู้หน้าที่", "keeping_en": "Kept with respect: offerings and regard, and told its job. Worth asking who kept it before you."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:holding-key", "s:amulet-reference"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 3034–3092 (printed pp. 77–78)"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "modern retail forms: tradition"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference", "note": "romanisation variants seen in listings and on the wichaa /hun page"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "hun_phayon", "term": "หุ่นพยนต์", "roman": "hun phayon", "en_gloss": "animated effigy / servant-golem", "resident": "animated", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "An effigy — figure, cloth, or metal — ANIMATED by yantra and spell to act as a servant or guardian. The occupant is a compelled animation rather than a named ghost or venerated deva, which is what makes it its own class. Ms 6983 gives the recipe outright: ตำราสร้างหุ่นพยนต์ แบบที่ ๑ / ๒, beside the ritual knife (มีดหมอ) used to make it. The courtroom Hanuman — held in the mouth, given commands — is one of these.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 349, "priced": 349, "median_thb": 299.0, "typical_thb": [89.0, 650.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "hun-phayon/hun-phayon-jpg-37450d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ฤาษีหมูตัน หุ่นพยนต์.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=149191229", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "วิถีชนเผ่า", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หุ่นพยนต์", "alt_en": "Hun Payon (animated effigy) — Hoonphayon", "sha256": "aeb7c0f63953dc29d01809edd868cb3b8a2d0e09f15eb116c5e31c6cdc3d91f4", "width": 2296, "height": 4080, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "in-yantra", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ยันต์พม่า", "roman": "in", "en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square)", "aliases": {"th": ["อินพม่า", "ยันต์อิน", "ตารางยันต์พม่า"], "roman": ["inn", "in yantra", "in-saya work"], "en": ["Burmese yantra", "Burmese magic square", "cabalistic square"]}, "other_scripts": {"my": "အင်း"}}, "region": ["mm", "shan"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat", "kan_phi", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["pha_yan"], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "cloth", "shape_th": "ตารางสี่เหลี่ยมแบ่งเป็นช่อง ในช่องเป็นเลขและอักษรพม่า เขียนบนกระดาษหรือผ้า สลักบนโลหะหรือหิน หรือสักลงบนผิวหนัง", "shape_en": "A square grid of cells filled with Burmese numerals and letters. Drawn in ink on paper or cloth, engraved on metal or stone, or tattooed into the skin; nineteenth-century cotton shirts covered in grids survive in museum collections.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "พับใส่กระเป๋า เย็บเป็นเสื้อ ใส่ตลับห้อยคอ หรือสักติดตัว", "wearable_en": "Folded in a pocket, sewn into a shirt, cased and hung at the neck, or carried permanently as a tattoo", "obverse_th": "ตารางเลขและอักษร บางแบบมีรูปสัตว์หรือกินรีประกอบ", "obverse_en": "The numbered grid; manuscript pattern-books add creatures such as kinnara and the three-headed peacock beside the squares", "reverse_th": "เรียบ", "reverse_en": "Plain", "notes_en": "The Thai record name ยันต์พม่า is a descriptive gloss; Thai speakers have no settled word for the in. The Burmese term is one syllable, အင်း, and the practitioner is an in-saya."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ตารางเลข", "en": "numbered grid whose cells are fixed by the recipient's birth date and time"}, {"th": "อักษรพม่าและบาลี", "en": "Burmese and Pali syllables in the cells"}, {"th": "กินรีและนกยูงสามหัว", "en": "kinnara and a three-headed peacock in a Burmese pattern-book of talismans and tattoos"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ครูอิน (in-saya) และวิชชา (weikza) สายอิน", "maker_en": "In-saya (square-masters) and weikza of the in path; the tradition holds the in path the most powerful beside the iron path", "era_th": "ไม่ระบุ", "era_en": "Undated; the weikza movement as now known is placed in the Konbaung period", "place_th": "พม่าและรัฐฉาน", "place_en": "Myanmar and Shan State", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นตารางช่องเลข ไม่ใช่ลายเส้นและอักขระขอม — อักษรบอกถิ่น", "en": "A grid of numerals in Burmese script. Thai yantra carry Khom or Tham letters around figures; the script alone places the sheet", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "พบทั้งบนกระดาษ ผ้า โลหะ หิน และผิวหนัง", "en": "Drawn, engraved in stone or metal, or tattooed; the same square travels across media", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ผูกกับวันเวลาเกิดของผู้รับ สองแผ่นชนิดเดียวกันจึงต่างกันได้", "en": "Cast from the recipient's birth date and time, so two squares of the same purpose need not match cell for cell", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เสื้อผ้าฝ้ายเขียนตารางเต็มตัวแบบมัณฑะเลย์ศตวรรษที่ ๑๙ มีอยู่ในพิพิธภัณฑ์", "en": "Cotton shirts written edge to edge with squares, attributed to Mandalay in the nineteenth century, sit in the Textile Museum at George Washington University (Commons file titles below)", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "inference"}, {"th": "การสักในพม่าเรียก โท้ะกวิน คนละสายกับสักยันต์ไทย", "en": "Burmese tattooing is htoe kwin; the yantra-tattooing article names it apart from Thai sak yant", "source": "s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ไทยเป็นลายเส้นกับอักขระขอม มักมีรูปพระหรือฤๅษีกลางผืน · อินพม่าเป็นตารางเลขอักษรพม่า", "tell_en": "Both are impersonal inscribed objects. A Thai pha yan draws lines and Khom letters round a Buddha, lersi or animal; a Burmese in is a numbered grid in Burmese script with no central figure."}, {"id": "yan-lanna", "tell_th": "ยันต์ล้านนาใช้อักษรธรรม · อินใช้อักษรพม่าและเลขพม่า", "tell_en": "A Lanna yan is written in Tham script; an in is written in Burmese script and numerals. Shan cloths sit between the two, so read the letters."}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดม้วนเป็นหลอด · อินเป็นแผ่นแบนหรือรอยสัก", "tell_en": "A takrut is a rolled tube; an in stays flat on paper, cloth or skin."}, {"id": "khmer-yantra-cloth", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมรเป็นอักขระขอมและรูป · อินเป็นตารางเลข", "tell_en": "Khmer yantra cloth is Khom letters and figures; the in is a grid of numbers."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Yantra tattooing"], "commons_files": ["File:Burmese Kinnara and three-headed peacock.jpg", "File:Talismanic shirt, Burma, probably Mandalay, 19th century AD, cotton, view 1 - Textile Museum, George Washington University - DSC09644.JPG", "File:Talismanic shirt, Burma, probably Mandalay, 19th century AD, cotton, view 2 - Textile Museum, George Washington University - DSC09646.JPG", "File:Talismanic shirt, Burma, probably Mandalay, 19th century AD, cotton, view 3 - Textile Museum, George Washington University - DSC09649.JPG", "File:Yantra amulets.jpg", "File:Ka Gee and his client.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No free close-up of a single paper or metal in exists on Commons as of 2026-09-02. Needed: one square straight on, large enough to read the numerals, and a tattooed in on skin. The talismanic shirt and the pattern-book page are the best available."}, "images": [{"file": "in-yantra/in-yantra-burmese-kinnara-and-three-headed-peacock-e8af8c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Burmese Kinnara and three-headed peacock.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Burmese_Kinnara_and_three-headed_peacock.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2656859", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "Library of Congress, Asian Division (2), Washington, D.C., USA, published online at https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/wb-dream.html (wb0002s-th.jpg), section \"BURMESE WINGED CREATURE\"", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — Illustrations in a Manuscript of talismans and tattoos from Burma.\nupper image: half-human, half-bird creature and is kn", "sha256": "623e0f13f1fe42501aa782def44f8418d8312ea50134d9fd8902162aa96324ce", "width": 424, "height": 640, "primary": true}, {"file": "in-yantra/in-yantra-talismanic-shirt-burma-probably-mandalay-aa1d76.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Talismanic shirt, Burma, probably Mandalay, 19th century AD, cotton, view 1 - Textile Museum, George Washington University - DSC09644.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Talismanic_shirt%2C_Burma%2C_probably_Mandalay%2C_19th_century_AD%2C_cotton%2C_view_1_-_Textile_Museum%2C_George_Washington_University_-_DSC09644.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48618970", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Daderot", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — Exhibit in the Textile Museum, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. 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Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (073).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28073%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443096", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra tattooing needles.", "sha256": "f661379fe7fc0dc1c5993b6d64bf3ecd8f5a41665e3d70629e450950eb3a88ab", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "in-yantra/in-yantra-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-074-6f58c8.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (074).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28074%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443097", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra tattooing needles.", "sha256": "9044c7e59569667cdad7b22c12b449a2e50474268752f3ea00f85c0bfa91d167", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "in-yantra/in-yantra-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-075-47708c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (075).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28075%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443098", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra tattooing needles.", "sha256": "9fa6ec2d86c8c157b5efccd86c1e958bfb4c2803d6e9657327d4d5a178cbc526", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "in-yantra/in-yantra-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-076-9035a3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (076).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28076%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443100", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Traditional swords and yantra tattooing needles.", "sha256": "50a26ccfbc94017d35354e684757d1807ff73eb5bd0a8bf06bbb091ae4ab6bb8", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "in-yantra/in-yantra-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-078-2524b7.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (078).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28078%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443101", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra tattooing model.", "sha256": "ca055ed494e5902c0ae745764f2200e85e27c040df257dc00d75a7e8f8fd38f7", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "in-yantra/in-yantra-sak-yant-tattoo-performed-in-thailand-501739.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Sak Yant Tattoo performed in thailand.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Sak_Yant_Tattoo_performed_in_thailand.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92977566", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Ryaninuk", "credit": "bottom two by machine, top traditional method", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — sak yant performed in thailand by ajarn nakhon pathom, bottom tattoo by Jirst tattoo pattaya and middle tattoo apple ink", "sha256": "051997efd840eddba163babbd568f69ee277ec8c3d2492d2e721f4595a06bf28", "width": 720, "height": 960}], "text": {"what_th": "ตารางยันต์ของพม่า เรียกว่า อิน แบ่งเป็นช่องใส่เลขและอักษร คำนวณจากวันเวลาเกิดของผู้รับ เขียนบนกระดาษหรือผ้า สลักบนโลหะ หรือสักลงบนผิว ถือกันว่าคุ้มครอง กันภัย และให้เมตตา", "what_en": "The Burmese in: a cabalistic square whose cells hold numerals and letters, cast from the recipient's birth date and time by an in-saya or weikza of the in path. Drawn on paper or cloth, engraved on metal, or tattooed. The Burmese counterpart of the Thai yantra, with a grid where the Thai sheet has figures.", "story_th": "สายวิชชาพม่าแบ่งเป็นหลายทาง ทางอินคือทางของตารางเลข ถือกันว่าแรงที่สุดคู่กับทางเหล็ก เล่ากันว่าอินที่ขีดไว้บนบ้านหรือต้นไม้ทำให้ฟ้าผ่าได้ อินจึงเป็นทั้งของคุ้มครองและของที่ต้องเขียนให้ถูก", "story_en": "The weikza paths divide by medium: mercury, iron, medicine, and the in. The in path and the iron path are held the most powerful. The square is calculated from the wearer's birth date and time, and the tradition credits a square scratched on a house or tree with drawing lightning to it. That cuts both ways: an in protects, and an in written wrong is a hazard, which is why the square-master is a specialist.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เก็บให้สะอาดและสูงเหมือนของมงคลทั่วไป", "keeping_en": "Nobody home and nothing owed: an inscribed object, kept clean and high like any blessed thing. What matters is who wrote it and whether it was written for you."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-weikza", "s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing", "s:my-wiki-in-talisman", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "impersonal inscribed object; Thai class applied across the border"}, "names.th": {"tier": "inference", "note": "descriptive Thai gloss; no settled Thai term"}, "names.other_scripts": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:my-wiki-in-talisman"}, "form": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza", "note": "media list cited; shirt and pattern-book from Commons file descriptions"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-weikza"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "no Thai listing title carries ยันต์พม่า or อิน"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "pha_yan", "term": "ผ้ายันต์", "roman": "pha yan", "en": "inscribed cloth", "definition": "Cloth bearing a drawn or stamped yantra. Strictly a form rather than a material, kept on this axis because the market names it in the material slot and a reader looking for \"what is it made of\" will look here. Cross-reference the motif axis for the yantra itself."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "mm", "th": "พม่า · เมียนมา", "en": "Myanmar"}, {"key": "shan", "th": "ไทใหญ่ · รัฐฉาน", "en": "Shan State (Tai Yai)"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "in-yantra/in-yantra-burmese-kinnara-and-three-headed-peacock-e8af8c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Burmese Kinnara and three-headed peacock.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Burmese_Kinnara_and_three-headed_peacock.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2656859", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "Library of Congress, Asian Division (2), Washington, D.C., USA, published online at https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/wb-dream.html (wb0002s-th.jpg), section \"BURMESE WINGED CREATURE\"", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์พม่า", "alt_en": "In (Burmese cabalistic square) — Illustrations in a Manuscript of talismans and tattoos from Burma.\nupper image: half-human, half-bird creature and is kn", "sha256": "623e0f13f1fe42501aa782def44f8418d8312ea50134d9fd8902162aa96324ce", "width": 424, "height": 640, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "jade-buddha-burmese", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระหยกพม่า", "roman": "kyauk sein hpaya", "en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant", "aliases": {"th": ["จี้หยกพม่า", "พระหยก", "หยกพม่าแท้", "พระหยกเจไดต์"], "roman": ["phra yok phama", "jade Buddha", "Burma jade Buddha", "jadeite Buddha pendant"], "en": ["jade Buddha pendant", "Burma jade amulet", "jadeite Buddha"]}, "other_scripts": {"my": "ကျောက်စိမ်းဘုရား"}}, "region": ["mm"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "chok_lap", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": [], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "จี้แกะสลักจากหยกเจไดต์ องค์พระนั่งหรือพระสังกัจจายน์ สีเขียว ขาว ม่วง มักเจาะรูร้อยเชือกหรือเลี่ยมทอง", "shape_en": "A carved jadeite pendant — a seated Buddha, sometimes a Sangkachai or a reclining figure — green, white or lavender, drilled for a cord or set in a gold bail. Carved, not moulded; no two identical.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอด้วยเชือกหรือเลี่ยมทอง", "wearable_en": "Hung at the neck on a cord or in a gold frame", "obverse_th": "องค์พระนูน", "obverse_en": "The figure in relief", "reverse_th": "เรียบขัดมัน", "reverse_en": "Flat and polished", "notes_en": "Materials axis left empty: the vault has no key for jade. The material is the record — jadeite, not nephrite, and untreated (A), bleached-and-polymer (B) or dyed (C)."}, "iconography": [{"th": "พระพุทธรูปนั่งสมาธิ", "en": "seated Buddha in meditation"}, {"th": "พระสังกัจจายน์", "en": "Sangkachai, common in Thai listings of Burmese jade"}, {"th": "พระนอน", "en": "reclining Buddha"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ช่างแกะหยกมัณฑะเลย์และตลาดหยก", "maker_en": "Mandalay lapidaries and the Mandalay jade market; King Mindon (1857–78) let Chinese lapidaries set up there to work stone between Burma and China", "era_th": "เหมืองผากันต์ รัฐกะฉิ่น", "era_en": "Stone from the Hpakant mines, Kachin State, 350 km north of Mandalay on the Uyu River; Chinese sources note Burmese jadeite from the 10th century", "place_th": "ผากันต์ (แหล่งหิน) และมัณฑะเลย์ (แกะสลัก)", "place_en": "Hpakant (stone) and Mandalay (carving and trade)", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "หยกเจไดต์ผิวขัดเป็นมันวาวแบบแก้ว หยกเนไฟรต์มันแบบน้ำมัน เจไดต์หนักกว่า", "en": "Jadeite polishes to a vitreous lustre; nephrite polishes oily. Jadeite is denser and has the higher refractive index", "source": "s:en-wiki-jadeite", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เขียวจักรพรรดิมาจากโครเมียม สีในก้อนเดียวมักไม่สม่ำเสมอ", "en": "Imperial green comes from traces of chromium, and colour in a single stone is usually uneven; a flat, even green across the whole pendant is the thing to look at twice", "source": "s:th-wiki-jade", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เกรด A ธรรมชาติ · B ฟอกและอัดเรซิน · C ย้อมสี · B+C ทั้งสองอย่าง", "en": "A untreated; B bleached and polymer-impregnated; C dyed; B+C both. Under a loupe dye pools in fractures, and polymer dulls the lustre", "source": "s:th-wiki-jade", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตลาดมัณฑะเลย์ส่องด้วยไฟ UV", "en": "Mandalay traders inspect rough with a portable UV torch; polymer in B jade fluoresces where natural stone stays dull", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "inference"}, {"th": "แกะสลัก ไม่ใช่พิมพ์ — ไม่มีตะเข็บแม่พิมพ์ รอยเครื่องมือมองเห็นใต้แว่น", "en": "Carved, not pressed: no mould seam, and tool marks read under the loupe. A moulded 'jade' with a seam is glass or resin", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "inference"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "kuan-im", "tell_th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิมหยกเป็นรูปสตรียืนถือแจกัน · พระหยกพม่าเป็นพระพุทธรูป", "tell_en": "Jade Guanyin pendants show a standing woman with a vase; a Burmese jade Buddha is a Buddha. Same stone, same trade, different figure and class."}, {"id": "pixiu", "tell_th": "ปี่เซียะเป็นสัตว์หยก · พระหยกเป็นพระ", "tell_en": "A pixiu is a jade beast for wealth; this is a Buddha for veneration."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อเป็นโลหะหล่อ มีตะเข็บ · พระหยกแกะจากหิน", "tell_en": "A cast figure is metal with a seam; a jade Buddha is carved stone with tool marks."}], "market": {"search": ["หยกพม่า"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Jade market in Mandalay (Myanmar)", "Category:Jadeite"], "commons_files": ["File:Unfinished Jadeite rock with jade Buddha.jpg", "File:Mandalay-Jademarkt-40-Jade-gje.jpg", "File:Mandalay-Jademarkt-44-Juwelier-gje.jpg", "File:MandalayJadeInspection.jpg", "File:Jadeite Sodium aluminum silicate Burma 3025.jpg", "File:Burmese jadeite faceted stones - - Burke Museum.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No free photograph of a wearable Burmese jade Buddha pendant exists on Commons as of 2026-09-02; the listed files show a museum Buddha on rough jadeite, the Mandalay market, and raw Burmese stone. Needed: one pendant straight on with its bail, and a loupe frame of a dyed fracture."}, "images": [{"file": "jade-buddha-burmese/jade-buddha-burmese-unfinished-jadeite-rock-with-jade-buddha-4d448f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Unfinished Jadeite rock with jade Buddha.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Unfinished_Jadeite_rock_with_jade_Buddha.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7041422", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Lilaac", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า", "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — Unprocessed Jadeite rock with a finished Jade Buddha on its side, from China, on public display at Museum of Natural His", "sha256": "c9939c50ed8b7a5574e363d9073e75bba49a7608bd27a2d479192224619187bb", "width": 3357, "height": 2233, "primary": true}, {"file": "jade-buddha-burmese/jade-buddha-burmese-jadeite-sodium-aluminum-silicate-burma-3-34de54.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Jadeite Sodium aluminum silicate Burma 3025.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Jadeite_Sodium_aluminum_silicate_Burma_3025.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1956113", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Dave Dyet(http://www.shutterstone.com, http://www.dyet.com)", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า", "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — Image of jadeite (also known as sodium aluminum silicate), a pyroxene mineral. This sample was excavated in northern Mya", "sha256": "5b88e1167cb9c3181a88bae55b4f7d58e48ef13fa00959345ad51f4042a235d9", "width": 637, "height": 543}, {"file": "jade-buddha-burmese/jade-buddha-burmese-mandalay-jademarkt-40-jade-gje-f630cd.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Mandalay-Jademarkt-40-Jade-gje.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Mandalay-Jademarkt-40-Jade-gje.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634159", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Gerd Eichmann", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า", "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — ade market in Mandalay in Myanmar.", "sha256": "b07e56490606464c2ae3c85a8c46acfdafbc5aea5937cebb3891a1e59bb2ebaf", "width": 3592, "height": 2547}, {"file": "jade-buddha-burmese/jade-buddha-burmese-mandalay-jademarkt-44-juwelier-gje-d700b0.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Mandalay-Jademarkt-44-Juwelier-gje.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Mandalay-Jademarkt-44-Juwelier-gje.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64634160", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Gerd Eichmann", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า", "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — ade market in Mandalay in Myanmar.", "sha256": "ed2941193dc7b2d1109dfe9eadf5aa8535ecd38f6729696a81d45f2f900c18e4", "width": 4319, "height": 3100}, {"file": "jade-buddha-burmese/jade-buddha-burmese-mandalayjadeinspection-f86a76.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:MandalayJadeInspection.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/MandalayJadeInspection.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77336686", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Etan J. Tal", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า", "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — Jade rock inspection with a portable UV LED torch in Mandalay Jade Market.", "sha256": "66febb0f928ca19080e0eeb0d192c3bc823eee32483a470a197cd813559dee64", "width": 4127, "height": 2782}, {"file": "jade-buddha-burmese/jade-buddha-burmese-burmese-jadeite-faceted-stones-burke-mus-b0047b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Burmese jadeite faceted stones - - Burke Museum.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Burmese_jadeite_faceted_stones_-_-_Burke_Museum.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85158883", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Joe Mabel", "credit": "Photo by Joe Mabel", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า", "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — Burmese jadeite faceted stones (Myanmar). Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 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4145, "height": 2804}], "text": {"what_th": "จี้พระพุทธรูปแกะจากหยกเจไดต์พม่า หินจากเหมืองผากันต์ในรัฐกะฉิ่น แกะและขายที่มัณฑะเลย์ ตลาดไทยขายในชื่อ 'หยกพม่าแท้' เรื่องสำคัญคือเนื้อหิน — เจไดต์หรือเนไฟรต์ ธรรมชาติหรือย้อม", "what_en": "A Buddha pendant carved from Burmese jadeite: stone from the Hpakant mines in Kachin State, cut and traded in Mandalay, sold in Thailand as 'genuine Burma jade'. A Buddha image with nobody home; the whole question is the stone — jadeite or nephrite, untreated or bleached and dyed.", "story_th": "พม่าผลิตหยกเจไดต์คุณภาพสูงราวร้อยละ ๗๐ ของโลก จีนรู้จักหยกพม่ามาตั้งแต่ศตวรรษที่ ๑๐ พระเจ้าเฉียนหลงถึงกับทำสงครามเพื่อหยกเขียว พระเจ้ามินดงอนุญาตให้ช่างจีนตั้งโรงแกะที่มัณฑะเลย์ เหมืองผากันต์ถล่มซ้ำ ปี ๒๕๖๓ ตายกว่า ๑๗๐ คน หินที่สวมคอมีประวัตินี้ติดมา", "story_en": "Myanmar supplies around seventy per cent of the world's high-quality jadeite. Chinese sources note Burmese stone from the tenth century; the Qianlong Emperor went to war for green jade; King Mindon let Chinese lapidaries set up in Mandalay, and the market there still grinds, polishes and inspects it by UV torch. Hpakant's landslides killed more than a hundred in 2015 and more than 170 in 2020. The Myanma Gems Enterprise grades imperial, commercial and utility jade, the last for carving. The pendant on a cord carries all of that.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ดูแลอย่างพระเครื่อง คำถามคือของแท้ไหมและหินอะไร", "keeping_en": "Nobody home and nothing owed: a Buddha image, kept as any phra khrueang. The provenance question is authenticity and stone grade, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-jadeite", "s:en-wiki-hpakant", "s:en-wiki-jade-trade-myanmar", "s:th-wiki-jade", "s:catalog-db", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-jade-trade-myanmar"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.materials": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-materials", "note": "empty: no jade key in the vault; see form.notes_en"}, "names": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "Thai aliases from listing titles; roman is a Burmese gloss (kyauk sein = jade), tier inference"}, "form": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "figure types from Thai listing titles; carving from Commons file descriptions"}, "diagnostics": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-jade", "note": "jadeite/nephrite and A/B/C cited; UV and loupe readings inference"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "หยกพม่า in 4 titles; พระหยก in 1"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "listing copy promises luck and protection; hedged"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "mm", "th": "พม่า · เมียนมา", "en": "Myanmar"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 4, "priced": 4, "median_thb": 149.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 1888.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "jade-buddha-burmese/jade-buddha-burmese-unfinished-jadeite-rock-with-jade-buddha-4d448f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Unfinished Jadeite rock with jade Buddha.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Unfinished_Jadeite_rock_with_jade_Buddha.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7041422", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Lilaac", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า", "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — Unprocessed Jadeite rock with a finished Jade Buddha on its side, from China, on public display at Museum of Natural His", "sha256": "c9939c50ed8b7a5574e363d9073e75bba49a7608bd27a2d479192224619187bb", "width": 3357, "height": 2233, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "jatukham", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "จตุคามรามเทพ", "roman": "chatukham ramthep", "en": "Jatukham Rammathep", "aliases": {"th": ["จตุคาม", "องค์จตุคาม", "ท้าวจตุคาม ท้าวรามเทพ"], "roman": ["jatukam ramathep", "jatukham", "chatukham"], "en": ["Jatukam Ramathep", "the wealth guardian"]}}, "region": ["th-south"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["chok_lap", "kha_khai", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_phong", "nuea_waan", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["deity"]}, "form": {"type": "medallion", "shape_th": "เหรียญกลมขนาดใหญ่ ราว ๕ ซม. เนื้อผงว่านหรือโลหะ เทพนั่งกลาง ล้อมด้วยราหู ๘ ตนหรือ ๑๒ นักษัตร", "shape_en": "A large round disc, about 5 cm across, in pressed herbal powder or cast metal; a seated deva at the centre ringed by eight Rahu heads or the twelve zodiac animals", "size_mm": [50, 50, 6], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในกรอบ ขนาดใหญ่กว่าพระเครื่องทั่วไปมาก", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a frame, far larger than an ordinary amulet", "obverse_th": "เทพสี่กรนั่งสมาธิถืออาวุธ ล้อมด้วยราหู ๘ ตน (รุ่นแรก) หรือนักษัตร", "obverse_en": "A four-armed deva seated in meditation holding divine weapons, encircled by eight Rahus (first run) or the zodiac", "reverse_th": "หลักเมืองนครศรีธรรมราช", "reverse_en": "The Nakhon Si Thammarat city pillar", "notes_en": "Nearly a thousand variations were issued in the 2006–07 boom; the disc form and the seated deva are constant, the ring and the reverse vary."}, "iconography": [{"th": "เทพสี่กร นั่งสมาธิ ถืออาวุธ", "en": "four-armed deva seated in meditation with weapons"}, {"th": "ราหู ๘ ตนล้อมรอบ", "en": "eight Rahu heads around the rim (the 1987 'sun-moon Rahu' type)"}, {"th": "๑๒ นักษัตร", "en": "the twelve zodiac animals around the rim"}, {"th": "หลักเมืองด้านหลัง", "en": "city pillar on the reverse"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดพระมหาธาตุวรมหาวิหาร นครศรีธรรมราช", "wat_en": "Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat", "maker_th": "พล.ต.ต. ขุนพันธรักษ์ราชเดช เป็นผู้มีบทบาทหลักในรุ่นแรก", "maker_en": "Pol. Maj. Gen. Khun Phantharak Ratchadet had the central role in the first run", "era_th": "รุ่นแรก พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๐ ในพิธีดวงเมือง กระแสสูงสุด พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๙–๒๕๕๐ หลังงานศพขุนพันธ์", "era_en": "First run 1987 (BE 2530) at the city-horoscope ceremony; the boom peaked in 2006–07 after Khun Phantharak's cremation", "place_th": "นครศรีธรรมราช", "place_en": "Nakhon Si Thammarat, southern Thailand", "first_attested": "1987 (BE 2530), first run per th.wikipedia and en.wikipedia"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ขนาด — เหรียญกลมราว ๕ ซม. ใหญ่กว่าพระเครื่องทั่วไป", "en": "Size: a disc around 5 cm, larger than ordinary amulets; a small Jatukham is a later variant or a locket", "source": "s:th-wiki-jatukham", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เทพนั่งกลาง มีวงล้อม — ราหู ๘ ตน หรือนักษัตร", "en": "A seated deva at the centre with a ring: eight Rahus on the first type, zodiac animals on many later ones", "source": "s:en-wiki-jatukham", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หลังเป็นหลักเมือง", "en": "City pillar on the reverse", "source": "s:th-wiki-jatukham", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อผงว่านและโลหะ รุ่นและพิมพ์นับพัน จึงต้องอ่านชื่อรุ่นที่เหรียญ", "en": "Herbal powder and metal bodies across nearly a thousand variations, so the run name on the disc carries more than the form", "source": "s:en-wiki-jatukham", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ศิลปะศรีวิชัย", "en": "Srivijaya-style modelling of the figure", "source": "s:en-wiki-jatukham", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-rahu", "tell_th": "ราหูเดี่ยวเป็นหัวอมดวง มักแกะกะลา · จตุคามเป็นเหรียญกลมใหญ่ที่มีราหูเล็ก ๘ ตนล้อมเทพ", "tell_en": "A Rahu amulet is one head swallowing a disc, usually in shell; the Jatukham is a big disc where eight small Rahus ring a seated deva."}, {"id": "thao-wessuwan", "tell_th": "เวสสุวรรณเป็นยักษ์ยืนถือกระบอง · จตุคามเป็นเทพนั่งสี่กรบนเหรียญ", "tell_en": "Wessuwan is a standing giant with a club; Jatukham is a seated four-armed deva on a disc."}, {"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "เหรียญพระเกจิเป็นรูปพระภิกษุ ขนาดเหรียญปกติ · จตุคามเป็นเทพ ขนาดใหญ่", "tell_en": "A monk medallion shows a monk at coin size; the Jatukham shows a deva at twice that."}, {"id": "luang-pu-thuat", "tell_th": "หลวงปู่ทวดเป็นพระภิกษุภาคใต้ · จตุคามเป็นเทพภาคใต้ ทั้งคู่จากนครศรีธรรมราชกับสงขลา", "tell_en": "Both are southern; Luang Pu Thuat is a monk in robes, Jatukham a crowned deva."}], "market": {"search": ["จตุคาม"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph of the amulet on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches for Jatukham, Jatukam and จตุคามรามเทพ return the provincial seal and temple views only). Needed: a 1987-type disc obverse and reverse, and a boom-era variant beside it at matched scale"}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "เหรียญกลมใหญ่รูปเทพผู้รักษาวัดพระมหาธาตุ นครศรีธรรมราช — ท้าวจตุคามและท้าวรามเทพ ภายหลังนับเป็นองค์เดียว กระแส พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๐ ทำให้เป็นวัตถุมงคลแห่งชาติชั่วคราว เป็นเทพที่บูชา ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "what_en": "A large disc bearing the guardian devas of Wat Phra Mahathat, Nakhon Si Thammarat — Thao Jatukham and Thao Rammathep, later read as one being. The 2007 boom made it a national wealth phenomenon for a season; a deva venerated through the object, nothing to feed.", "story_th": "จตุคามและรามเทพเป็นเทพผู้รักษาพระบรมธาตุ นครศรีธรรมราช ตำนานว่าเป็นอดีตกษัตริย์ศรีวิชัยผู้บำเพ็ญโพธิสัตว์ รุ่นแรกสร้าง พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๐ ในพิธีดวงเมือง โดยขุนพันธรักษ์ราชเดชมีบทบาทหลัก เป็นพระผงสุริยันจันทรามีราหู ๘ ตนล้อม เมื่อขุนพันธ์ถึงแก่กรรมต้น พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๐ ราคาเหรียญรุ่นแรกจาก ๔๙ บาทพุ่งถึงหลักสิบล้าน มีการสร้างเกือบพันรุ่น เงินหมุนเวียนราว ๒๒,๐๐๐ ล้านบาท เกิดเหตุเบียดเสียดถึงตายและคดีฆ่ากัน แล้วตลาดก็ทรุด", "story_en": "Jatukham and Rammathep are the guardian devas of the Great Relic at Nakhon Si Thammarat, held in legend to be a Srivijaya king who became a bodhisattva; the four in the name (จตุ) were once four directional guardians. The first run was pressed in 1987 for the city-horoscope ceremony with the police general Khun Phantharak Ratchadet at its centre: a sun-moon powder disc ringed by eight Rahus. When he was cremated early in 2007 the country bought everything with the name on it — the 49-baht first-run disc was quoted in the tens of millions, nearly a thousand variations were issued, an estimated 22 billion baht changed hands, a woman died in a crush at a temple release, and there were killings over pieces. Then it cooled, which is the part of the story a buyer should know.", "keeping_th": "เทพสถิตในความหมายของการบูชา ถวายความเคารพและเครื่องสักการะ ไม่เลี้ยง วางลงได้ คำถามเรื่องประวัติคือรุ่นและราคา", "keeping_en": "Deva tier: veneration, not feeding; can be set down. Its provenance question is which run and what it cost, not who kept it."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-jatukham", "s:th-wiki-jatukham", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-jatukham"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "inference", "note": "holding_key carries no jatukham entry; written from s:en-wiki-jatukham + s:amulet-reference A·05"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-jatukham", "note": "about 5 cm diameter; depth inferred"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-jatukham"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search term chosen here; not in holding_key"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "nuea_waan", "term": "เนื้อว่าน", "roman": "nuea waan", "en": "sacred-herb paste", "definition": "Paste of ว่าน — the sacred tubers and herbs gathered under prescribed conditions. Northern practice is particularly rich here. Ages by drying and shrinking rather than by patina. The manuscripts carry ว่าน heavily — คาถาเสกว่าน, formulae for consecrating the herb — so this term joins the two corpora directly, once the กว่าน collision is excluded."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-south", "th": "ภาคใต้", "en": "Southern Thailand"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 285, "priced": 285, "median_thb": 250.0, "typical_thb": [100.0, 599.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "jimat", "names": {"th": "ยันต์มลายู", "roman": "jimat", "en": "Jimat / azimat (Islamic-Malay written amulet)", "aliases": {"th": ["จิมัต", "อาซิมัต", "ตะกรุดมลายู"], "roman": ["azimat", "azimah", "tamimah", "ta'wiz"], "en": ["Malay talisman", "Quranic amulet", "taweez"]}, "other_scripts": {"ms": "جيمت / عزيمة (Jawi) · jimat / azimat", "id": "jimat / azimat", "ar": "عزيمة"}}, "region": ["my", "id", "sg"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi", "khong_kraphan", "kha_khai", "maha_saneh"], "materials": [], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "กระดาษหรือผ้าเขียนอักษรอาหรับ/ยาวี พับเล็กใส่ซองผ้า ตลับโลหะ หรือเย็บติดเสื้อ เข็มขัด", "shape_en": "A sheet of paper or cloth written in Arabic or Jawi script, folded small and sealed in a cloth pouch, a metal case, a belt or the lining of a garment; also whole talismanic shirts (baju rajah) written all over.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "แขวนคอ ผูกแขน เหน็บเอว ติดรถ หรือแขวนในบ้าน", "wearable_en": "Hung on the body, a vehicle or a building — the Indonesian definition names all three; worn at the neck, upper arm or waist.", "obverse_th": "ข้อความ: อายะฮ์อัลกุรอาน พระนามอัลลอฮ์ ตารางเลข (วะฟัก) ตัวอักษรโดด", "obverse_en": "Text: Quranic verses, names of God, a numbered wafq square, isolated letters; the writing is the whole object.", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Azimat is the Arabic loan (ʿazīma); jimat is its Malay/Indonesian clip. Ta'wiz is the same object in South Asia. Compare the Thai takrut: same logic of an inscribed sheet closed by a rite, different script and a different sacred language."}, "iconography": [{"th": "อักษรอาหรับ / ยาวี", "en": "Arabic or Jawi script, never a figure"}, {"th": "ตารางวะฟัก (magic square)", "en": "a wafq — the Islamic magic square, most often 3×3 (buduh)"}, {"th": "ชื่อพระเจ้า ๙๙ พระนาม / ตราสุลัยมาน", "en": "the 99 names of God; the Seal of Solomon star"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "โต๊ะครู / ดุกุน / กียาอี", "maker_en": "Written by a religious teacher (tok guru, kyai), a bomoh or a dukun; the writer's standing is the object's credential", "era_th": "สืบมากับอิสลามในโลกมลายู", "era_en": "Arrived with Islam in the Malay world; the paper-and-Arabic form is continuous with the ta'wiz of the wider Muslim world", "place_th": "คาบสมุทรมลายู สุมาตรา ชวา", "place_en": "Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นข้อความ ไม่ใช่รูป — อักษรอาหรับ ยาวี เลขอาหรับ", "en": "It is writing, not an image: Arabic or Jawi letters and Arabic numerals. A figure means it is something else", "source": "s:en-wiki-tawiz", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตารางเลข (วะฟัก) ช่องละตัวเลขหรือตัวอักษร ผลรวมเท่ากันทุกแถว", "en": "A grid of numbers or letters whose rows sum alike — the wafq al-a'dad, in occult use since the 13th century", "source": "s:en-wiki-magic-square", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "พับเล็กใส่ซอง ตลับ หรือเย็บติดเสื้อ ไม่ม้วนเป็นหลอดแบบตะกรุด", "en": "Folded flat into a pouch, locket, armband or sewn into clothing — not rolled into a tube like a takrut", "source": "s:en-wiki-tawiz", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "แขวนได้ทั้งคน รถ และบ้าน", "en": "Hung on a person, a vehicle or a building — the same object serves all three", "source": "s:id-wiki-jimat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เสื้อราจะฮ์ (baju rajah) คือจิมัตทั้งตัว เขียนเต็มผืน", "en": "A baju rajah is a whole shirt written over as one jimat; the Commons example belonged to a 1948–49 fighter", "source": "s:id-wiki-jimat", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดม้วนแผ่นโลหะจารอักขระขอม · จิมัตพับกระดาษเขียนอาหรับ ทั้งคู่ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "tell_en": "Same class, different script and fold: a takrut is a metal sheet in Khom letters rolled into a tube; a jimat is paper or cloth in Arabic folded flat. Neither is fed."}, {"id": "rajah", "tell_th": "ราจาห์คือตัวเขียนที่ทำให้จิมัตขลัง จิมัตคือของที่พกไป", "tell_en": "Rajah is the written formula; jimat is the carried object that holds it. Indonesian usage lets rajah stand alone on skin or a shirt, and jimat cover unwritten charms too."}, {"id": "in-yantra", "tell_th": "อินพม่าเป็นตารางยันต์อักษรพม่า ในบริบทพุทธ · จิมัตเป็นอาหรับ ในบริบทอิสลาม", "tell_en": "A Burmese in is a grid yantra in Burmese letters from a Buddhist weikza lineage; a jimat is Arabic in an Islamic one. Same idea of a squared diagram, different script and sacred language."}, {"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ไทยเป็นผืนใหญ่ มีรูปพระ ฤๅษี สัตว์ · จิมัตไม่มีรูปคนหรือสัตว์", "tell_en": "A Thai pha yan is a large cloth carrying figures — Buddha, hermit, animals; a jimat is aniconic, text only."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg"], "wanted_en": "Only the Baju Rajah shirt (CC BY-SA 4.0, id.wikipedia) is free on Commons as of 2026-09-02; Commons searches for 'azimat' and 'jimat' return nothing else Malay. Needed: a folded paper jimat open beside its cloth pouch, a wafq square in close-up, and a metal jimat case as worn."}, "images": [{"file": "jimat/jimat-baju-rajah-syirik-e81a39.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Baju_Rajah_%28Syirik%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156701516", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Muhamad Izzul Fiqih", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์มลายู", "alt_en": "Jimat / azimat (Islamic-Malay written amulet) — Baju Rajah ini milik Ibrahim bin Abdul Gani dengan sebutan Datuk Ahim. Ia seorang Panglima Selempang Merah dari Desa Par", "sha256": "708d408beae22908cfd4dafb34e554dfa61cbe33e83a09895abe1d5173f148bb", "width": 3994, "height": 6643, "primary": true}], "text": {"what_th": "เครื่องรางเขียนของโลกมลายู: กระดาษหรือผ้าจารอายะฮ์อัลกุรอาน พระนามพระเจ้า หรือตารางเลข พับเล็กพกติดตัว ผูกรถ หรือแขวนบ้าน พลังอยู่ที่ตัวเขียนและผู้เขียน ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "The written amulet of the Malay world: Quranic verses, names of God or a numbered square, set down in Arabic on paper or cloth by a teacher or bomoh, folded small and carried, tied to a vehicle or hung in a house. Power sits in the writing and the hand that wrote it; nobody is home.", "story_th": "คำว่า azimat มาจากอาหรับ ʿazīma ส่วน jimat เป็นรูปย่อในภาษามลายู ของชนิดเดียวกันที่อินเดียเรียก ta'wiz วิกิพีเดียอินโดนีเซียนิยามว่าเป็นของหรือข้อความที่แขวนไว้กับร่างกาย รถ หรืออาคาร เพื่อป้องกันโรคและเคราะห์ (tolak bala) ในศาสนาอิสลามมีข้อโต้แย้งชัดเจน: สำนักที่เคร่งถือว่าเป็นชิริก ฝ่ายที่ผ่อนปรนยอมรับถ้าข้อความเป็นอัลกุรอานล้วน", "story_en": "Azimat is Arabic ʿazīma; jimat is what Malay made of it, and ta'wiz is the same thing in South Asia. Indonesian Wikipedia defines it as an object or writing hung on a body, a vehicle or a building to turn aside sickness and misfortune (tolak bala). The theological fight is part of the object: stricter schools call it shirk — seeking protection from other than God — while others accept it when the text is Quran alone. The Malay trade also sells it for kebal (invulnerability), pelaris (custom for a shop) and pengasihan (attraction); those three are what the vault's function keys are doing here.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ให้เกียรติตัวเขียนตามธรรมเนียม: ไม่ให้เปียก ไม่พาเข้าที่สกปรก ผู้ถือมักถือว่าห้ามเปิดซอง", "keeping_en": "Impersonal — nothing is owed and nothing is fed. Keepers treat the writing as scripture: kept dry, kept out of unclean places, and the trade holds that the fold is not opened."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:id-wiki-jimat", "s:ms-wiki-azimat", "s:en-wiki-tawiz", "s:en-wiki-magic-square", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-tawiz"}, "fields": {"axes.class": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "impersonal inscribed object; the vault's yantra_wattu applies across the region"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "kebal / pelaris / pengasihan are trade claims, hedged"}, "names.th": {"tier": "inference", "note": "descriptive Thai gloss; Thai has no settled term"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "origin": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}, {"key": "id", "th": "อินโดนีเซีย", "en": "Indonesia"}, {"key": "sg", "th": "สิงคโปร์", "en": "Singapore"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "jimat/jimat-baju-rajah-syirik-e81a39.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Baju_Rajah_%28Syirik%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156701516", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Muhamad Izzul Fiqih", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์มลายู", "alt_en": "Jimat / azimat (Islamic-Malay written amulet) — Baju Rajah ini milik Ibrahim bin Abdul Gani dengan sebutan Datuk Ahim. Ia seorang Panglima Selempang Merah dari Desa Par", "sha256": "708d408beae22908cfd4dafb34e554dfa61cbe33e83a09895abe1d5173f148bb", "width": 3994, "height": 6643, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "kala-ta-diao", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "กะลาตาเดียว", "roman": "kala ta diao", "en": "One-eyed coconut shell", "aliases": {"th": ["กะลามะพร้าวตาเดียว", "มะพร้าวตาเดียว", "กะลาตาเดียวแกะราหู"], "roman": ["kala ta diew", "kala tah diao"], "en": ["single-eyed coconut", "one-eyed coconut Rahu"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "khong_thammachat", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "chok_lap"], "materials": ["kala"], "figures": ["natural"]}, "form": {"type": "natural", "shape_th": "กะลาที่มีตาเดียว — เก็บทั้งลูก ตัดเป็นแหวนหรือจี้ หรือแกะเป็นราหูอมจันทร์", "shape_en": "A shell with a single germination pore where every ordinary shell has three; kept whole, cut into a ring or pendant, or carved into Rahu swallowing the moon", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "แหวน จี้ หรือแผ่นราหูเลี่ยม", "wearable_en": "Ring, pendant, or a framed Rahu plaque", "notes_en": "Whole and uncarved it is the natural class. Carved into Rahu and inscribed it is also a Rahu, whose resident is a deva; the material axis warns that many กะลา listings are the carved ปลัดขิก."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ตาเดียวตรงขั้ว", "en": "the single eye at the stem end"}, {"th": "ราหูอมจันทร์ / อมอาทิตย์ ลงยันต์จันทรประภา สุริยประภา", "en": "Rahu swallowing the moon or the sun, with the Chanthaprapha and Suriyaprapha yantra (treatise)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดศีรษะทอง นครปฐม (ตามการ์ด)", "wat_en": "Wat Sisa Thong, Nakhon Pathom, per the reference card", "maker_th": "หลวงพ่อน้อย วัดศีรษะทอง (ตามการ์ด)", "maker_en": "Luang Pho Noi of Wat Sisa Thong, per the reference card — the Rahu-carving lineage the trade names", "era_th": "", "era_en": "", "place_th": "ภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thailand", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "กะลาปกติมีสามตา ลูกนี้มีตาเดียว — ความผิดปกติคือของขลัง ไม่ได้แกะ", "en": "A normal shell has three eyes; this one has one. The anomaly is the charm; nothing was carved to make it", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ตำราให้หากะลามะพร้าวตาเดียวแกะเป็นราหูอมจันทร์และอมอาทิตย์ ลงยันต์สองดวง", "en": "The treatise's Rahu recipe starts by finding a one-eyed shell and carving two Rahu from it — one swallowing the moon, one the sun — then inscribing the Chanthaprapha and Suriyaprapha yantra", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "เนื้อกะลาแก่ด้วยการสึก ไม่ใช่สนิม ตาจริงเป็นรูงอกมีขอบใย รูเจาะทีหลังกลมเรียบ — เรื่องของมะพร้าว ไม่ใช่คำตัดสินชิ้นใด", "en": "Shell ages by wear, not patina. A true eye is a germination pore with a fibrous rim; a bored hole is round and clean — a statement about coconuts, not a verdict on a piece", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ในตลาดคำว่า กะลา ส่วนใหญ่คือปลัดขิกแกะ ต้องดูรูปทรง", "en": "In listings กะลา is mostly the carved palad khik; form settles it", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "การ์ดนับเป็นคำใหม่ของตลาดที่พบมากที่สุด ราคาต่ำและกว้าง", "en": "The card counts it the most-attested of the market's newer terms, at low retail prices; counts are rebuilt from catalog.db at build time", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "khot-kala", "tell_th": "คดกะลาเป็นก้อนแข็งข้างในลูก · กะลาตาเดียวคือเปลือกที่มีตาเดียว", "tell_en": "A khot kala is a stone-hard nodule found inside the nut; a kala ta diao is the shell itself with one eye. Same tree, two different finds, both natural class."}, {"id": "phra-rahu", "tell_th": "ราหูเป็นเทพที่บูชา ของแกะจากกะลาตาเดียวก็ได้ อย่างอื่นก็ได้ · กะลาตาเดียวทั้งลูกไม่มีรูป", "tell_en": "Phra Rahu is a venerated deva, carved from a one-eyed shell by preference but from anything at hand; the uncarved shell is a natural object with no resident. Once carved and inscribed the object is both."}, {"id": "palad-khik", "tell_th": "ปลัดขิกแกะกะลาเป็นรูปอวัยวะเพศ · กะลาตาเดียวเก็บทั้งลูกหรือแกะราหู", "tell_en": "A palad khik carved from shell is a phallus; the one-eyed shell is kept whole or carved as Rahu. The material term กะลา covers both, which is why the search uses the compound."}], "market": {"search": ["กะลาตาเดียว"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free Commons file found on 2026-09-02 (Category:Rahu exists but is empty; coconut-charm searches return Papua New Guinea pieces). Wanted: the stem end of a one-eyed shell beside a normal three-eyed one, and a carved Rahu plaque, at one scale."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "กะลามะพร้าวที่มีตาเดียวแทนที่จะมีสาม ของหายากตามธรรมชาติ ไม่ใช่ของทำ เก็บทั้งลูกหรือแกะเป็นราหู ความหายากนั่นเองคือของขลัง", "what_en": "A coconut shell with a single eye where every normal shell has three — a natural anomaly, not a crafted thing, carved (often into Rahu) or kept whole. The rarity IS the charm.", "story_th": "ตำราสร้างพระราหูเล่าว่าฤๅษีสองตนบนเขายุคุนธรสร้างยันต์สุริยประภาและจันทรประภาเพื่อช่วยมนุษย์ยากไร้ คำสั่งแรกคือหากะลามะพร้าวตาเดียวแกะเป็นราหูอมจันทร์และอมอาทิตย์ ลงยันต์ บูชาข้าวตอกดอกไม้อย่างละ ๖ แก่อาทิตย์ อย่างละ ๑๕ แก่จันทร์ ทำวันเพ็ญหรือวันสูรย์คาธ จันทร์คาธ แล้วใส่ตลับทองและตลับเงิน ในตลาดสายวัดศีรษะทอง นครปฐม เป็นที่รู้จักที่สุด แหวนและจี้ที่ไม่แกะเป็นแบบที่พบมากและถูกกว่า", "story_en": "The treatise's Rahu chapter tells of two hermits on Mount Yugandhara who made the Suriyaprapha and Chanthaprapha yantra to relieve human poverty, and its first instruction is to find a one-eyed coconut shell and carve from it a Rahu swallowing the moon and a Rahu swallowing the sun. Offerings run to the planets' numbers — six of each for the sun, fifteen for the moon — the work is done on a full moon or an eclipse day, and the finished plaques go into gold and silver cases. The trade's best-known lineage is Wat Sisa Thong in Nakhon Pathom; uncarved rings and pendants are the commoner, cheaper form.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ถ้าแกะเป็นราหูก็บูชาแบบราหู", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Once carved into Rahu it takes Rahu's veneration — the deva class, not the shell's; the tradition's black offerings on Rahu's days are the Rahu record's business."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:ms6983", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 2259–2303 (printed pp. 52–53); Wat Sisa Thong: s:amulet-reference"}, "origin": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "khong_thammachat", "term": "เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ", "roman": "khrueang rang thammachat", "en_gloss": "natural talisman", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Power inherent in a rare natural object rather than conferred by rite: เหล็กไหล (leklai, a living metal), กะลาตาเดียว (a one-eyed coconut), certain woods, stones and animal parts. Impersonal but NOT consecration-based — a third thing, neither Buddha-amulet nor spirit-vessel.", "confidence": "medium"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "kala", "term": "กะลา", "roman": "kala", "en": "coconut shell", "definition": "Coconut shell, most often the single-eyed shell (กะลาตาเดียว) carved and inscribed. High occurrence in the corpus. Note that many กะลา hits are the carved ปลัดขิก form — cross-check the class axis, which deliberately leaves ปลัดขิก unassigned."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 267, "priced": 267, "median_thb": 199.0, "typical_thb": [69.0, 580.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "keris", "names": {"th": "กริช", "roman": "keris", "en": "Keris / kris (the heirloom dagger)", "aliases": {"th": ["กริชมลายู", "กริชชวา", "กริชปัตตานี"], "roman": ["kris", "kriss", "creese", "dhuwung", "wangkingan", "karih"], "en": ["kris dagger", "pusaka blade"]}, "other_scripts": {"ms": "كريس (Jawi) · keris", "id": "keris", "jv": "ꦏꦼꦫꦶꦱ꧀ · keris (ngoko) / dhuwung (krama)"}}, "region": ["id", "my", "th-south", "sg"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": [], "materials": ["nuea_loha"], "figures": ["object"]}, "form": {"type": "blade", "shape_th": "มีดสองคมโคนกว้างไม่สมมาตร ใบตรงหรือคด (ลุก) จำนวนคดเป็นเลขคี่ ลายพามอร์จากการตีเหล็กซ้อนชั้น ด้ามงอ ฝักไม้", "shape_en": "A double-edged dagger with a wide, asymmetric base, blade straight or waved (luk, always an odd count), the surface pattern-welded (pamor) from layered iron and nickel, a curved pistol-grip hilt and a wooden sheath.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "เหน็บเอวด้านหลัง (ชวา บาหลี) หรือด้านหน้า (บูกิส มลายู) ในบ้านตั้งบูชาในที่สูง", "wearable_en": "Worn at the waist — at the back in Java and Bali, at the front among Bugis and Malays; kept at home on a high shelf or in a pusaka chest.", "obverse_th": "ใบ (wilah) โคน (ganja) เดือย (pesi) ด้าม (hulu/ukiran) ฝัก (warangka) ปลอกโลหะ (pendok)", "obverse_en": "Parts: wilah (blade), ganja (crosspiece at the base), pesi (tang), hulu or ukiran (hilt), warangka (sheath), pendok (metal sheath cover), mendak (hilt ring).", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Blade length runs from roughly 15 to 50 inches per en.wikipedia — too wide a spread for a typical size; left null. The Thai กริช of Pattani and Songkhla is the same object in the southern Malay tradition, which is why th-south is a region here."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ลายพามอร์ — beras wutah, udan mas, kembang kacang ฯลฯ ราว ๖๐ แบบ", "en": "Pamor patterns, some 60 named — beras wutah (spilled rice), udan mas (golden rain), kembang kacang"}, {"th": "ทรงใบ (dhapur) ตามจำนวนคด: jalak ตรง · jangkung ๓ · sempana ๗ · sengkelat ๑๓", "en": "Dhapur, the blade type by luk count: jalak (straight), jangkung (3), sempana (7), sengkelat (13)"}, {"th": "ด้ามรูปเทวดานั่ง (บาหลี) นกทะเล (สุลาเวสี) หรือด้ามนามธรรม (ชวา มลายู)", "en": "Hilts as a seated deity (Bali), a seabird (Sulawesi), or an abstracted figure (Java, Malay peninsula)"}, {"th": "นาคทอดตัวตามใบ (keris naga)", "en": "A naga running the length of the blade, often gilt (keris naga)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "เอิมปู (empu) ช่างตีที่ต้องมีทั้งฝีมือและบารมี", "maker_en": "The empu, a smith expected to hold technical skill and spiritual standing together; Javanese tradition credits him with literature, history and the occult besides", "era_th": "ชวาโบราณ; จารึกราว พ.ศ. ๑๔๔๔–๑๔๔๗ กล่าวถึงกริช; รูปแบบชัดเจนสมัยมัชปาหิต", "era_en": "Old Java: inscriptions of 901–904 CE name keris among offerings (id.wikipedia); the recognisable form is attested by 1361 under Majapahit (en.wikipedia). UNESCO intangible heritage list, 2008.", "place_th": "ชวา แล้วแพร่ทั่วหมู่เกาะ คาบสมุทร และภาคใต้ของไทย", "place_en": "Java, then across the archipelago, the peninsula and southern Thailand", "first_attested": "Old Javanese inscriptions 901–904 CE (id.wikipedia, Keris); Majapahit, 1361 (en.wikipedia, Kris)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "โคนใบกว้างข้างเดียว (ไม่สมมาตร) มี ganja เป็นชิ้นขวาง", "en": "The base is asymmetric — one side flares wider — with the ganja as a separate crosspiece", "source": "s:en-wiki-kris", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "นับคด: ต้องเป็นเลขคี่ ๓–๑๓ ปกติ บางเล่มถึง ๒๙", "en": "Count the waves: always odd, usually 3 to 13, rarely up to 29. An even count is a mark against the type", "source": "s:en-wiki-kris", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "พามอร์คือชั้นเหล็กกับนิกเกิล ปรากฏหลังกัด warangan (สารหนู) กับน้ำมะนาว", "en": "Pamor is laminated iron and nickelous iron, brought up by etching with warangan (arsenic) and lime juice; a painted-on pattern has no depth under a loupe", "source": "s:id-wiki-keris", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เดือย (pesi) เสียบเข้าด้าม ถอดได้ ด้ามกับฝักมักคนละอายุกับใบ", "en": "The tang (pesi) seats in the hilt and comes apart; hilt and sheath are routinely younger than the blade, so date the blade alone", "source": "s:id-wiki-keris", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "tangguh คือการประมาณยุค/ถิ่นของใบ ซ้อนทับกันมาก", "en": "Tangguh is the trade's dating of a blade by period and region; the categories overlap and the source says so", "source": "s:id-wiki-keris", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชวา/บาหลีเหน็บหลัง บูกิส/มลายูเหน็บหน้า — ท่าใส่บอกถิ่น", "en": "Worn at the back in Java and Bali, at the front by Bugis and Malays — how it is worn in a photograph places it", "source": "s:id-wiki-keris", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "mit-mo", "tell_th": "มีดหมอเป็นมีดพิธีของหมอไทย ใบตรง ด้ามยันต์ ใช้ทำของ · กริชเป็นมรดกประจำตระกูล ใบไม่สมมาตร มีพามอร์", "tell_en": "A mit mo is a Thai ritual knife the maker uses on other objects — straight blade, yantra on the hilt; a keris is an heirloom in its own right, asymmetric base, pamor, an odd count of waves."}, {"id": "jimat", "tell_th": "จิมัตคือตัวเขียนพกได้ · กริชคือใบมีดที่ถือว่ามีทัวะห์ในตัว", "tell_en": "A jimat is carried writing; a keris is a blade held to carry its own tuah. One is scripture, the other is a pusaka."}, {"id": "mustika", "tell_th": "หินมุสติกาบางทีฝังในด้ามกริช — หินเป็นมุสติกา เล่มเป็นกริช", "tell_en": "A mustika stone is sometimes set into a keris hilt or ring; the stone is the mustika, the blade is the keris, and each carries its own claim."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Kris", "Category:Kris of Bali", "Category:Kris hilts", "Category:Kris sheaths"], "commons_files": ["File:Javanese Keris (DSCF0867).jpg", "File:Balinese Kris (DSCF0885).jpg", "File:Keris Alang.jpg", "File:Kris pamor.jpg", "File:Jamasan Pusaka.jpg", "File:Alat-alatan untuk mencuci keris – Muzium Negeri Terengganu, K. Terengganu, Terengganu.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Commons is rich (Category:Kris, hundreds of files). Listed: a Javanese five-luk blade, a Balinese deity-hilt piece, an 18th-century Pahang keris alang, a pamor close-up, the jamasan washing rite, and the Terengganu museum's cleaning kit (CC0). Still wanted: a Pattani/Songkhla กริช with its distinctive hilt, photographed obverse and with sheath."}, "images": [{"file": "keris/keris-javanese-keris-dscf0867-1bb8b3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Javanese Keris (DSCF0867).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Javanese_Keris_%28DSCF0867%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=181810364", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Yu Chu Chin", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กริช", "alt_en": "Keris / kris (the heirloom dagger) — The blade of this Javanese Keris has five bends (luk) and is \"beras tumpah\" damascened (pamor). 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World Imaging assumed (based on copyright claims).", "credit": "No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กริช", "alt_en": "Keris / kris (the heirloom dagger) — Kris and Kastane (acquired in the Philippines), presented by Hasekura to Date Masamune upon his return. 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Benamungen_des_Kris-Heft_001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12122569", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "MittlererWeg", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กริช", "alt_en": "Keris / kris (the heirloom dagger) — Parts of the keris hilt", "sha256": "a53897aaef4a2dff7b82f83d501121920463b321e07842bab38f2a078e9a79d4", "width": 544, "height": 656}, {"file": "keris/keris-jualan-keris-3a756a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Jualan keris.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Jualan_keris.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27696805", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Ma Hzi Wong at Malay Wikipedia", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กริช", "alt_en": "Keris / kris (the heirloom dagger) — Keris yang dijual di pasar tani.", "sha256": "692a96b1b419069f7a2b2d5496715c78c67227b380685f61ab56f94ce48850c7", "width": 1536, "height": 2048}], "text": {"what_th": "มีดสั้นสองคมของโลกมลายู-ชวา โคนไม่สมมาตร ใบตรงหรือคดเลขคี่ ลายพามอร์จากเหล็กซ้อนชั้น ถือเป็นปูซากา (มรดกศักดิ์สิทธิ์) ที่มีทัวะห์หรือ “ผู้อยู่” ในเล่ม ล้างน้ำมันปีละครั้ง ห้ามชักเล่น ห้ามชี้", "what_en": "The double-edged dagger of the Malay-Javanese world: asymmetric base, straight or odd-waved blade, pattern-welded pamor. Kept as pusaka — a sanctified heirloom held to carry tuah, and in Javanese belief an isi or presence of its own — washed and oiled once a year, never drawn idly, never pointed.", "story_th": "ตำนานชวาเล่าถึงกริชที่ขยับได้เองและฆ่าคนได้ตามใจ เจ้าของทดสอบความเข้ากันโดยนอนหนุนกริชไว้ใต้หมอนแล้วดูความฝัน ฝันร้ายคือไม่ถูกโฉลก ทุกปีในเดือนซูรอ (มุฮัรรอม) จะทำ jamasan: ล้างน้ำมันเก่ากับสนิมด้วยน้ำมะนาว มะกรูด หรือน้ำมะพร้าว กัดด้วย warangan ให้พามอร์ขึ้น แล้วชโลมน้ำมันหอมมะลิหรือจันทน์ ช่างตีคือ empu ผู้ต้องมีทั้งฝีมือและบารมี ยูเนสโกขึ้นทะเบียนมรดกภูมิปัญญาปี ๒๕๕๑", "story_en": "Javanese legend has keris that move of their own will and kill at will; an owner tested the match by sleeping with the blade under the pillow and reading the dream — bad dreams meant the blade should go. Every year in Sura (Muharram) the jamasan strips old oil and rust with lime, noni or coconut water, re-etches the pamor with warangan, and lays down fresh jasmine or sandalwood oil. The empu who forged it was expected to be a spiritual as much as a technical master; pamor once used meteoric iron, now nickel. Pointing a keris at someone is held to foretell their death, which is why silat players touch the tip to the ground before a demonstration. UNESCO listed it in 2008.", "keeping_th": "vault ไม่มีหมวด “ปูซากา” — ไม่ใช่เทพที่บูชา ไม่ใช่ผีที่เลี้ยง ไม่ใช่หุ่นที่ปลุก — จึงปล่อยหมวดว่าง ที่เจ้าของทำ: เก็บในที่สูง ล้าง-ชโลมน้ำมันปีละครั้ง (jamasan) ห้ามชักเล่น ห้ามชี้ ถ้าฝันร้ายให้ส่งต่อ", "keeping_en": "Class null: the vault has no pusaka category — the keris is neither a venerated deva, a fed ghost, nor an animated servant, and khong_thammachat (inherent power) misses the isi belief. What the keeper owes is nonetheless specific: a high resting place, the yearly jamasan wash and oiling, never drawn for show, never pointed, and passed on if the dreams say the match is wrong. A keris whose history is unknown is, in its own tradition, a keris you sleep on before you keep."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-kris", "s:id-wiki-keris", "s:commons-kris"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-kris"}, "fields": {"text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:id-wiki-keris", "note": "jamasan and empu detail from id.wikipedia; dream test and pointing taboo from en.wikipedia"}, "axes": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "null: no pusaka class in the vault"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:id-wiki-keris"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-kris", "note": "licences checked per file 2026-09-02: CC BY-SA 4.0 / CC BY-SA 3.0 / CC0"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "id", "th": "อินโดนีเซีย", "en": "Indonesia"}, {"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}, {"key": "th-south", "th": "ภาคใต้", "en": "Southern Thailand"}, {"key": "sg", "th": "สิงคโปร์", "en": "Singapore"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "keris/keris-javanese-keris-dscf0867-1bb8b3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Javanese Keris (DSCF0867).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Javanese_Keris_%28DSCF0867%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=181810364", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Yu Chu Chin", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กริช", "alt_en": "Keris / kris (the heirloom dagger) — The blade of this Javanese Keris has five bends (luk) and is \"beras tumpah\" damascened (pamor). The hilt features a coat", "sha256": "1b35cc871b0d52fb3f2d681923a8ede9bd6ac3e9c7bef1eabeb077fe6f5872a1", "width": 5152, "height": 6950, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "khmer-bronze-amulet", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระเครื่องเขมร", "roman": "phra khrueang khmer", "en": "Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines)", "aliases": {"th": ["พระขอม", "พระเขมรโบราณ", "พระนาคปรกขอม", "พระบูชาขอม"], "roman": ["phra khom", "Angkorian bronze", "Lopburi-style bronze", "Khmer bronze Buddha"], "en": ["Angkor bronze pendant", "Khmer bronze figurine", "Bayon-style bronze"]}, "other_scripts": {"km": "ព្រះពុទ្ធរូប"}}, "region": ["kh", "th-isan", "th-central"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong"], "materials": ["samrit", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["buddha", "deity"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปหล่อสำริดลอยตัวขนาดเล็ก พระพุทธรูปนาคปรก พระยืนทรงเครื่อง หรือเทวรูป (โลเกศวร ปรัชญาปารมิตา เหวัชระ วิษณุ) ใส่ตลับหรือกรอบห้อยคอ", "shape_en": "A small solid-cast bronze in the round — naga-enthroned Buddha, crowned standing Buddha, or a deity (Lokeshvara, Prajnaparamita, Hevajra, Vishnu) — worn cased or framed, or kept on the altar. Museum pieces run from a few centimetres to half a metre; the worn ones are the small end.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในกรอบ หรือบูชาบนหิ้ง", "wearable_en": "Worn framed at the neck, or kept as an altar image", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Deity figures worn as amulets sit in the deva class (venerated, not fed); the Buddha figures are phra khrueang. The record keeps the Buddha class and flags the other."}, "iconography": [{"th": "พระนาคปรก นาคเจ็ดเศียร ขนดสามชั้น", "en": "naga-enthroned Buddha (Mucalinda): seven-headed hood, coiled base — the Angkor favourite, and the form Jayavarman VII took as his own"}, {"th": "พระยืนทรงเครื่อง ยกสองพระหัตถ์", "en": "crowned standing Buddha with both hands raised in the same gesture"}, {"th": "โลเกศวร ปรัชญาปารมิตา", "en": "Lokeshvara (Avalokiteshvara) and Prajnaparamita, the bronze-casters' favoured subjects"}, {"th": "เหวัชระ วัชรสัตว์", "en": "Hevajra and Vajrasattva — the esoteric layer of the Bayon period"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ช่างหล่อขอม (หล่อแบบสูญขี้ผึ้งแปดขั้น) และช่างรุ่นหลัง", "maker_en": "Khmer founders using the eight-step lost-wax method in use since at least the sixth century; modern casters in the same style", "era_th": "สำริดฮินดู-พุทธตั้งแต่ศตวรรษที่ 7 · ยุคพระนคร 9–13 · หลังพระนครเป็นเถรวาท", "era_en": "Hindu and Buddhist bronzes from the seventh century; Angkor period ninth to thirteenth; post-Angkor Theravada commissions of ancestors and Buddhist figures as merit", "place_th": "กัมพูชาและอีสาน-ภาคกลางเขตอิทธิพลขอม (ลพบุรี พิมาย ประโคนชัย)", "place_en": "Cambodia and the Khmer-influenced Thai provinces — Lopburi, Phimai, and the 1964 Prakhon Chai find in Buriram", "first_attested": "611 — oldest dated Khmer inscription (Angkor Borei); the bronzes themselves are undated as a kind"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "หล่อสูญขี้ผึ้งตัน ลายละเอียดทุกขนาด", "en": "Lost-wax solid casting with fine detail at every size — the Khmer method since at least the sixth century, still demonstrated by Cambodian artisans today", "source": "s:en-wiki-cambodian-art", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "นาคปรก: ขนดเจ็ดรอบ เศียรเจ็ดแผ่พังพาน", "en": "Mucalinda marks: coils (canonically seven) and a spread cobra hood, usually seven heads", "source": "s:en-wiki-mucalinda", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หลังพระนคร ชาวบ้านสั่งหล่อรูปบรรพบุรุษและพระเถรวาทเป็นบุญ — ของขนาดกลางใช้ในพิธีและแห่ ของเล็กไว้ที่บ้าน", "en": "Post-Angkor believers commissioned metal figures of ancestors and Theravada divinities as merit; mid-size bronzes served rites and processions, small ones were kept at home — the home-size piece is the ancestor of the worn amulet", "source": "s:en-wiki-cambodian-art", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "สำริดพระนครถูกลักลอบขุดขายมหาศาล (แลตช์ฟอร์ด ค.ศ. 1970 เป็นต้นมา) — คำถามที่มาของชิ้นเก่าเป็นเรื่องกฎหมายก่อนเรื่องขลัง", "en": "Angkorian bronzes were trafficked at scale from the 1970s (the Latchford case names bronzes and bells; museums returned pieces 2021–2026); for any old piece the provenance question is legal before it is spiritual", "source": "s:en-wiki-douglas-latchford", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ประโคนชัย พ.ศ. 2507 พบสำริดก่อนพระนครเป็นกรุ (โลเกศวร) — คู่ขนานกับพระกรุไทย", "en": "The 1964 Prakhon Chai find in Buriram — pre-Angkor bronzes including Avalokitesvara — is the Khmer-world parallel to a Thai cache find", "source": "s:en-wiki-prakhon-chai-district", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ของในตลาดไทยที่เรียกพระขอมส่วนมากเป็นของหล่อใหม่แบบลพบุรี — คำว่า ขอม/เขมร ไม่ปรากฏในชื่อสินค้าลาซาด้าเลย", "en": "Most of what the Thai trade calls phra khom is modern casting in Lopburi style, the trade holds; catalog.db has no Lazada TH title with ขอม or เขมร at all", "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "พระกรุเป็นพระพิมพ์แบนกดพิมพ์ ดินหรือชิน · พระเขมรเป็นรูปหล่อลอยตัวสำริด — แต่ประโคนชัยคือกรุสำริด", "tell_en": "A phra kru is a flat pressed tablet of clay or chin from a sealed cache; this is a bronze in the round. The Prakhon Chai hoard shows bronzes can be cache finds too, so ask form first, findspot second."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อไทยเป็นพระเกจิที่มีชื่อ · สำริดเขมรเป็นพระพุทธหรือเทพแบบขอม", "tell_en": "A Thai rup lo is a cast portrait of a named monk; the Khmer bronze is a Buddha or deity in Angkorian style. Same material, different figure."}, {"id": "phra-hu-yan", "tell_th": "พระหูยานลพบุรีเป็นพระพิมพ์ชินแบน ศิลปะขอม · ไม่ใช่รูปหล่อลอยตัว", "tell_en": "Phra Hu Yan of Lopburi is Khmer-style too, but a flat chin tablet from a cache, not a figure in the round."}, {"id": "phra-chiang-saen", "tell_th": "พระเชียงแสนเป็นสำริดล้านนา พระพักตร์กลม เกตุดอกบัวตูม · ขอมมีนาคปรก มงกุฎ และหน้าสี่เหลี่ยม", "tell_en": "Chiang Saen bronzes are Lanna: round face, lotus-bud finial. Khmer pieces show the naga throne, the crown and diadem, and the squarer Bayon face."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Naga-enthroned Buddha - Beyond Angkor - Cleveland Museum of Art (40887945882).jpg", "File:Buddha Muchalinda, Cambodia, Angkor period, 1200s AD, bronze - Norton Simon Museum - Pasadena, CA - DSC03949.jpg", "File:Cambodian - Naga-Protected Buddha - Walters 542730.jpg", "File:Cambodian - Standing Buddha - Walters 542724.jpg", "File:Bouddha art Khmer XIIe siècle.jpg", "File:MET 85 11 13.jpeg"], "wanted_en": "All six are museum bronzes: the Banteay Chhmar naga-enthroned Buddha (Cleveland), a Norton Simon Muchalinda, two Walters pieces, a 41 cm Angkor Wat-style crowned Buddha that its own uploader calls an old copy, and a Met statuette. Needed: a worn-size piece in its frame, and the same subject old and modern side by side. The Scott Semans silver 'amulets' of 19th-century Cambodia (CC BY 3.0) are a different, coin-like object and are left out."}, "images": [{"file": "khmer-bronze-amulet/khmer-bronze-amulet-naga-enthroned-buddha-beyond-angkor-clev-c96f42.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Naga-enthroned Buddha - Beyond Angkor - Cleveland Museum of Art (40887945882).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%2840887945882%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75642106", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "author": "Tim Evanson from Cleveland Heights, Ohio, USA", "credit": "naga-enthroned Buddha - Beyond Angkor - Cleveland Museum of Art", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines) — Naga-enthroned Buddha.\nBronze, about 1100 AD.\nBanteay Chhmar, Cambodia\nThe Buddha represents the union of compassion and", "sha256": "554f147a12d4310752e4158bbc8b8710f9e8e039c1a9617040d1c504986aafe5", "width": 1523, "height": 2500, "primary": true}, {"file": "khmer-bronze-amulet/khmer-bronze-amulet-cambodian-standing-buddha-walters-542724-ca1eac.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Cambodian - Standing Buddha - Walters 542724.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Cambodian_-_Standing_Buddha_-_Walters_542724.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18763492", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Anonymous (Cambodia)Unknown author", "credit": "Walters Art Museum:  Home page  Info about artwork", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines) — This bronze may be one of the older images of the standing crowned Buddha; among the features that may be considered eal", "sha256": "4fa6ce0bc8a64b36ce85d27819da23c47b047c71d231313e50dbd4d2c74d421a", "width": 768, "height": 1991}, {"file": "khmer-bronze-amulet/khmer-bronze-amulet-cambodian-naga-protected-buddha-walters-93ff91.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Cambodian - Naga-Protected Buddha - Walters 542730.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Cambodian_-_Naga-Protected_Buddha_-_Walters_542730.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18763496", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Anonymous (Cambodia or Thailand)Unknown author", "credit": "Walters Art Museum:  Home page  Info about artwork", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines) — This bronze Buddha holds an object in his hands, a container or a gem- possibly but not certainly an attribute of the he", "sha256": "15fa79c449952f92d308ff5db75f9d8e1d22dda494353d134f3d4ae6dff06fa0", "width": 768, "height": 1598}, {"file": "khmer-bronze-amulet/khmer-bronze-amulet-met-85-11-13-e08a7a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:MET 85 11 13.jpeg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/MET_85_11_13.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57865435", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "", "credit": "This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. See the Image and Data Resources Open Access Policy", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines) — Cambodia; Statuette; Sculpture", "sha256": "f9b227b38c82f2ae1b08ac771c51117dba4920689eec5066dbe93fecb5ed9048", "width": 487, "height": 900}, {"file": "khmer-bronze-amulet/khmer-bronze-amulet-bouddha-art-khmer-xiie-si-cle-9b7d4e.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bouddha art Khmer XIIe siècle.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Bouddha_art_Khmer_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76233715", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Siren-Com", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines) — Statuette en bronze massif, hauteur 41 cm. Style d'Angkor Vat, XIIe siècle. Bouddha couronné, Posture abhayamudrâ (Boudd", "sha256": "fa6a8c45df9c5fced0e6a1cc034da427da01a4fe791578d4e8c980760e75ab1b", "width": 1900, "height": 3869}, {"file": "khmer-bronze-amulet/khmer-bronze-amulet-buddha-muchalinda-cambodia-angkor-period-8a7b5c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Buddha Muchalinda, Cambodia, Angkor period, 1200s AD, bronze - Norton Simon Museum - Pasadena, CA - DSC03949.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Buddha_Muchalinda%2C_Cambodia%2C_Angkor_period%2C_1200s_AD%2C_bronze_-_Norton_Simon_Museum_-_Pasadena%2C_CA_-_DSC03949.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=198352812", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Daderot", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines) — Exhibit in the Norton Simon Museum - Pasadena, California, USA.", "sha256": "d6328a0f69d23315482684d6c600fe422a4bb710b5d3d3b9f73d6355d975d3c0", "width": 2073, "height": 2788}], "text": {"what_th": "รูปหล่อสำริดขนาดเล็กศิลปะขอม — นาคปรก พระทรงเครื่อง หรือเทวรูป — ที่นำมาห้อยคอหรือบูชา ของแท้ยุคพระนครเป็นโบราณวัตถุที่มีปัญหากฎหมาย ของในตลาดส่วนมากหล่อใหม่", "what_en": "A small Khmer-style bronze — naga-enthroned Buddha, crowned Buddha, or deity — worn as an amulet or kept on the altar. Genuine Angkorian pieces are antiquities with a legal problem attached; most of what circulates is modern casting in the style.", "story_th": "สำริดเป็นวัสดุที่ขอมถือว่าสูงส่ง ผูกกับความรุ่งเรือง หล่อแบบสูญขี้ผึ้งมาตั้งแต่ศตวรรษที่ 6 ยุคพระนครนิยมพระนาคปรก โลเกศวร และปรัชญาปารมิตา พระเจ้าชัยวรมันที่ 7 ส่งรูปโลเกศวร 23 องค์ไปทั่วอาณาจักรใน ค.ศ. 1191 และผูกพระองค์กับพระนาคปรก เมื่อเถรวาทเข้ามาหลังศตวรรษที่ 13 ชาวบ้านสั่งหล่อรูปเล็กไว้ที่บ้านและถวายวัดเป็นบุญ รูปเล็กเหล่านี้คือต้นทางของพระห้อยคอ ในศตวรรษที่ 20 สำริดพระนครถูกขุดขายจำนวนมาก", "story_en": "Bronze was a noble material to the Khmer, tied to prosperity, and cast by lost wax since at least the sixth century. Angkor favoured the naga-sheltered Buddha, Lokeshvara and Prajnaparamita; Jayavarman VII sent twenty-three Avalokiteshvara images across the kingdom in 1191 and took the naga-enthroned Buddha as the form under which he would be honoured — the Cleveland bronze from Banteay Chhmar is that image. When Theravada prevailed after the thirteenth century, believers commissioned small metal figures for the home and as offerings to temples, and those home-size pieces are the ancestors of the worn amulet. In the twentieth century the same bronzes were looted and sold at scale, which is why an old one now carries a question that a consecration cannot answer.", "keeping_th": "พระพุทธรูปไม่มีผู้อยู่ บูชาตามปกติ · เทวรูปอยู่ชั้นเทพ บูชาแต่ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง · ถามที่มาเสมอ", "keeping_en": "Buddha figures: nobody home, ordinary veneration. Deity figures fall to the deva class — venerated, never fed. For any piece claimed as old, the keeper owes a paper trail before a prayer."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-cambodian-art", "s:en-wiki-khmer-empire", "s:en-wiki-mucalinda", "s:en-wiki-buddhism-cambodia", "s:en-wiki-khmer-script", "s:en-wiki-douglas-latchford", "s:en-wiki-prakhon-chai-district", "s:catalog-db", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-cambodian-art"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "which subjects are worn small is the trade's habit, not a citation"}, "names": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "Thai trade names; the Khmer script entry is the generic word for a Buddha image, not an amulet term"}, "origin.first_attested": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-khmer-script"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-khmer-empire", "note": "with s:en-wiki-cambodian-art and s:en-wiki-douglas-latchford"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "0 listing titles with ขอม / เขมร on 2026-09-02"}, "media": {"tier": "cited", "note": "licences checked on Commons 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "samrit", "term": "สัมฤทธิ์", "roman": "samrit", "en": "bronze", "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "kh", "th": "กัมพูชา · เขมร", "en": "Cambodia / Khmer tradition"}, {"key": "th-isan", "th": "อีสาน", "en": "Northeastern Thailand"}, {"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "khmer-bronze-amulet/khmer-bronze-amulet-naga-enthroned-buddha-beyond-angkor-clev-c96f42.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Naga-enthroned Buddha - Beyond Angkor - Cleveland Museum of Art (40887945882).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%2840887945882%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75642106", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "author": "Tim Evanson from Cleveland Heights, Ohio, USA", "credit": "naga-enthroned Buddha - Beyond Angkor - Cleveland Museum of Art", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer bronze amulet (Angkorian and post-Angkorian figurines) — Naga-enthroned Buddha.\nBronze, about 1100 AD.\nBanteay Chhmar, Cambodia\nThe Buddha represents the union of compassion and", "sha256": "554f147a12d4310752e4158bbc8b8710f9e8e039c1a9617040d1c504986aafe5", "width": 1523, "height": 2500, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "khmer-katha", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ตะกรุดเขมร", "roman": "katha (Khmer takrut)", "en": "Khmer katha scroll (rolled inscribed talisman)", "aliases": {"th": ["ตะกรุดขอม", "คาถาเขมร", "ตะกรุดกัมพูชา"], "roman": ["kathâ", "kata khmer", "gatha scroll", "takrut khmer"], "en": ["Cambodian takrut", "rolled gatha amulet", "Khmer scroll charm"]}, "other_scripts": {"km": "គាថា"}}, "region": ["kh"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "metta_maha_niyom", "kan_phi"], "materials": ["takua", "thongdaeng", "ngoen", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "tube", "shape_th": "แผ่นโลหะบางจารอักขระขอม (มูล) เป็นคาถาบาลี ม้วนเป็นหลอด มักพันด้ายหรือเคลือบรัก ร้อยเชือกคาดเอวหรือห้อยคอ", "shape_en": "A thin metal sheet inscribed in Khmer (Mul / Khom) letters with a Pali gatha, rolled into a tube, usually wrapped in cord or lacquer and strung at the waist or neck. Single tubes and multi-tube waist strings both occur.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "คาดเอวเป็นพวง หรือห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Worn on a waist cord, singly or in a set, or at the neck", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "No typical size is defended here; the tradition rolls whatever sheet the gatha needs."}, "iconography": [{"th": "อักขระขอม/มูล เขียนบาลี", "en": "Khmer Mul (Khom) letters carrying a Pali syllable-formula"}, {"th": "ตารางยันต์และเลข", "en": "grid yantra with numerals when the gatha is set in a diagram"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ครูขแมร์ / อาจารย์ (อาจาร)", "maker_en": "Made and blessed by kru khmer and achar — lay ritual specialists of the yogavacara line — and by monks", "era_th": "ประเพณีสืบจากยุคพระนครและหลังพระนคร ไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated tradition; the script and formula practice descend from the Angkor and post-Angkor Theravada world, damaged under the Khmer Rouge", "place_th": "กัมพูชา", "place_en": "Cambodia", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "อักขระเป็นตัวขอม (มูล) เขียนบาลี ไม่ใช่อักษรเขมรปัจจุบัน", "en": "The letters are the Khmer Mul / Khom hand used for Pali and yantra on cloth, paper and brass in both Cambodia and Thailand, not modern Khmer print", "source": "s:en-wiki-khmer-script", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ขอมไทยเป็นอักษรเขมรที่ไทยรับมาราวศตวรรษที่ 10 และเติมรูปอักษรราวศตวรรษที่ 15 — ลายมืออย่างเดียวจึงบอกแหล่งได้ไม่ชัด", "en": "Khom Thai is the Khmer script adopted in Thailand around the 10th century with letterforms added around the 15th; the hand alone rarely settles whether a tube is Cambodian or Thai", "source": "s:en-wiki-khom-thai-script", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ไทย เขมร ลาว ใช้รูปแบบใกล้กัน: บาลีผสมภาษาถิ่น แทบไม่ใช้สันสกฤต", "en": "Thai, Khmer and Lao practice share the form — Pali mixed with the local language, seldom Sanskrit — so language of the formula does not separate them either", "source": "s:th-wiki-saiyasat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "แผ่นเป็นทอง เงิน นาก ตะกั่ว หรือโลหะผสม จารด้วยเหล็กจาร", "en": "Sheet is gold, silver, nak, lead or an alloy, incised with a steel stylus; the same metals the Thai takrut article lists", "source": "s:th-wiki-takrut", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ในตลาดไทย “ตะกรุดเขมร” มักหมายถึงสายอีสานใต้หรือครูเขมร — คำนี้ไม่ปรากฏในชื่อสินค้าลาซาด้าเลย", "en": "In the Thai trade 'takrut khmer' usually names a maker's lineage (southern Isan or a Cambodian kru) rather than a form; no Lazada TH listing title in catalog.db carries เขมร or ขอม at all", "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "รูปเดียวกัน ชั้นเดียวกัน — ตะกรุดไทยสืบมาจากสายนี้ ต่างกันที่ครูผู้สร้างและลายมือ ไม่ใช่ที่รูปทรง", "tell_en": "Same class, same rolled-tube form: the Thai takrut descends from this tradition and the Khom letters on it are the Khmer script. What separates them is the maker's lineage and hand, never the shape."}, {"id": "khmer-yantra-cloth", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมรเป็นผ้าแผ่นเขียนยันต์ แขวนหรือพับ · กถาเป็นหลอดโลหะม้วน", "tell_en": "A Khmer yantra cloth is a drawn square of fabric hung or folded; the katha is a rolled metal tube. Same class, different form."}, {"id": "in-yantra", "tell_th": "อินพม่าเป็นแผ่นสี่เหลี่ยมพับหรือแบน ตัวอักษรพม่า · กถาม้วนเป็นหลอด ตัวขอม", "tell_en": "A Burmese in is a square sheet in Burmese letters, folded or flat; the katha is rolled and written in Khmer."}, {"id": "lao-yan", "tell_th": "ยันต์ลาวเขียนตัวธรรม (สายอักษรล้านนา) · กถาเขมรเขียนตัวขอม", "tell_en": "Lao yantra is written in Tham letters of the Lanna family; the Khmer katha in Khom. Round Tham versus angular Khom is visible under a loupe."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Suvannasama Jataka in Khom Thai script.jpg", "File:Henri Mouhot map of Sanskrit, Thai, Lao and Khmer scripts, 1860, folio 1v of 20v-20r set, British library.jpg", "File:Cambodia1.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No free photograph of a Khmer katha tube exists on Commons as of 2026-09-02; the listed files show the Khom / Mul hand (an 18th-century Pali manuscript, Mouhot's 1860 script comparison) and the same script tattooed on a Cambodian monk. Needed: a tube end-on, the sheet unrolled to show the letters, and a waist string in wear."}, "images": [{"file": "khmer-katha/khmer-katha-suvannasama-jataka-in-khom-thai-script-821d75.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Suvannasama Jataka in Khom Thai script.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Suvannasama_Jataka_in_Khom_Thai_script.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106114895", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Unknown artistUnknown artist", "credit": "https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2020/04/the-buddha-and-his-natural-environment-in-thai-manuscript-art.html", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุดเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer katha scroll (rolled inscribed talisman) — the Suvannasama Jataka, in Pali language in the Khom script (Khmer Mul script). Central Thailand, 18th century, see http", "sha256": "abc5a5c5ec6233e9c92673a67fe27ff295826828a63f67b02c5abd024c196c4c", "width": 2728, "height": 886, "primary": true}, {"file": "khmer-katha/khmer-katha-cambodia1-44d76c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Cambodia1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Cambodia1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18277331", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Majmunka", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุดเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer katha scroll (rolled inscribed talisman) — In Cambodia. January 2012.", "sha256": "42da48bcb5d896d53fc5aa9a6787d61e78a751b4046867aacc23cd11fbb26032", "width": 2056, "height": 3648}, {"file": "khmer-katha/khmer-katha-henri-mouhot-map-of-sanskrit-thai-lao-an-7bdde6.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Henri Mouhot map of Sanskrit, Thai, Lao and Khmer scripts, 1860, folio 1v of 20v-20r set, British library.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Henri_Mouhot_map_of_Sanskrit%2C_Thai%2C_Lao_and_Khmer_scripts%2C_1860%2C_folio_1v_of_20v-20r_set%2C_British_library.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73992293", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Ms Sarah Welch", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุดเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer katha scroll (rolled inscribed talisman) — Sanskrit language was considered as a sacred language in Southeast and East Asia. The language structure as well as some", "sha256": "54c6ea9374217c2da09eab3968255fc90f04176c23a3aa705099dd1ffeef76f2", "width": 1272, "height": 2100}], "text": {"what_th": "แผ่นโลหะจารคาถาบาลีด้วยตัวขอม ม้วนเป็นหลอด ของขลังเขมรที่ตะกรุดไทยสืบมา พลังอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "what_en": "A metal sheet inscribed with a Pali gatha in Khmer letters and rolled into a tube: the Cambodian ancestor of the Thai takrut. Power sits in the inscription and the rite; nobody is home and nothing is owed.", "story_th": "คาถา (គាថា) ในเขมรคือบทบาลีที่ใช้ทั้งสวด จารลงเครื่องราง ผ้ายันต์ และสักลงผิว เขียนด้วยตัวขอมซึ่งถือเป็นอักษรศักดิ์สิทธิ์ที่สุด ไม่ใช้ในชีวิตประจำวัน ผู้จารและเสกคือครูขแมร์และอาจารย์ผู้สืบสายโยคาวจร ประเพณีนี้ถูกทำลายหนักในยุคเขมรแดง", "story_en": "In Cambodia a gatha (គាថា) is a Pali formula chanted, inscribed on amulets and cloth, and tattooed on skin, always in the Khom hand that is reserved for sacred text and held to carry power of its own. The Khmer Wikipedia article on the gatha names amulets, yantra cloth and sak yant as its three carriers. Makers are kru khmer and achar, lay specialists of the yogavacara line that François Bizot documented at Angkor; the same esoteric Theravada that gives Thailand its katha and takrut. Under the Khmer Rouge nearly every temple and library was destroyed and the monkhood fell from tens of thousands to under three thousand, so surviving lineages are thin and much of what is sold as Khmer today was made afterwards.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ พกด้วยความเคารพ ไม่ต้องเซ่นไหว้", "keeping_en": "Impersonal: carried with respect, nothing fed, nothing owed. Ask which kru wrote it; that is the whole provenance question."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-khmer-script", "s:en-wiki-khom-thai-script", "s:th-wiki-khom-thai", "s:km-wiki-gatha", "s:en-wiki-southern-esoteric-buddhism", "s:en-wiki-achar-khmer", "s:en-wiki-kru-khmer", "s:en-wiki-buddhism-cambodia", "s:th-wiki-saiyasat", "s:th-wiki-takrut", "s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing", "s:catalog-db", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "form and wear are the regional norm; nothing here names a maker or date"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "diagnostics": {"tier": "cited", "note": "each entry carries its own source"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:km-wiki-gatha", "note": "with s:en-wiki-southern-esoteric-buddhism and s:en-wiki-buddhism-cambodia"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-achar-khmer"}, "names.other_scripts": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:km-wiki-gatha"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "0 listing titles with เขมร / ขอม / ตะกรุดเขมร on 2026-09-02"}, "media": {"tier": "cited", "note": "licences checked on Commons 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "takua", "term": "ตะกั่ว", "roman": "takua", "en": "lead", "definition": "Lead, used both as an alloy component in ชิน and on its own — most visibly as the sheet rolled into ตะกรุด. Soft enough to take an inscription with a stylus, which is the whole reason it is used for rolled amulets."}, {"key": "thongdaeng", "term": "ทองแดง", "roman": "thongdaeng", "en": "copper", "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "kh", "th": "กัมพูชา · เขมร", "en": "Cambodia / Khmer tradition"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "khmer-katha/khmer-katha-suvannasama-jataka-in-khom-thai-script-821d75.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Suvannasama Jataka in Khom Thai script.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Suvannasama_Jataka_in_Khom_Thai_script.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106114895", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Unknown artistUnknown artist", "credit": "https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2020/04/the-buddha-and-his-natural-environment-in-thai-manuscript-art.html", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุดเขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer katha scroll (rolled inscribed talisman) — the Suvannasama Jataka, in Pali language in the Khom script (Khmer Mul script). Central Thailand, 18th century, see http", "sha256": "abc5a5c5ec6233e9c92673a67fe27ff295826828a63f67b02c5abd024c196c4c", "width": 2728, "height": 886, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "khmer-yantra-cloth", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "roman": "yoan (Khmer yantra cloth)", "en": "Khmer yantra cloth", "aliases": {"th": ["ผ้ายันต์ขอม", "ยันต์เขมร", "ผ้าขาวม้ายันต์"], "roman": ["yan khmer", "yantra khmer", "pha yan khmer", "krama yoan"], "en": ["Cambodian yantra cloth", "Khmer yant", "yantra krama"]}, "other_scripts": {"km": "យ័ន្ត"}}, "region": ["kh"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "kan_phi"], "materials": ["pha_yan"], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "cloth", "shape_th": "ผ้าสี่เหลี่ยม พื้นแดง ดำ หรือขาว เขียนหรือพิมพ์ยันต์ตัวขอมและรูป แขวนขื่อบ้าน พับพก หรือคาดตัว", "shape_en": "A square or rectangle of red, black or white cloth drawn or printed with grids, figures and Khom letters; hung from a house beam, folded into a pocket, or worn by fighters. A plain krama is a garment; a yantra cloth is a separately drawn object, and 'yantra krama' sold to visitors is a modern trade form.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "แขวน พับพก หรือพันตัว", "wearable_en": "Hung, folded and carried, or wrapped on the body", "obverse_th": "ยันต์ตาราง อักขระ และรูป (เช่น เหวัชระ นกคุ่ม)", "obverse_en": "Grid yantra, letters and figures — Hevajra yantra and the rain-quail motif are recorded for Khmer cloths", "reverse_th": "เรียบ", "reverse_en": "Plain", "notes_en": "The krama itself carries no yantra in either the English or the Khmer Wikipedia article on it; the sacred cloth is a different object that may be tied on like one."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ยันต์เหวัชระ", "en": "Hevajra yantra — Khmer esoteric iconography inherited from the Angkor period"}, {"th": "นกคุ่ม (rain quail)", "en": "rain-quail motif recorded as typical of Khmer yantra cloths"}, {"th": "อักขระขอมและตารางเลข", "en": "Khom letters and numbered grids"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ครูขแมร์ อาจารย์ และพระ", "maker_en": "Kru khmer, achar and monks of the yogavacara line", "era_th": "ประเพณีต่อเนื่องจากยุคพระนคร ไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated; yantra practice in Cambodia is traced to the Khmer Empire around the ninth century, and the cloth form is documented into the present", "place_th": "กัมพูชา", "place_en": "Cambodia", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "พื้นผ้าแดง ดำ หรือขาว จารึกอักขระและรูปทรงเรขาคณิต", "en": "Red, black or white ground carrying Buddhist esoteric inscriptions and geometric designs", "source": "s:en-wiki-yantra-cloth", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ผ้าเขมรมักมีรูปนกคุ่ม และใช้ยกขึ้นขื่อบ้านเป็นพิธีขึ้นบ้าน", "en": "Khmer versions often carry the rain-quail motif and are raised on a house beam as the blessing of the house; Thai versions lean to Nang Kwak and monk portraits", "source": "s:en-wiki-yantra-cloth", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "อักขระเป็นตัวขอม/มูล ใช้ยันต์บนผ้า กระดาษ และทองเหลืองทั้งในกัมพูชาและไทย", "en": "Letters are the Khom / Mul hand that Cambodia and Thailand both use for yantra on cloth, paper and brass; the hand alone will not settle which side of the border made it", "source": "s:en-wiki-khmer-script", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "นักสู้โบกาตอร์ผูกเชือกไหมน้ำเงินแดง (สังวาลย์เดย์) ที่ศีรษะและต้นแขน เชื่อว่าเสกเพิ่มกำลัง", "en": "Bokator fighters tie blue and red silk cords (sangvar day) at head and biceps once believed enchanted for strength; the cloth worn into the ring is the same protective idea on a garment", "source": "s:en-wiki-bokator", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ของที่ผลิตโรงงานไม่ผ่านพิธีมีมาก — ใบเดียวกันอาจเป็นของเสกหรือของพิมพ์", "en": "Factory-printed cloths without the rite are common; the same design can be a consecrated object or a souvenir, and the cloth will not tell you which", "source": "s:en-wiki-yantra-cloth", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ชั้นเดียวกัน รูปเดียวกัน ต่างที่ลวดลาย (นกคุ่ม เหวัชระ) และครูผู้สร้าง", "tell_en": "Same class and form as the Thai pha yan; the Khmer cloth is told by motif (rain quail, Hevajra yantra) and by the maker's lineage, not by the script, which is shared."}, {"id": "khmer-katha", "tell_th": "กถาเป็นหลอดโลหะม้วน · ผ้ายันต์เป็นผ้าแผ่น", "tell_en": "The katha is a rolled metal tube; this is a flat cloth. Same class, different form."}, {"id": "suea-yan", "tell_th": "เสื้อยันต์เป็นเสื้อสวมทั้งตัว · ผ้ายันต์เขมรเป็นผืนแขวนหรือพัน", "tell_en": "A yantra shirt is a stitched garment worn over the torso; the Khmer cloth is an unstitched square hung or wrapped."}, {"id": "lao-yan", "tell_th": "ยันต์ลาวเขียนตัวธรรม · ผ้ายันต์เขมรเขียนตัวขอม", "tell_en": "Lao yantra is in round Tham letters; the Khmer cloth in Khom. Look at the script before the design."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Krama", "Category:Tattoos in Cambodia"], "commons_files": ["File:Hevajrayantra.webp", "File:Cambodia1.jpg", "File:Shower tattoo - 20120210.jpg", "File:Man with Krama.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Hevajrayantra.webp (CC0) is a drawn Cambodian Hevajra yantra released by a Cambodian yogi's student — the design, not a cloth. The two tattoo photographs show the same yantra practice on skin; Man with Krama shows the plain garment for contrast. Needed: a Khmer yantra cloth flat, one tied on a house beam, and a fighter's cloth in wear."}, "images": [{"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-hevajrayantra-30558c.webp", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hevajrayantra.webp", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Hevajrayantra.webp?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=162757596", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "The original distributor of this image is Gavin Symahanou", "credit": "This image was originally distributed the public by Gavin Symahanou with the expressed permission of a Cambodian yogi. Gavin's website is esoterictheravada.org", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Cambodian Hevajra Yantra", "sha256": "fa5e8e1ec12c88b871bf5efeb928aff0554e48ff83b04536663f770e536fa764", "width": 676, "height": 960, "primary": true}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-market-woman-in-camodia-with-krama-95ea4d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Market Woman in Camodia with Krama.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Market_Woman_in_Camodia_with_Krama.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2197584", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Thomas Schoch", "credit": "own work at http://www.retas.de/thomas/travel/cambodia2006/index.html", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Market woman with Krama in Kampong Thom, Cambodia", "sha256": "93b2d9738652dc3d1d7c224696fc38310004bfa9dcbebee7cbb497b674033679", "width": 1329, "height": 1817}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-the-palm-juice-man-kraing-tbong-01-06-b85f0f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:The Palm Juice Man Kraing Tbong 01 06.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/The_Palm_Juice_Man_Kraing_Tbong_01_06.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2587252", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "Brett Matthews", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Many villagers are adept at shimmying up palm trees; they drink the juice and make palm sugar & wine.  Takeo Province", "sha256": "767510937c0b6751e178ac71001a5e8a4b05423e9ac38e91a69f4921e55d2eb8", "width": 1200, "height": 1600}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-cambodiaricefarming1-9ff1d3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Cambodiaricefarming1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Cambodiaricefarming1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5386052", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "International Rice Research Institute", "credit": "Originally uploaded to Flickr as 35ps_00304.jpg", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Rice farming in Cambodia", "sha256": "086638adb27660f0998c32ded1a5a7f80517dffd4ce6487f8aede4e8e36aa1a3", "width": 3216, "height": 2136}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-market-woman-kep-12ac77.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Market woman kep.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Market_woman_kep.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7301921", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "Adam Jones Adam63", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — A market woman talks on her cell phone in Kep, Cambodia. May 2009.", "sha256": "65d0ead5a12886835e723e90afb0911d5f963b4f780d14a7929db94526ba6816", "width": 2304, "height": 3072}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-khmer-rouge-clothing-5dd8f4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Khmer rouge clothing.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Khmer_rouge_clothing.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10943648", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Toony", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Khmer rouge clothing, photography taken at the museum of w:Choeung Ek (august 2009)", "sha256": "0f05f4e93a26f9cb8ee97130f3ea8d1b8d448c18513ee7dc62d4de29975ea9ba", "width": 1271, "height": 1627}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-cambodia1-44d76c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Cambodia1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Cambodia1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18277331", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Majmunka", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — In Cambodia. January 2012.", "sha256": "42da48bcb5d896d53fc5aa9a6787d61e78a751b4046867aacc23cd11fbb26032", "width": 2056, "height": 3648}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-arn-chorn-pond9811a821-f2b1-4a1f-a11b-9b-726066.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Arn Chorn-Pond9811A821-F2B1-4A1F-A11B-9B5F61555963 mw800 s.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Arn_Chorn-Pond9811A821-F2B1-4A1F-A11B-9B5F61555963_mw800_s.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19654388", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Irwin Loy, VOA", "credit": "VOA, http://www.voanews.com/content/khmer-rouge-labor-camp-survivor-learns-to-cry/1120633.html", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Arn Chorn-Pond, a Khmer Rouge survivor and co-founder of Cambodian Living Arts (VOA/Irwin Loy)", "sha256": "c249b7d47bff64f4fe5d90509ea2d70229a106922eafa6eef132eeed1e1e203a", "width": 800, "height": 532}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-fermiers-avec-un-krama-49a42e.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Fermiers avec un krama.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Fermiers_avec_un_krama.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22493774", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Krama Krama", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Farmer and his son wearing krama scarves in the vicinity of Siem Reap.", "sha256": "26847d8528c5f5cf4dce409297e299a2a266292a5a823b0ddc8c0e833ed0bf5f", "width": 1000, "height": 1401}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-shower-tattoo-20120210-66f0bb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Shower tattoo - 20120210.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Shower_tattoo_-_20120210.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22562689", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "peter klashorst", "credit": "Flickr: [1]", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — A tattoed Cambodian woman having a shower.", "sha256": "c130ad67f9fcd6993ca662ea497a143d9a1dbbfc412e4e53900a793c969f195b", "width": 3456, "height": 5184}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-usmc-100510-m-2727g-009-ae5671.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:USMC-100510-M-2727G-009.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/USMC-100510-M-2727G-009.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23015118", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "", "credit": "This image was released by the United States Marine Corps with the ID 100510-M-2727G-009 (next).\nThis tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing.\n\n\nالعربية ∙ বাংলা ∙ \nBahasa Indonesia ∙ \nBahaso Jambi ∙ \nDeutsch ∙ Deutsch (Sie-Form) ∙ English ∙ español ∙ euskara ∙ فارسی ∙ français ∙ italiano ∙ 日本語 ∙ 한국어 ∙ македонски ∙ മലയാളം ∙ Plattdüütsch ∙ Nederlands ∙ polski ∙ پښتو ∙ português ∙ русский ∙ slovenščina ∙ svenska ∙ Türkçe ∙ українська ∙ 简体中文 ∙ 繁體中文 ∙ +/−", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Petty Officer 3rd Class Clyde Fisher, a hospital corpsman with 3rd Medical Battalion, Combat Logistics Regiment 35, 3rd", "sha256": "8111c537a46154cfdba3220f4e6d7147e4ed545bb1f639aee422f671012b097d", "width": 1200, "height": 1800}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-usmc-100510-m-2727g-007-8e52dc.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:USMC-100510-M-2727G-007.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/USMC-100510-M-2727G-007.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23015247", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "", "credit": "This image was released by the United States Marine Corps with the ID 100510-M-2727G-007 (next).\nThis tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing.\n\n\nالعربية ∙ বাংলা ∙ \nBahasa Indonesia ∙ \nBahaso Jambi ∙ \nDeutsch ∙ Deutsch (Sie-Form) ∙ English ∙ español ∙ euskara ∙ فارسی ∙ français ∙ italiano ∙ 日本語 ∙ 한국어 ∙ македонски ∙ മലയാളം ∙ Plattdüütsch ∙ Nederlands ∙ polski ∙ پښتو ∙ português ∙ русский ∙ slovenščina ∙ svenska ∙ Türkçe ∙ українська ∙ 简体中文 ∙ 繁體中文 ∙ +/−", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — More than 2,000 citizens of Kampong Chhnang Province attend the Cambodia Interoperability Program 2010 closing ceremony", "sha256": "129fb1a67879bd79dd8d089717390db0a73d9c1fba585b57ac22eb322900015c", "width": 1200, "height": 1800}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-usmc-100510-m-2727g-006-eded28.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:USMC-100510-M-2727G-006.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/USMC-100510-M-2727G-006.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23015600", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "", "credit": "This image was released by the United States Marine Corps with the ID 100510-M-2727G-006 (next).\nThis tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing.\n\n\nالعربية ∙ বাংলা ∙ \nBahasa Indonesia ∙ \nBahaso Jambi ∙ \nDeutsch ∙ Deutsch (Sie-Form) ∙ English ∙ español ∙ euskara ∙ فارسی ∙ français ∙ italiano ∙ 日本語 ∙ 한국어 ∙ македонски ∙ മലയാളം ∙ Plattdüütsch ∙ Nederlands ∙ polski ∙ پښتو ∙ português ∙ русский ∙ slovenščina ∙ svenska ∙ Türkçe ∙ українська ∙ 简体中文 ∙ 繁體中文 ∙ +/−", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — A Cambodian woman brings her grandson to see doctors May 10 at the Friendship Clinic in Kampong Chhnang Province during", "sha256": "49565fa15edface27729d52f20981deb8703a6ae3a40b0d5a81fff09610808a9", "width": 1200, "height": 1800}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-vietnam-cambodia-3336808085-eea93f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vietnam & Cambodia (3336808085).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Vietnam_%26_Cambodia_%283336808085%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24817457", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Christopher Michel", "credit": "Vietnam & Cambodia", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Vietnam & Cambodia", "sha256": "43ccfad5cc666fc019e40afab688bdb069b1a27614b75351db98619e362abb34", "width": 1280, "height": 919}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-vietnam-cambodia-3337638552-a332c2.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vietnam & Cambodia (3337638552).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Vietnam_%26_Cambodia_%283337638552%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24817460", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Christopher Michel", "credit": "Vietnam & Cambodia", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Vietnam & Cambodia", "sha256": "36b89a7e22801302aaf32a6a0b61126d2b15b488a2271f9b3ab3c3991bf4af03", "width": 1280, "height": 1039}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-krama-baseth-ou-krama-thleah-2e833d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Krama Baseth ou krama Thleah.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Krama_Baseth_ou_krama_Thleah.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38174379", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Krama khmer", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Un krama unique au Cambodge de par ses dimensions et son rouge obtenu à partir de la plante \"Thleah\"", "sha256": "8945350b49075e1443846af142f7e61eedf0af3e4799b21be4b1be0ba7620c92", "width": 1022, "height": 1755}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-red-and-white-krama-cropped-6a95ec.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Red and white krama (cropped).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Red_and_white_krama_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147131017", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Toony", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Khmer rouge clothing, photography taken at the museum of w:Choeung Ek (august 2009)", "sha256": "cadbe26f94f7482876898678125de3ff7fa60b12a6cec8af035e7d0d60c3e0f8", "width": 376, "height": 601}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-krama-170810.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Krama - お土産に買ったクロマー（マフラー）.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Krama_-_%E3%81%8A%E5%9C%9F%E7%94%A3%E3%81%AB%E8%B2%B7%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%89.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157752142", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Ik T", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/monchan/3241188990/", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Krama, a traditional Cambodian garment, folded up on a yellow background", "sha256": "4d2b0eeff50cc7992a46128153c467406993353a6d222fb0d40d3d64739c746d", "width": 3264, "height": 2448}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-cambodian-woman-with-krama-around-neck-0f7ed3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Cambodian woman with krama around neck.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Cambodian_woman_with_krama_around_neck.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157752174", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "author": "missmei", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/missmei/5595383388/", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Cambodian woman with a krama, a traditional Cambodian garment, around her neck", "sha256": "63ed1d9c336c2af0603bcfb5af44b5f5ddf822373bbc3b9f72b96bf11d8c4207", "width": 695, "height": 970}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-man-with-krama-a6fae9.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Man with Krama.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Man_with_Krama.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157752202", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Benjamin Thomas", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/23927132@N05/2951026305/", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Cambodian man with a krama around his neck", "sha256": "20d55ce1713a7221c13632babfa3fccabca9f7541f92b60862db39f44fffdafc", "width": 1976, "height": 2766}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-shower-tattoo-20120210-cropped-2c4f53.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Shower tattoo - 20120210 (cropped).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Shower_tattoo_-_20120210_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=192253906", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "peter klashorst", "credit": "Flickr: [1]", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — A tattoed Cambodian woman having a shower.", "sha256": "b1c2578cbecc62d5fef0684b1b15f0bba490775046b4e6646ac7f37e65f65d52", "width": 3221, "height": 4754}, {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-shower-tattoo-20120210-cropped-ii-81a997.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Shower tattoo - 20120210 (cropped)II.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Shower_tattoo_-_20120210_%28cropped%29II.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=192254182", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "peter klashorst", "credit": "Flickr: [1]", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — A tattoed Cambodian woman having a shower.", "sha256": "f23d6650289142cb244fe14fdd4cb8e8dc5f1ee7faa18938039d1502e9421821", "width": 3248, "height": 4090}], "text": {"what_th": "ผ้าเขียนยันต์ตัวขอมของเขมร แขวนขื่อบ้าน พับพก หรือคาดตัวนักสู้ พลังอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "A cloth drawn with Khom-letter yantra in the Cambodian tradition — hung from the house beam, folded into a pocket, or tied on a fighter. Power lives in the inscription and the rite; nobody is home.", "story_th": "ในเขมร ยันต์ (យ័ន្ត) คือลายที่เขียนบนผ้าขาวหรือกระดาษ ผูกกับสายวัชรยานเก่าของพระนคร เช่นยันต์เหวัชระ วิกิพีเดียบันทึกว่าผ้ายันต์เขมรมักมีรูปนกคุ่ม และการยกผ้าขึ้นขื่อเป็นพิธีขึ้นบ้าน นักสู้โบกาตอร์ผูกผ้าและเชือกเสกก่อนขึ้นชก ผู้เขียนคือครูขแมร์และอาจารย์ ส่วนผ้าพิมพ์โรงงานที่ไม่ผ่านพิธีก็มีมาก", "story_en": "The Khmer Wikipedia article defines a yoan (យ័ន្ត) as a design drawn on white cloth or paper, and the Cambodian Hevajra yantra shows the Angkor-period esoteric layer still inside it. The English article on yantra cloth records the Khmer habits — a rain-quail motif, and raising the cloth to the house beam as the blessing that makes a house a home — and fighters in bokator go in wrapped in cloth and enchanted cords. Achar and kru khmer draw and bless them; factory-printed cloths without the rite circulate alongside. The gatha written on the cloth is the same Pali formula that goes into a katha tube or onto the skin.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ แขวนที่สูง ไม่เหยียบ ไม่ต้องเซ่น", "keeping_en": "Impersonal: hung high, never stepped over, nothing fed. The keeper owes respect to the letters, not to an occupant."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:km-wiki-yantra", "s:en-wiki-yantra-cloth", "s:en-wiki-khmer-script", "s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing", "s:en-wiki-bokator", "s:en-wiki-krama", "s:km-wiki-krama", "s:en-wiki-achar-khmer", "s:en-wiki-southern-esoteric-buddhism", "s:catalog-db", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-yantra-cloth"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-krama", "note": "and s:km-wiki-krama; neither mentions yantra"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "'yantra krama' as a trade form is the model's reading of the market, unverified"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing", "note": "ninth-century Khmer Empire origin claim is that article's"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "0 listing titles with ผ้ายันต์เขมร on 2026-09-02"}, "media": {"tier": "cited", "note": "licences checked on Commons 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "pha_yan", "term": "ผ้ายันต์", "roman": "pha yan", "en": "inscribed cloth", "definition": "Cloth bearing a drawn or stamped yantra. Strictly a form rather than a material, kept on this axis because the market names it in the material slot and a reader looking for \"what is it made of\" will look here. Cross-reference the motif axis for the yantra itself."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "kh", "th": "กัมพูชา · เขมร", "en": "Cambodia / Khmer tradition"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "khmer-yantra-cloth/khmer-yantra-cloth-hevajrayantra-30558c.webp", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hevajrayantra.webp", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Hevajrayantra.webp?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=162757596", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "The original distributor of this image is Gavin Symahanou", "credit": "This image was originally distributed the public by Gavin Symahanou with the expressed permission of a Cambodian yogi. Gavin's website is esoterictheravada.org", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมร", "alt_en": "Khmer yantra cloth — Cambodian Hevajra Yantra", "sha256": "fa5e8e1ec12c88b871bf5efeb928aff0554e48ff83b04536663f770e536fa764", "width": 676, "height": 960, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "khot-kala", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "คดกะลา", "roman": "khot kala", "en": "Coconut-shell concretion", "aliases": {"th": ["คด", "คต", "คดมะพร้าว"], "roman": ["khod kala", "kod kala"], "en": ["coconut bezoar", "khot stone"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "khong_thammachat", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khong_kraphan"], "materials": ["kala"], "figures": ["natural"]}, "form": {"type": "natural", "shape_th": "ก้อนแข็งคล้ายหินที่พบเกิดในลูกมะพร้าว เก็บทั้งก้อน เลี่ยมหรือใส่ตลับ", "shape_en": "A stone-hard nodule found grown inside a coconut, kept as found; capped or cased for wearing", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ใส่ตลับหรือเลี่ยมห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Cased or capped at the neck", "notes_en": "The search term is carried only as the compound คดกะลา: bare คด was 98% noise (โชคดี, โบราณคดี, คดี, พระโคดม). The treatise spells the family คต."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ไม่มีรูป — ก้อนตามธรรมชาติ", "en": "no figure; a natural nodule"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "", "era_en": "", "place_th": "ทั่วไป", "place_en": "Thailand generally", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ตำราจัด คต ไว้ในของทนสิทธิ์ที่เกิดเองตามธรรมชาติ ร่วมกับเขี้ยว เขา และแร่ธาตุ — เครื่องรางชนิดแรกที่มนุษย์ใช้", "en": "The treatise's own classification puts คต among the self-potent natural objects (ของทนสิทธิ์) beside fangs, horns and minerals — the first amulets humans used, it says", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "คดเป็นตระกูล ตั้งชื่อตามที่พบ: คดกะลา คดหิน คดหอย คดปลวก", "en": "คด is a family named by host — coconut, stone, shell, termite mound and more; the trade holds that the host names the virtue", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ก้อนแข็ง หนัก ผิวด้านหรือมัน ไม่มีรอยแกะ", "en": "Hard, dense, matte or glassy, with no tool marks; a nodule that shows carving is something else", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ก้อนคดที่ยังมีเศษกะลาติดอยู่บอกที่มาของตัวเอง", "en": "A nodule still carrying a fragment of shell carries its own provenance; the material axis dates shell by wear", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "inference"}, {"th": "คำสองตัวอักษรค้นเดี่ยวไม่ได้ — ๔๗๔ จาก ๔๘๔ ที่พบเป็นคำอื่น จึงใช้แต่คำประสม", "en": "The bare word cannot be searched: 474 of 484 corpus hits were other words, so only the compound is carried", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "kala-ta-diao", "tell_th": "กะลาตาเดียวคือเปลือกที่มีตาเดียว · คดกะลาคือก้อนแข็งข้างใน", "tell_en": "The one-eyed shell is the husk with a single eye; the khot is a stone-hard nodule from inside the nut. Same tree, two finds."}, {"id": "lek-lai", "tell_th": "เหล็กไหลเป็นโลหะดำมันวาวจากถ้ำ · คดไม่มีประกายโลหะ", "tell_en": "Lek lai is a lustrous dark metal claimed from caves; a khot has no metallic sheen and a named plant or animal host."}, {"id": "bia-kae", "tell_th": "เบี้ยแก้เป็นหอยเบี้ยบรรจุปรอทโดยพระ — ของทำ · คดเป็นของพบ", "tell_en": "A bia kae is a cowrie a monk fills and seals — made; a khot is found. Both small, hard and cased."}], "market": {"search": ["คดกะลา"], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free Commons file found on 2026-09-02. Wanted: a nodule beside the split coconut it came from, with a scale."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "ก้อนแข็งเหมือนหินที่พบเกิดในลูกมะพร้าว หนึ่งในตระกูลคด — หินที่ไม่น่าจะมีในสิ่งมีชีวิต เก็บทั้งก้อนตามที่พบ ฤทธิ์อยู่ในตัว ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "what_en": "A stone-hard concretion found grown inside a coconut — one of the คด family of impossible stones found in living things. Kept whole as found; power inherent, none to feed.", "story_th": "ตำราไม่มีสูตรทำคด เพราะทำไม่ได้ มันเกิดเอง คำนำของตำราจัด คต ไว้กับเขี้ยว เขา แร่ธาตุ เป็นของทนสิทธิ์ที่มนุษย์ใช้ก่อนของทำทั้งหมด วงการเรียกคดตามที่พบ คดกะลาคือคดในมะพร้าว ถือกันว่าคงกระพันและคุ้มครอง — เป็นคำอ้างของประเพณี ตำราว่าแต่เพียงว่ามีฤทธิ์ในตัว", "story_en": "There is no recipe for a khot and cannot be: it is found, not made. The treatise's preface files คต with fangs, horns and minerals as the self-potent natural objects people carried before anyone inscribed anything. The trade names each by its host — a khot kala grew inside a coconut — and holds it for protection and hardness against blades; those functions are the tradition's claim, not the treatise's, which says only that the thing has power in itself.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เก็บตามที่พบ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Keep it as it was found; safe to adopt with no history at all, since it never had a maker."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:ms6983", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "functions are the trade's claim: tradition"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "compound only; bare คด is 98% noise per vault classes.md"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 943–944 (printed p. 9), the treatise's own classification"}}}, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "khong_thammachat", "term": "เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ", "roman": "khrueang rang thammachat", "en_gloss": "natural talisman", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Power inherent in a rare natural object rather than conferred by rite: เหล็กไหล (leklai, a living metal), กะลาตาเดียว (a one-eyed coconut), certain woods, stones and animal parts. Impersonal but NOT consecration-based — a third thing, neither Buddha-amulet nor spirit-vessel.", "confidence": "medium"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "kala", "term": "กะลา", "roman": "kala", "en": "coconut shell", "definition": "Coconut shell, most often the single-eyed shell (กะลาตาเดียว) carved and inscribed. High occurrence in the corpus. Note that many กะลา hits are the carved ปลัดขิก form — cross-check the class axis, which deliberately leaves ปลัดขิก unassigned."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 10, "priced": 10, "median_thb": 169.0, "typical_thb": [150.0, 199.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "khun-phaen", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ขุนแผน", "roman": "khun phaen", "en": "Khun Phaen tablet", "aliases": {"th": ["พระขุนแผน", "ขุนแผนพลายกุมาร"], "roman": ["khun paen", "khun pan", "khun phaen phlai kuman"], "en": ["Khun Paen amulet"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["maha_saneh", "metta_maha_niyom", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_phong", "nuea_din"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "พระพิมพ์ทรงห้าเหลี่ยม องค์พระประทับนั่งในซุ้มเรือนแก้ว", "shape_en": "A pressed tablet, typically five-sided, with a seated Buddha inside a ruean kaeo arch", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn cased at the neck", "obverse_th": "องค์พระนั่งสมาธิหรือมารวิชัยในซุ้มเรือนแก้ว บางพิมพ์มีรูปกุมารประกอบ", "obverse_en": "A Buddha in meditation or maravijaya inside the arch; some moulds add a kuman figure", "reverse_th": "เรียบ หรือฝังตะกรุด หรือมีรอยจาร", "reverse_en": "Plain, or with an embedded takrut or hand-incised yantra", "notes_en": "The vault measured the seam: of 389 listings naming กุมาร, 106 are ขุนแผน. Buddha-amulet form; upkeep is an amulet's, the provenance question depends on the making. The hybrid is measured, not forced."}, "iconography": [{"th": "องค์พระในซุ้มเรือนแก้ว", "en": "a Buddha inside a ruean kaeo (jewelled-house) arch"}, {"th": "รูปกุมารเล็กข้างองค์พระ (บางพิมพ์)", "en": "a small kuman beside or below the Buddha (some moulds)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตั้งชื่อตามขุนแผน ตัวเอกเสภาขุนช้างขุนแผน; สายที่วงการยกให้: หลวงพ่อกวย วัดโฆสิตาราม ชัยนาท (พลายกุมาร) และหลวงปู่ทิม วัดละหารไร่", "maker_en": "Named for Khun Phaen, the epic's charm-master. The reference cards single out Luang Pho Kuai of Wat Khositaram, Chainat (Khun Phaen Phlai Kuman) and Luang Pu Thim of Wat Lahan Rai as the trade's benchmark lines", "era_th": "เสภาพิมพ์ครั้งแรก พ.ศ. ๒๔๑๕; พระพิมพ์ทรงนี้วงการถือว่ามีกรุสมัยอยุธยา (สุพรรณบุรี) ก่อนชื่อจะติด", "era_en": "Epic first printed 1872; the trade holds that the tablet form predates the name, from Ayutthaya-period caches in the Suphanburi area — unverified here", "place_th": "สุพรรณบุรี · ชัยนาท · ระยอง (ตามสาย)", "place_en": "Suphanburi, Chainat, Rayong by line", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ซุ้มเรือนแก้วทรงห้าเหลี่ยม ไม่ใช่ซุ้มครอบแก้วสี่เหลี่ยมของพระสมเด็จ", "en": "A five-sided ruean kaeo arch, not the straight-edged rectangle and bell-glass arch of a somdet", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "บางพิมพ์มีรูปกุมารร่วมกับองค์พระ", "en": "Some moulds show a kuman figure with the Buddha — the epic's Golden Child on the tablet", "source": "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อผงหรือเนื้อดิน; มวลสารที่ผสมมักไม่แสดงบนผิว บางองค์มีก้อนบรรจุด้านหลัง", "en": "Powder or fired-clay body; the trade looks for a distinct-coloured plug at the back or flecks in the body, but what went in does not reliably show on the surface", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ด้านหลังมักฝังตะกรุดหรือจารมือ", "en": "Reverse often carries an embedded takrut or a hand-incised yantra", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ชื่อรุ่นบอกมวลสาร: คำในชื่อรุ่นคือคำประกาศของผู้ขายว่าใส่อะไรลงไป อ่านชื่อก่อนดูผิว", "en": "The line name declares the material: the words in the title are the seller's own statement of what went in. Read the name before the surface", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จสี่เหลี่ยม ซุ้มครอบแก้ว เนื้อขาว · ขุนแผนห้าเหลี่ยม ซุ้มเรือนแก้ว", "tell_en": "A somdet is a straight-edged rectangle with a bell-glass arch and a white body; a khun phaen is five-sided with a ruean kaeo arch. Same class by form, different provenance question."}, {"id": "kuman-thong", "tell_th": "กุมารทองเป็นรูปเด็กที่ต้องเลี้ยง · ขุนแผนเป็นพระพิมพ์ที่บูชาอย่างพระเครื่อง", "tell_en": "A kuman thong is a child figure you feed; a khun phaen is a Buddha tablet kept like any amulet. The scanner tags both 'kuman' because the word is present; the class is not the same."}, {"id": "phra-phong-suphan", "tell_th": "ผงสุพรรณเป็นพระกรุเนื้อดินทรงสามเหลี่ยม ไม่มีซุ้มเรือนแก้ว", "tell_en": "Phra Phong Suphan is a triangular fired-clay cache tablet without the ruean kaeo arch; both are Suphanburi names, which is the confusion"}, {"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "พระกรุขุนแผนเป็นของกรุเก่าเนื้อดิน · ขุนแผนวัดสร้างใหม่เนื้อผง มวลสารต่างกัน", "tell_en": "A cache-find khun phaen is old fired clay with nobody home; a modern temple khun phaen is powder with its own material story — the name is shared, the material story is not"}], "market": {"search": ["ขุนแผน"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Khun Paen Wat Bang Krang.png", "File:Luang Phor Suang Khun Paen.png"], "wanted_en": "Obverse straight on showing the arch, and a reverse showing the powder plug or takrut. The two Commons files give the obverse of a Wat Bang Krang piece and a Luang Phor Suang piece; no reverse yet."}, "images": [{"file": "khun-phaen/khun-phaen-khun-paen-wat-bang-krang-dd5c5d.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Khun Paen Wat Bang Krang.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Khun_Paen_Wat_Bang_Krang.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99829395", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ขุนแผน", "alt_en": "Khun Phaen tablet — Khun Paen Wat Bang Krang. Buddhist amulets from Thailand.", "sha256": "17f9386728e454c3d7aef3080f735f4e712029d167b3b561103935a0eb6e1a07", "width": 1470, "height": 911, "primary": true}, {"file": "khun-phaen/khun-phaen-luang-phor-suang-khun-paen-0fa54b.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Luang Phor Suang Khun Paen.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Luang_Phor_Suang_Khun_Paen.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99853135", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ขุนแผน", "alt_en": "Khun Phaen tablet — Luang Phor Suang Khun Paen with tiny Relics", "sha256": "d512b7fcc15c598fb79a105e145746fbc0897a4c813868e6da99ab9f1e9174c4", "width": 1473, "height": 922}], "text": {"what_th": "พระพิมพ์ในซุ้มเรือนแก้ว ตั้งชื่อตามขุนแผนผู้เชี่ยวชาญวิชาในเสภา — พระเครื่ององค์เดียวที่เรื่องมวลสารสำคัญเท่ากับพิมพ์ทรง บางองค์เป็นผงล้วน บางองค์ผสมมวลสารอื่น และผิวไม่บอก", "what_en": "A pressed tablet in the classic arch — named for the epic's charm-master, and the one amulet whose material story matters as much as its form. Some are pure powder; some are worked with other material, and the difference does not show on the surface.", "story_th": "ขุนแผนในเสภาเป็นผู้เชี่ยวชาญยันต์ คาถา และเลี้ยงกุมารทองจากลูกในครรภ์นางบัวคลี่ พระพิมพ์ที่ใช้ชื่อเขาจึงถูกสร้างเป็นพระเครื่องเสน่ห์ บางสายระบุว่าเนื้อมีมวลสาร 'พรายกุมาร' — นี่คือตะเข็บระหว่างหมวด คลังนับได้: ในรายการที่กล่าวถึงกุมาร ๓๘๙ รายการ เป็นขุนแผน ๑๐๖ รายการ ตะเข็บนี้วัดมา ไม่ได้บังคับ", "story_en": "Khun Phaen in the epic is the master of yantra and katha who raises a kuman thong from his own stillborn son; the tablet that borrows his name is made as a charm of attraction, and some lines state that 'prai kuman' material went into the body — that single fact is the seam between classes. The vault counted the seam rather than deciding it: of 389 listings naming กุมาร, 106 are ขุนแผน. The reference cards name Luang Pho Kuai's Khun Phaen Phlai Kuman as the trade's benchmark line. The hybrid is measured, not forced; a future class that splits form from material would resolve it, and this record does not pre-empt that.", "keeping_th": "บูชาอย่างพระเครื่อง ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง — แต่ถามว่าอะไรอยู่ในเนื้อ เพราะความไวต่อประวัติอยู่ระดับกลางถึงสูงตามมวลสาร", "keeping_en": "Kept as an amulet: nobody to feed. But ask what went into the batch — the vault rates its provenance sensitivity medium to high because of the material, even though its upkeep is an amulet's."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-khun-chang-khun-phaen", "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "s:amulet-reference", "s:commons-amulets-th", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "389/106 count from classes.md fuzzy-edges section; epic: s:en-wiki-khun-chang-khun-phaen; benchmark line: s:amulet-reference card A·04"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "Ayutthaya cache origin is trade lore; no cache or date named"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 314, "priced": 314, "median_thb": 168.5, "typical_thb": [66.86, 480.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "khun-phaen/khun-phaen-khun-paen-wat-bang-krang-dd5c5d.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Khun Paen Wat Bang Krang.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Khun_Paen_Wat_Bang_Krang.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99829395", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ขุนแผน", "alt_en": "Khun Phaen tablet — Khun Paen Wat Bang Krang. Buddhist amulets from Thailand.", "sha256": "17f9386728e454c3d7aef3080f735f4e712029d167b3b561103935a0eb6e1a07", "width": 1470, "height": 911, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "kuan-im", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิม", "roman": "kuan im", "en": "Guanyin pendant", "aliases": {"th": ["กวนอิม", "พระโพธิสัตว์กวนอิม", "พระอวโลกิเตศวร"], "roman": ["kuan yin", "guan yin", "chao mae kuan im"], "en": ["Kuan Yin", "Avalokitesvara", "Goddess of Mercy"]}, "other_scripts": {"zh": "觀音"}}, "region": ["th", "diaspora"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "nuea_phong", "ngoen"], "figures": ["deity"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "จี้หยกหรือหินแกะ รูปหล่อ หรือเหรียญ องค์หญิงชุดขาวยืนหรือนั่ง", "shape_en": "Carved jade or stone pendant, cast figure, or medallion: a white-robed female figure standing or seated on a lotus", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอด้วยเชือกหรือสร้อย นิยมหยกในหมู่คนไทยเชื้อสายจีน", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck on a cord or chain; jade is the classic body among Thai-Chinese families and is not on the material axis", "obverse_th": "กวนอิมถือแจกันน้ำทิพย์และกิ่งหลิว หรือปางพันกร", "obverse_en": "Guanyin holding the vase of pure water and a willow branch; or the thousand-armed form", "reverse_th": "เรียบ หรือยันต์ หรืออักษรจีน", "reverse_en": "Plain, a yantra, or Chinese characters", "notes_en": "Jade, the commonest pendant body, has no key in materials.md; the material axis lists metal and powder forms only."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ชุดขาว", "en": "white robe"}, {"th": "แจกันน้ำทิพย์ กิ่งหลิว", "en": "vase of pure water, willow branch"}, {"th": "ดอกบัว", "en": "lotus seat"}, {"th": "ปางพันกร", "en": "thousand-armed form"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ศาลเจ้าจีนและวัดพุทธหลายแห่ง", "maker_en": "Chinese shrines and Buddhist wats alike; no single maker", "era_th": "", "era_en": "Avalokitesvara became female in East Asia by about the twelfth century; the Thai cult is Thai-Chinese and Mahayana in origin", "place_th": "ชุมชนไทยเชื้อสายจีน เยาวราชและทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Thai-Chinese communities, Yaowarat and nationwide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "รูปหญิงชุดขาว ถือแจกันและกิ่งหลิว — ไม่ใช่นางกวัก ไม่ใช่พระพุทธรูป", "en": "A white-robed woman with vase and willow: not a beckoning Nang Kwak, not a Buddha", "source": "s:en-wiki-guanyin", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ปางพันกร: แขนแผ่เป็นวงรอบองค์", "en": "Thousand-armed form reads as a fan of arms round the figure", "source": "s:en-wiki-guanyin", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "จี้หยกแกะ: เย็นในมือ โปร่งแสงที่ขอบ ไม่ใช่วัตถุปลุกเสกในความหมายพระเครื่องเสมอไป", "en": "Carved jade pendants are cool in the hand and translucent at the edge; many are never consecrated at a wat at all, which is a class note, not a flaw", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ผู้บูชามักถือศีลกินเจ งดเนื้อวัว", "en": "Devotees commonly keep vegetarian days and abstain from beef; a keeper asking about diet is a tell for the cult, not the object", "source": "s:th-wiki-kuan-im", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักนั่งพับเพียบยกมือกวัก แต่งไทย · กวนอิมชุดขาวถือแจกัน", "tell_en": "Nang Kwak kneels in Thai dress with one hand beckoning; Guanyin stands or sits in a white robe with a vase. Both deva-tier."}, {"id": "phra-phrom", "tell_th": "พระพรหมสี่หน้า · กวนอิมหน้าเดียว รูปหญิง", "tell_en": "Brahma has four faces; Guanyin one, and female"}, {"id": "phra-siwali", "tell_th": "พระสีวลีเป็นพระภิกษุถือกลดและบาตร", "tell_en": "Sivali is a monk with umbrella and bowl, class phra_khrueang; Guanyin is a bodhisattva in lay white"}], "market": {"search": ["กวนอิม"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Thousand-Armed Guanyin 1.jpg", "File:เจ้าแม่กวนอิมหยกขาว White Jade Kwannon.jpg", "File:เจ้าแม่กวนอิม วัดพระแก้ว Kwannon at Wat Phra Kaew.jpg", "File:Yaowarat Guanyin Shrine - 2017-05-12 (013).jpg", "File:Guanyin - Wat Kok Mai Daeng.jpg"], "wanted_en": "The thousand-armed carved-stone pendant is the one free photo of the object itself; the rest are Thai shrine statues. Needed: a plain jade Guanyin pendant front and back, and a Thai wat-issued Guanyin medallion."}, "text": {"what_th": "จี้หรือรูปเจ้าแม่กวนอิม พระโพธิสัตว์อวโลกิเตศวรในร่างหญิงชุดขาว เทพแห่งความเมตตาของคนไทยเชื้อสายจีน นิยมทำเป็นหยกแกะ", "what_en": "A pendant or small image of Guanyin, Avalokitesvara in her white-robed female form, the compassion figure of Thai-Chinese households. The classic body is carved jade, worn on a cord.", "story_th": "อวโลกิเตศวรเป็นชายในอินเดีย กลายเป็นหญิงในจีนและรวมกับตำนานเจ้าหญิงเมี่ยวซ่าน คนไทยเชื้อสายจีนบูชาเป็นเจ้าแม่ ถือศีลกินเจ งดเนื้อวัว มีองค์ใหญ่ที่วัดยานนาวาและวัดห้วยปลากั้ง คนพกจี้หยกกันมาก่อนจะมีเหรียญวัดออกตาม", "story_en": "Avalokitesvara was male in India and became female in China, merged with the legend of Princess Miaoshan. Thai-Chinese families venerate her as Chao Mae, keep vegetarian days and skip beef; big images stand at Wat Yannawa and Wat Huai Pla Kang. Jade pendants were worn long before Thai wats began issuing Guanyin medallions.", "keeping_th": "บูชาด้วยดอกไม้ น้ำ และการถือศีล ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ไม่ใช่ผี", "keeping_en": "Kept by veneration: flowers, water, precepts kept on her days. Not fed, not a ghost. The vault class is deva-tier though she is a bodhisattva; the keeping is the same."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-kuan-im", "s:en-wiki-guanyin", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-guanyin"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-kuan-im", "note": "with s:en-wiki-guanyin; the last sentence is tradition"}, "axes.class": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "bodhisattva placed in the deva-tier class because the keeping matches; a knower may split it"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "kuan-im/kuan-im-thousand-armed-guanyin-1-dc0940.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thousand-Armed Guanyin 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Thousand-Armed_Guanyin_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66414619", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Thayne Tuason", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิม", "alt_en": "Guanyin pendant — Thousand-Armed Guanyin pendant, carved and dyed stone. 33mm width, 40mm length, 8mm tall", "sha256": "f2e8e7485942b816fd10f98df199f3e1f64f4c06bfd0aec7ded93b9780e87880", "width": 2173, "height": 2589, "primary": true}, {"file": "kuan-im/kuan-im-white-jade-kwannon-c34d83.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:เจ้าแม่กวนอิมหยกขาว White Jade Kwannon.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7_White_Jade_Kwannon.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35525150", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิม", "alt_en": "Guanyin pendant — This is a photo of a monument in Thailand identified by the ID", "sha256": "c8cd073818d3d4aa4a8b9fb33fa2ab919229837bcd30a7c9711d9cc1f86bb696", "width": 720, "height": 960}, {"file": "kuan-im/kuan-im-kwannon-at-wat-phra-kaew-c70538.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:เจ้าแม่กวนอิม วัดพระแก้ว Kwannon at Wat Phra Kaew.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_Kwannon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35535268", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิม", "alt_en": "Guanyin pendant — This is a photo of a monument in Thailand identified by the ID", "sha256": "26286243c73b98a2635c11b6d828d0d9f1221ffc71cdaecf9eb48b0ab8215ef4", "width": 3216, "height": 4288}, {"file": "kuan-im/kuan-im-yaowarat-guanyin-shrine-2017-05-12-013-fc1979.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yaowarat Guanyin Shrine - 2017-05-12 (013).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Yaowarat_Guanyin_Shrine_-_2017-05-12_%28013%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58877333", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิม", "alt_en": "Guanyin pendant — Guanyin Shrine and Thian Fa Foundation Office, Samphanthawong District, Bangkok, Thailand.", "sha256": "da9951ef36d1efac21dd90830c0d66585d7eff1283887f760c4435b7adb6b735", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "kuan-im/kuan-im-guanyin-wat-kok-mai-daeng-94b1af.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Guanyin - Wat Kok Mai Daeng.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Guanyin_-_Wat_Kok_Mai_Daeng.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=142261065", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "SietsL", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิม", "alt_en": "Guanyin pendant — Statue Guanyin of Wat Kok Mai Daeng, Ding Thong subdistrict, Wang Thong district, Phitsanulok province", "sha256": "5a574302e4d3951c9d599a8acfbcac26c8fa42487c40bef917bb09fdca3cd478", "width": 2898, "height": 3864}], "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "diaspora", "th": "ชุมชนไทยโพ้นทะเล", "en": "Overseas Thai / Chinese-Thai collector communities"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 9, "priced": 9, "median_thb": 129.0, "typical_thb": [34.0, 399.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "kuan-im/kuan-im-thousand-armed-guanyin-1-dc0940.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thousand-Armed Guanyin 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Thousand-Armed_Guanyin_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66414619", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Thayne Tuason", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิม", "alt_en": "Guanyin pendant — Thousand-Armed Guanyin pendant, carved and dyed stone. 33mm width, 40mm length, 8mm tall", "sha256": "f2e8e7485942b816fd10f98df199f3e1f64f4c06bfd0aec7ded93b9780e87880", "width": 2173, "height": 2589, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "kuman-thong", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "กุมารทอง", "roman": "kuman thong", "en": "Kuman Thong (raised child-spirit)", "aliases": {"th": ["กุมาร", "พรายกุมาร", "ลูกเทพ"], "roman": ["kuman tong", "guman thong", "kumanthong", "phrai kuman"], "en": ["golden boy", "golden child", "spirit-child effigy"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "kuman", "functions": ["kha_khai", "khum_khrong", "chok_lap", "maha_saneh"], "materials": ["nuea_din", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["human"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปเด็กชายทั้งตัว มักนุ่งโจงกระเบน ไว้จุก นั่งหรือยืน ตั้งแต่ขนาดพกพาถึงตั้งหิ้ง", "shape_en": "A whole child figure, usually a boy in a chong kraben with a topknot, seated or standing; from pocket size to shrine size. Modern bodies are clay, wood, resin or cast metal.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ส่วนใหญ่ตั้งบูชาในบ้านหรือร้าน มีแบบพกพาและล็อกเก็ตด้วย", "wearable_en": "Mostly kept on a house or shop shrine; pocket figures and lockets exist", "obverse_th": "รูปเด็กทั้งตัว บางองค์ลงรักปิดทอง", "obverse_en": "A full child figure; some are lacquered and gilded, which is where the name comes from", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "The treatise form is lacquered and gilded whole; the modern figure is a made effigy into which a spirit is invited. The historical necromantic form (ms 6983, pp. 84–86) is recorded here as ethnography, never as instruction."}, "iconography": [{"th": "เด็กชายไว้จุก นุ่งโจงกระเบน", "en": "a boy with a topknot in a chong kraben"}, {"th": "ลงรักปิดทองทั้งตัว", "en": "lacquer and gold leaf over the whole body"}, {"th": "ท่านั่งพนมมือ หรือถือถุงเงิน", "en": "seated with palms together, or holding a money bag (modern retail)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง)", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983; modern figures are temple issues by many makers", "era_th": "ปรากฏในเสภาขุนช้างขุนแผน (พิมพ์ครั้งแรก พ.ศ. ๒๔๑๕ ฉบับมาตรฐาน ๒๔๖๐–๒๔๖๑)", "era_en": "Already in the Khun Chang Khun Phaen epic (first printed 1872; Prince Damrong's standard edition 1917–18); the practice is older than the print", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นรูปเด็ก ไม่ใช่องค์พระ ไม่ใช่รูปผู้ใหญ่ถืออาวุธ", "en": "It is a child figure — never a Buddha image, never an armed adult (that is a hun phayon)", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราให้ลงรักปิดทองทั้งตัว — ผิวดำมันใต้ทองคำเปลว", "en": "The treatise lacquers and gilds the whole body: a dark lacquer skin under gold leaf is the type mark and the reason for the name", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "รูปแบบสมัยใหม่ปั้นดิน แกะไม้ หรือหล่อโลหะ นุ่งโจงกระเบน", "en": "Modern bodies are moulded clay, carved wood or cast metal, dressed as a Thai boy in a chong kraben", "source": "s:th-wiki-kuman-thong", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "มักมีช่องบรรจุมวลสารที่ฐานหรือหลัง", "en": "Look for a sealed cavity at the base or back where the filling sits; what went in is the provenance question", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ถ้ามีน้ำแดง ขนม ของเล่นวางหน้าองค์ แสดงว่าเป็นของที่ถูกเลี้ยง", "en": "Red drink, sweets and toys set before it mark a fed object; a kept-and-fed child figure is a kuman, not a phra khrueang", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "hun-phayon", "tell_th": "กุมารทองเป็นเด็ก เลี้ยงอย่างลูก · หุ่นพยนต์เป็นผู้ใหญ่ถืออาวุธ ปลุกให้ทำงาน", "tell_en": "A kuman is a child figure raised as family; a hun phayon is an armed adult effigy animated to serve. Both are fed, but one is a named child and the other a compelled animation."}, {"id": "khun-phaen", "tell_th": "ขุนแผนเป็นพระพิมพ์องค์พระในซุ้ม เลี้ยงแบบพระเครื่อง แม้มวลสารอาจมีพรายกุมาร", "tell_en": "A khun phaen is a pressed Buddha tablet kept like any amulet even when its material carries prai-kuman powder; a kuman thong is a child figure you feed."}, {"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักเป็นหญิงกวักมือ เป็นเทพที่บูชา ไม่ใช่ผีเด็กที่เลี้ยง", "tell_en": "Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman venerated as a deva; a kuman is a bound child-spirit fed as family"}], "market": {"search": ["กุมารทอง", "กุมาร"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Kuman Thong"], "commons_files": ["File:Kuman Thong.jpg", "File:Kuman thong-ratchaburi53.JPG", "File:Tailandia, amuleti del bebé d'oro kumanthong, 1990-2000 ca.jpg", "File:ตุ๊กตาลูกเทพ.jpg"], "wanted_en": "A modern temple figure whole and in its shrine with the red-drink offering, and a detail of the base cavity. The Ayutthaya reproduction (Kuman Thong.jpg) and the Ratchaburi shrine group cover the first two."}, "images": [{"file": "kuman-thong/kuman-thong-kuman-thong-f2e22b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Kuman Thong.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Kuman_Thong.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30448412", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Greg Field", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กุมารทอง", "alt_en": "Kuman Thong (raised child-spirit) — A reproduction Kuman Thong sold as a collection for Thai Belief collectors, at the Buddhist temple at Ayutthaya, Thailan", "sha256": "8c7c8424b560376523ed967ee6382af09e90449d2603aea911bf3d523e6ceeeb", "width": 905, "height": 699, "primary": true}, {"file": "kuman-thong/kuman-thong-201312301132c-michelle-von-b-rlin-sukhot-d2112a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201312301132c (Michelle von Bärlin) Sukhothai Rat Satthatham.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/201312301132c_%28Michelle_von_B%C3%A4rlin%29_Sukhothai_Rat_Satthatham.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30950388", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Michelle von Bärlin", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กุมารทอง", "alt_en": "Kuman Thong (raised child-spirit) — Bereich mit vielen Gesiterhäuschen am Wat Rat Satthatham im Amphoe Mueang Sukhothai", "sha256": "79c1567c4d4186f483845577b56bafb4947f1a2e76259168825f88cf71612050", "width": 3087, "height": 2379}, {"file": "kuman-thong/kuman-thong-kuman-thong-ratchaburi53-e776b8.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Kuman thong-ratchaburi53.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Kuman_thong-ratchaburi53.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39735042", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Xufanc", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กุมารทอง", "alt_en": "Kuman Thong (raised child-spirit) — Kuman Thong figures at a shrine in Ratchaburi Province", "sha256": "1c92dd8a0692c3be2fdaa69634209ee5dac7a07715a9bc8150ab3164cdf83f4f", "width": 636, "height": 847}, {"file": "kuman-thong/kuman-thong-tailandia-amuleti-del-beb-d-oro-kumantho-815bb8.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Tailandia, amuleti del bebé d'oro kumanthong, 1990-2000 ca.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Tailandia%2C_amuleti_del_beb%C3%A9_d%27oro_kumanthong%2C_1990-2000_ca.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54861211", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "Sailko", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กุมารทอง", "alt_en": "Kuman Thong (raised child-spirit) — Asian art in the Musée du quai Branly", "sha256": "5e2b56e5fb176b4d94ba824c0d5adf0d364f90cf736a140b00773fa31976bb29", "width": 1516, "height": 2024}, {"file": "kuman-thong/kuman-thong-jpg-2f73e5.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ตุ๊กตาลูกเทพ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46658546", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Siamwebthai", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กุมารทอง", "alt_en": "Kuman Thong (raised child-spirit) — ลูกเทพจะนำมาซึ่งโชคลาภ เงินทอง", "sha256": "ab41f738b4ac186f3c07fa183b408ec78c9adaf651fd9010150eeaf3cd66219e", "width": 960, "height": 1280}], "text": {"what_th": "รูปเด็กที่ไม่ใช่รูปแทน แต่เป็นบ้าน — วิญญาณเด็กถูกผูกไว้แล้วเลี้ยงอย่างลูก ให้น้ำแดง ข้าว ของเล่น ตั้งชื่อ พูดด้วย ขอให้ช่วย ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ บันทึกวิธีสร้างแบบโบราณไว้เต็ม ในฐานะบันทึกประเพณี", "what_en": "A child figure that is not a depiction but a home: a bound child-spirit, raised as family — fed sweet red drink and rice, named, spoken to, asked for help. The corpus holds the historical making in full, framed as ethnography, at manuscript 6983.", "story_th": "ในเสภาขุนช้างขุนแผน ขุนแผนย่างศพลูกในครรภ์ของนางบัวคลี่จนแห้งแล้วเลี้ยงเป็นกุมารทอง ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ (หน้า ๘๔–๘๖) เล่าวิธีเดียวกัน: หาผีตายทั้งกลม เซ่นกุ้งพล่าปลายำ ตั้งมณฑลสายสิญจน์ ๗ ชั้นในโบสถ์ ย่างบนคานไม้ชัยพฤกษ์ให้แห้งก่อนอรุณ แล้วลงรักปิดทอง ให้ข้าวทุกวัน ปลุกก่อนกิน ผูกด้วยคาถาเมื่อเก็บ ปัจจุบันสร้างเป็นรูปปั้นแล้วอัญเชิญวิญญาณ", "story_en": "In the Khun Chang Khun Phaen epic the hero cuts the stillborn son from his murdered wife Bua Khli and dries the body over a fire at a temple; the spirit becomes his scout and defender. Manuscript 6983 (pp. 84–86) records the same making as a recipe: seek the ghost of a mother who died with child, best on a Saturday or Tuesday; propitiate with spicy shrimp and fish salad; consecrate the knife; carry the child to the ordination hall, set a seven-turn sai sin enclosure under a white canopy hung with eight yantras; roast the body on a chaiyaphruek frame by night until dry before dawn; lacquer and gild it. Thereafter rice every day, woken and called before it eats, sent out with one katha and closed with another when put away. Thai Wikipedia says the old method gave way to moulded clay, wood or metal figures into which a spirit is invited, and that from 2015 the luk thep doll is the newest form.", "keeping_th": "ต้องเลี้ยง: ข้าว น้ำแดง ของเล่น ตั้งชื่อ พูดด้วย ถ้าละเลยจะซนหรือไปจากบ้าน ประวัติของผู้เลี้ยงเดิมติดมาด้วย", "keeping_en": "Feeding. Rice, red drink and toys; a name; conversation. Neglect is the failure mode — a hungry, ignored kuman turns mischievous or leaves. Who raised it and what it was taught travels with it, so the history is the first question, not the price."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:en-wiki-kuman-thong", "s:th-wiki-kuman-thong", "s:en-wiki-khun-chang-khun-phaen", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "trade, warding disease and danger, fetching a desired woman — pp. 84–86"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 3238–3312 (printed pp. 84–86); epic episode: s:en-wiki-khun-chang-khun-phaen; modern forms: s:th-wiki-kuman-thong"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-kuman-thong"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-khun-chang-khun-phaen"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "kuman", "term": "กุมารทอง", "roman": "kuman thong", "en_gloss": "raised child-spirit", "resident": "raised_spirit", "upkeep": "feeding", "provenance_sensitivity": "high", "definition": "A child-spirit bound to an effigy and RAISED — fed sweet red drink, rice and toys, named, spoken to, asked for help as a member of the household. A reciprocal, parental bond. Neglect is the failure mode: a hungry, ignored kuman turns mischievous or leaves. Not \"dark\" in itself, but a bound spirit of the dead, and its history — who raised it, what it was taught — travels with it.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 428, "priced": 428, "median_thb": 159.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 490.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "kuman-thong/kuman-thong-kuman-thong-f2e22b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Kuman Thong.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Kuman_Thong.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30448412", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Greg Field", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "กุมารทอง", "alt_en": "Kuman Thong (raised child-spirit) — A reproduction Kuman Thong sold as a collection for Thai Belief collectors, at the Buddhist temple at Ayutthaya, Thailan", "sha256": "8c7c8424b560376523ed967ee6382af09e90449d2603aea911bf3d523e6ceeeb", "width": 905, "height": 699, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "lao-phra-khrueang", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "roman": "pha khueang lao", "en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues)", "aliases": {"th": ["พระลาว", "พระล้านช้าง", "พระเครื่องหลวงพระบาง", "พระเครื่องเวียงจันทน์"], "roman": ["phra khrueang lao", "phra lao", "Lan Xang amulet"], "en": ["Lao amulet", "Lan Xang-style Buddha amulet"]}, "other_scripts": {"lo": "ພະເຄື່ອງ"}}, "region": ["la", "th-isan"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["samrit", "thonglueang", "nuea_loha", "nuea_phong"], "figures": ["buddha", "monk"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "พระพิมพ์ เหรียญ หรือรูปหล่อเล็กที่วัดลาวออก — พระยืนพระหัตถ์แนบลำตัว (ปางขอฝน) พระบางจำลอง หรือพระเถระลาว — ใส่ตลับห้อยคอ", "shape_en": "Tablets, medallions and small casts issued by Lao temples: the standing Buddha with arms straight at the sides ('calling for rain'), copies of the Phra Bang, or Lao monks — cased at the neck like a Thai amulet.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn cased at the neck", "obverse_th": "องค์พระหรือพระเถระ", "obverse_en": "A Buddha or a monk", "reverse_th": "ยันต์ตัวธรรมหรือชื่อวัด", "reverse_en": "A Tham-script yantra or the temple's name", "notes_en": "Form type 'tablet' is the majority case; medallion and figure issues exist. The reverse description is the model's expectation, not a citation."}, "iconography": [{"th": "พระยืนพระหัตถ์แนบลำตัว ปางขอฝน", "en": "standing Buddha with arms at the sides, palms back — the rain-calling gesture that is distinctively Lao"}, {"th": "พระยืนยกสองพระหัตถ์ (แบบพระบาง)", "en": "standing Buddha with both palms forward, after the Phra Bang"}, {"th": "พระนั่งมารวิชัยแบบล้านช้าง", "en": "seated earth-touching Buddha of the Lan Xang type"}, {"th": "นาคปรก", "en": "naga-sheltered Buddha, very common in Lao art"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดในหลวงพระบางและเวียงจันทน์ (เชียงทอง วัดใหม่ วัดองค์ตื้อ)", "wat_en": "Temples of Luang Prabang and Vientiane — Wat Xieng Thong, Wat Mai, Wat Ong Teu among the named ones", "maker_th": "วัดลาวออกให้ อ้างอิงพระบูชาล้านช้าง", "maker_en": "Issued by Lao temples; the models are the Lan Xang altar bronzes", "era_th": "พระบูชาล้านช้างตั้งแต่ศตวรรษที่ 14 · พระเครื่องแบบห้อยคอเป็นของสมัยใหม่", "era_en": "Lan Xang altar images from the fourteenth century (the Vat Manorom colossus is held the oldest); the worn amulet as a Lao temple product is modern, on the Thai pattern", "place_th": "หลวงพระบาง เวียงจันทน์", "place_en": "Luang Prabang and Vientiane", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "สำริดลาว (สำริด) มักผสมโลหะมีค่า บางองค์ทองแดง-ทองคำสูงจนออกสีทองหม่น", "en": "Lao bronze, samrit, often carries precious metal; some images run high in copper and gold and read as a muted gold colour", "source": "s:en-wiki-lao-buddhist-sculpture", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "พระยืนแขนแนบลำตัว ชายจีวรบานออก — ท่าขอฝนเป็นมุทราลาวโดยเฉพาะ", "en": "A standing figure with arms falling straight and the robe flaring at the hem is the Lao rain-calling type; the Walters torso records exactly that outline", "source": "s:en-wiki-buddhism-laos", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "พระพุทธรูปใหญ่หล่อเป็นส่วนแล้วประกอบ — ของเล็กหล่อชิ้นเดียว", "en": "Colossal Lao bronzes were cast in parts and assembled; a small piece is one pour, so a seam on a pendant is a mould line, not a Lao construction mark", "source": "s:en-wiki-lao-buddhist-sculpture", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ด้านหลังมักเป็นตัวธรรม ไม่ใช่ตัวขอม", "en": "Reverse script, where present, is usually Tham rather than Khom — the Lao sacred hand", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "tier": "inference"}, {"th": "รูปแบบเหรียญและพระผงตามอย่างไทย — คำว่า ลาว/หลวงพระบาง/เวียงจันทน์ ไม่ปรากฏในชื่อสินค้าลาซาด้าไทยเลย", "en": "Medallion and powder formats follow the Thai amulet industry; no Lazada TH listing title in catalog.db carries ลาว, หลวงพระบาง or เวียงจันทน์", "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-bang-pendant", "tell_th": "พระบางจำลองเป็นพระเครื่องลาวชนิดหนึ่งที่มีต้นแบบชัด — ยืนยกสองพระหัตถ์", "tell_en": "A Phra Bang pendant is one Lao amulet with a named model: standing, both palms forward. Anything else Lao is this broader kind."}, {"id": "phra-chiang-saen", "tell_th": "พระเชียงแสนเป็นสำริดล้านนา · ล้านช้างสืบสายเดียวกันแต่พระพักตร์และชายจีวรต่าง", "tell_en": "Chiang Saen is the Lanna bronze; Lan Xang descends from the same line but the face and the flared robe differ, and the rain-calling stance is Lao only."}, {"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "เหรียญเกจิไทยมีชื่อพระและวัดไทย · เหรียญลาวจารึกอักษรลาวหรือตัวธรรม", "tell_en": "A Thai monk medallion names a Thai monk and temple; a Lao issue is lettered in Lao or Tham script."}, {"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "พระกรุอีสาน (เช่น นาคปรกกรุนาดูน) เป็นของเก่าจากกรุ · พระเครื่องลาวเป็นของวัดออกใหม่", "tell_en": "An Isan cache find such as the Na Dun naga-sheltered tablets is old and excavated; a Lao temple amulet is a recent issue. Crust versus shine."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Wat Sisaket"], "commons_files": ["File:Lan Xang - Seated Buddha - bronze.jpg", "File:Seated Buddha touching the earth (Laos) (11265536596).jpg", "File:Laotian - Head and Torso of a Standing Buddha - Walters 542759.jpg", "File:Bouddha Mettakaruna-Mudra.JPG", "File:Bouddha Abhaya-Mudra.JPG", "File:Broken Buddha statues at Wat Sisaket.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No free photograph of a Lao worn amulet exists on Commons as of 2026-09-02; the files are the Lan Xang altar bronzes the amulets copy (17th-century seated Buddhas, a standing torso, Ho Phra Keo images, and the Vientiane bronzes broken in 1826–28). Needed: a cased Lao temple issue obverse and reverse, and a Luang Prabang market table."}, "images": [{"file": "lao-phra-khrueang/lao-phra-khrueang-lan-xang-seated-buddha-bronze-7488aa.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Lan Xang - Seated Buddha - bronze.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Lan_Xang_-_Seated_Buddha_-_bronze.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44431228", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Jnzl's Public Domain Photos", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/surveying/11265588223/", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "alt_en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues) — Seated Buddha touching the earth, bronze, 17th century Lan Xang period, Laos", "sha256": "1406871041683971a6d3987c97704bcd33d5e66232f514d3c1527341b76025b0", "width": 2304, "height": 3456, "primary": true}, {"file": "lao-phra-khrueang/lao-phra-khrueang-bouddha-abhaya-mudra-0538e9.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bouddha Abhaya-Mudra.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Bouddha_Abhaya-Mudra.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=533779", "license": "CC BY 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "alt_en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues) — Museum of Ho Phra Keo (Vientiane, Laos). Bouddha statue, bronze XVIII th century (outside gallery).\nMyself-made picture.", "sha256": "030e6e5c2f06054813c35167d5cd11b02a8cccfee56567655bbd991c4720d593", "width": 664, "height": 1504}, {"file": "lao-phra-khrueang/lao-phra-khrueang-bouddha-mettakaruna-mudra-e361a7.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bouddha Mettakaruna-Mudra.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Bouddha_Mettakaruna-Mudra.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=533787", "license": "CC BY 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5", "author": "Siren-Com", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "alt_en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues) — Buddha \"Standing\": the Buddha stands quietly before going out, this reflects that he has complete awareness of what he i", "sha256": "ed2cddaa5f3140a4420092007a6884e09f6a3ba1cd01e9025006d9fcbdbf10e5", "width": 706, "height": 1510}, {"file": "lao-phra-khrueang/lao-phra-khrueang-laotian-head-and-torso-of-a-standing-bud-084d05.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Laotian - Head and Torso of a Standing Buddha - Walters 542759.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Laotian_-_Head_and_Torso_of_a_Standing_Buddha_-_Walters_542759.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18763506", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Laotian (?)", "credit": "Walters Art Museum:  Home page  Info about artwork", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "alt_en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues) — Originally the arms of this large and striking image fell at the side, and the sides of the robe flared outward at the b", "sha256": "6b01ab4d3ece438d7c215e49ffb4f53b186b573cffeaa5ba460e763e6401c4a1", "width": 768, "height": 1376}, {"file": "lao-phra-khrueang/lao-phra-khrueang-wat-sisaket-panoramio-89bc88.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Sisaket - panoramio.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Wat_Sisaket_-_panoramio.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54864496", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "satori.corvus", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161025095540/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/75654183", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "alt_en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues) — Wat Sisaket", "sha256": "f33b04c35039f1a353dfc29eec0100d25482db1a64f38bf4095b7e833dc6ad59", "width": 1620, "height": 2160}, {"file": "lao-phra-khrueang/lao-phra-khrueang-seated-buddha-touching-the-earth-laos-11-03b378.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Seated Buddha touching the earth (Laos) (11265536596).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Seated_Buddha_touching_the_earth_%28Laos%29_%2811265536596%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64886445", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Jnzl's Photos", "credit": "Seated Buddha touching the earth (Laos)", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "alt_en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues) — 17th century, bronze", "sha256": "feaeca3a08e7c13f1521bd33cf4e40fb01bfd9351c051a52e2d2438d804ce9e3", "width": 3042, "height": 1923}, {"file": "lao-phra-khrueang/lao-phra-khrueang-broken-buddha-statues-at-wat-sisaket-d82536.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Broken Buddha statues at Wat Sisaket.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Broken_Buddha_statues_at_Wat_Sisaket.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87147879", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Mx. Granger", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "alt_en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues) — A collection of 18th-century bronze Buddha statues from temples in Vientiane, damaged when Laos was invaded in 1826-1828", "sha256": "d5c07657cdbce93e5a636246a58952bfed6cc10a9034bee915b981626ce6964f", "width": 4096, "height": 3072}], "text": {"what_th": "พระเครื่องที่วัดลาวออก — พระพิมพ์ เหรียญ รูปหล่อเล็ก — ต้นแบบคือพระบูชาล้านช้าง เช่นพระยืนปางขอฝนและพระบาง ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "what_en": "Amulets issued by Lao temples — tablets, medallions, small casts — modelled on the Lan Xang altar bronzes: the rain-calling standing Buddha, the Phra Bang, the seated earth-toucher. Nobody home, nothing owed.", "story_th": "ศิลปะพุทธลาวหล่อสำริดเป็นหลัก มีทองและเงินด้วย พระใหญ่หล่อเป็นส่วนแล้วประกอบ พระพักตร์และท่าขอฝนเป็นเอกลักษณ์ พระสำคัญได้แก่พระบาง พระใส (ทองคำ ศตวรรษที่ 16 อยู่หนองคาย) และพระองค์ตื้อเวียงจันทน์ พระเครื่องแบบห้อยคอเป็นของสมัยใหม่ตามอย่างไทย และหลัง ค.ศ. 1975 การนับถือผีถูกรัฐกดแต่ยังอยู่คู่พุทธ", "story_en": "Lao Buddhist sculpture is mostly bronze with gold and silver beside it; the great images were cast in parts and assembled, and the Lao gave the Buddha gestures of their own, calling for rain and lying down to welcome death. The named palladia — the Phra Bang, the sixteenth-century gold Phra Sai now in Nong Khai, the colossal Phra Ong Teu in Vientiane — are the models. The worn amulet as a temple product is recent and follows the Thai industry's formats; after 1975 spirit practice was pressed by the state but stayed woven into Lao Buddhism, and the amulet lives in that weave.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ บูชาตามปกติ ไม่ต้องเซ่น", "keeping_en": "Impersonal: ordinary veneration, nothing fed. The provenance question is which temple issued it and when."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-lao-buddhist-sculpture", "s:en-wiki-buddhism-laos", "s:en-wiki-mucalinda", "s:en-wiki-lan-xang", "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "s:catalog-db", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "the amulet as a Lao temple product is the model's reading; the sculpture facts are cited"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-buddhism-laos", "note": "naga entry from s:en-wiki-mucalinda"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-lao-buddhist-sculpture"}, "origin.wat_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-buddhism-laos", "note": "temples named there; their amulet issues are not"}, "names.other_scripts": {"tier": "inference", "note": "Lao spelling of the Thai loan; no Lao Wikipedia article carries the term"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-lao-buddhist-sculpture", "note": "with s:en-wiki-buddhism-laos"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "0 listing titles with ลาว / หลวงพระบาง / เวียงจันทน์ on 2026-09-02"}, "media": {"tier": "cited", "note": "licences checked on Commons 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "samrit", "term": "สัมฤทธิ์", "roman": "samrit", "en": "bronze", "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "la", "th": "ลาว", "en": "Laos"}, {"key": "th-isan", "th": "อีสาน", "en": "Northeastern Thailand"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "lao-phra-khrueang/lao-phra-khrueang-lan-xang-seated-buddha-bronze-7488aa.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Lan Xang - Seated Buddha - bronze.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Lan_Xang_-_Seated_Buddha_-_bronze.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44431228", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Jnzl's Public Domain Photos", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/surveying/11265588223/", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเครื่องลาว", "alt_en": "Lao Buddha amulet (Luang Prabang and Vientiane temple issues) — Seated Buddha touching the earth, bronze, 17th century Lan Xang period, Laos", "sha256": "1406871041683971a6d3987c97704bcd33d5e66232f514d3c1527341b76025b0", "width": 2304, "height": 3456, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "lao-yan", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ยันต์ลาว", "roman": "yan (Lao Tham-script yantra)", "en": "Lao yantra in Tham script", "aliases": {"th": ["ยันต์ธรรมลาว", "ยันต์อีสาน", "ยันต์ตัวธรรม", "ยันต์ล้านช้าง"], "roman": ["yan lao", "yan tham lao", "yan isan", "yantra lao"], "en": ["Lao Tham yantra", "Isan yantra", "Lan Xang yantra"]}, "other_scripts": {"lo": "ຍັນ"}}, "region": ["la", "th-isan"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khong_kraphan", "kan_phi", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["pha_yan", "takua", "thongdaeng"], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "ลายยันต์เขียนด้วยตัวธรรมลาว — บนผ้า แผ่นตะกรุด ใบลาน หรือสักลงผิว — ตารางเลขและอักขระบาลีผสมลาว", "shape_en": "A yantra design written in the Lao Tham hand and realised on cloth, a takrut sheet, a palm-leaf or paper manuscript, or the skin: grids of numerals and Pali-with-Lao syllables. The script is the kind; the carrier varies.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ตามวัตถุที่รองรับ: แขวน คาด พก หรือสัก", "wearable_en": "As its carrier allows — hung, worn as a tube, folded, or tattooed", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Form type 'other' because the record is the written design, not one object."}, "iconography": [{"th": "อักษรธรรมลาว (โตธรรม) ตัวกลม", "en": "round Lao Tham letters, the Lanna-derived sacred hand"}, {"th": "เลขโหราและเลขในธรรม", "en": "two numeral sets — Lek Hora for general use, Lek Nai Tham for scripture"}, {"th": "ตารางยันต์", "en": "numbered grids"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "พระและหมอธรรมลาว-อีสาน", "maker_en": "Lao and Isan monks and mo tham, the lay ritualists who read Tham", "era_th": "อักษรธรรมลาวปรับจากธรรมล้านนา จารึกเก่าสุดในอีสานที่ฐานพระประธานวัดพระธาตุพนม พ.ศ. 2046", "era_en": "Lao Tham is an adaptation of Lanna Tham; the oldest dated Isan example is the inscription on the base of the principal Buddha at Wat Phra That Phanom, 1503 (BE 2046), under Lan Xang", "place_th": "ล้านช้าง หลวงพระบาง เวียงจันทน์ และอีสาน", "place_en": "Lan Xang — Luang Prabang, Vientiane — and Isan", "first_attested": "1503 — Wat Phra That Phanom Buddha-base inscription in Tham Lao (per Thai Wikipedia)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ภาคอีสานเขียนยันต์ด้วยอักษรธรรมอีสาน ภาคเหนือธรรมล้านนา ภาคกลางขอม", "en": "The Northeast writes its yantra in the Isan / Lao Tham script, the North in Lanna Tham, the Centre in Khom — the script names the region before the design does", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ธรรมลาวดัดแปลงจากธรรมล้านนา ลาวเรียกแบบล้านนาว่าอักษรยวน/โยน", "en": "Lao Tham is an adaptation of Lanna Tham in both structure and letter shape; Lao speakers call the Lanna form aksorn yuan — the two are one family and a loupe separates them by hand, not by system", "source": "s:th-wiki-tham-lao", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตัวธรรมมีเลขสองชุด: เลขโหรากับเลขในธรรม", "en": "Tai Tham carries two numeral systems, Lek Hora for general use and Lek Nai Tham for liturgy; a Tham yantra may use either", "source": "s:en-wiki-tai-tham", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "บาลีผสมภาษาถิ่น แทบไม่มีสันสกฤต เหมือนไทยและเขมร", "en": "Pali mixed with the vernacular and almost no Sanskrit, as in the Thai and Khmer traditions", "source": "s:th-wiki-saiyasat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตัวธรรมในลาวเหลืออยู่กับพระบวชนาน — ยันต์ที่เขียนใหม่และอ่านได้จึงหายากขึ้น", "en": "In Laos the script's use is limited to long-term monks, so freshly written and correctly read Tham yantra are scarcer each decade", "source": "s:en-wiki-tai-tham", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "yan-lanna", "tell_th": "สายอักษรเดียวกัน — ล้านนาเป็นต้นทาง ลาวเป็นสาขา ต่างที่รูปอักษรและภาษาผสม (คำเมือง vs ลาว)", "tell_en": "Same Tham family: Lanna is the source, Lao the adaptation. Tell by letter shapes and by the vernacular mixed into the Pali — Kam Mueang against Lao — and by where it was made."}, {"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ภาคกลางเขียนตัวขอม · ยันต์ลาวเขียนตัวธรรม", "tell_en": "A Central Thai pha yan is in Khom; a Lao yantra in Tham. Angular versus round under the loupe."}, {"id": "khmer-yantra-cloth", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมรใช้ตัวขอม/มูล · ยันต์ลาวใช้ตัวธรรม", "tell_en": "The Khmer cloth is in Khom / Mul letters; the Lao design in Tham."}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดคือรูปหลอด · ยันต์ลาวคือลายที่อาจอยู่ในหลอดนั้น", "tell_en": "A takrut is a form; a Lao yantra is the design that may be rolled inside one. If the sheet is in Tham, it is both."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Tai Tham script", "Category:Tattoos in Laos"], "commons_files": ["File:Tham Lao.jpg", "File:Kammavāca palm leaf manuscript from Laos.png", "File:QB-TT 001 - Morceau de peau tatoué, Laos, 19e-20e siècle ; MNHN-HA-27994.JPG", "File:Henri Mouhot map of Sanskrit, Thai, Lao and Khmer scripts, 1860, folio 1v of 20v-20r set, British library.jpg", "File:Novice monks making palm leaf manuscripts, Vat Manolom, Luang Prabang, Laos.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Files show the Tham Lao hand (a script sample, a 19th-century Lao Kammavaca manuscript, Mouhot's 1860 comparison), a tattooed Lao skin fragment of the 19th–20th century in the Musée de l'Homme, and Luang Prabang novices making palm-leaf folios. 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Power lives in the letters and the rite; nobody is home.", "story_th": "อักษรธรรมลาว (โตธรรม) ปรับจากธรรมล้านนา ใช้เขียนพระไตรปิฎก ชาดก และหนังสือผูก ตัวอย่างเก่าสุดในอีสานคือจารึกฐานพระประธานวัดพระธาตุพนม พ.ศ. 2046 หลังล้านนาเสียแก่พม่าในศตวรรษที่ 15 เวียงจันทน์และหลวงพระบางกลายเป็นศูนย์คัมภีร์ วิกิพีเดียลาวว่าปี 1910 ที่ประชุมกำหนดให้ตัวธรรมใช้กับคัมภีร์ ส่วนอักษรลาวใช้ราชการ ปัจจุบันเหลืออยู่กับพระบวชนานและหมอธรรม", "story_en": "Lao Tham — to tham, 'the dhamma letters' — is the Lanna script adapted for Lao and reserved for scripture: Pali texts, Jataka, and the bound manuscripts of village temples. The oldest dated Isan example is the 1503 inscription at Wat Phra That Phanom, written under Lan Xang. After the Burmese took Lanna in the sixteenth century, Vientiane and Luang Prabang became the manuscript centres, and the Lao Wikipedia records a 1910 assembly that assigned Tham to religious text and the modern Lao script to the state. Today its use in Laos is limited to long-term monks, so the yantra written in it is as much a survival of literacy as of magic.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ เก็บไว้ที่สูง ไม่เหยียบ ไม่ต้องเซ่น", "keeping_en": "Impersonal: kept high, never stepped over, nothing fed. What the keeper owes is care for the letters."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-tai-tham", "s:th-wiki-tham-lao", "s:th-wiki-tai-tham", "s:lo-wiki-to-tham-lao", "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "s:th-wiki-saiyasat", "s:en-wiki-yantra-tattooing", "s:catalog-db", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-tham-lao"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "the functions are the regional norm for written yantra, not a Lao-specific citation"}, "form": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "names.other_scripts": {"tier": "inference", "note": "Lao spelling of yan; no Lao Wikipedia article on the object"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-tham-lao", "note": "with s:en-wiki-tai-tham and s:lo-wiki-to-tham-lao"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "0 listing titles with ยันต์ลาว / อักษรธรรม / ตัวธรรม on 2026-09-02"}, "media": {"tier": "cited", "note": "licences checked on Commons 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "pha_yan", "term": "ผ้ายันต์", "roman": "pha yan", "en": "inscribed cloth", "definition": "Cloth bearing a drawn or stamped yantra. Strictly a form rather than a material, kept on this axis because the market names it in the material slot and a reader looking for \"what is it made of\" will look here. Cross-reference the motif axis for the yantra itself."}, {"key": "takua", "term": "ตะกั่ว", "roman": "takua", "en": "lead", "definition": "Lead, used both as an alloy component in ชิน and on its own — most visibly as the sheet rolled into ตะกรุด. Soft enough to take an inscription with a stylus, which is the whole reason it is used for rolled amulets."}, {"key": "thongdaeng", "term": "ทองแดง", "roman": "thongdaeng", "en": "copper", "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "la", "th": "ลาว", "en": "Laos"}, {"key": "th-isan", "th": "อีสาน", "en": "Northeastern Thailand"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "lao-yan/lao-yan-tham-lao-d7ea14.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Tham Lao.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Tham_Lao.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187748318", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Aikhut", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ลาว", "alt_en": "Lao yantra in Tham script — \"ທຳລາວ\" text in Tham Lao script", "sha256": "706cc3b373466e88c839266e7a6d3717db3161c418824bcd9de332b0016d6402", "width": 1024, "height": 589, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "lek-lai", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "เหล็กไหล", "roman": "lek lai", "en": "Lek lai (living iron)", "aliases": {"th": ["เหล็กไหลเงินยวง", "เหล็กไหลเพชรดำ", "เหล็กไหลท้องปลาไหล", "เหล็กไหลปีกแมลงทับ", "รังเหล็กไหล", "ขี้เหล็กไหล"], "roman": ["leklai", "lek-lai", "lekhlai"], "en": ["living metal", "cave iron", "batu serandak (Malay)"]}, "other_scripts": {"ms": "batu serandak"}}, "region": ["th", "my"], "axes": {"class": "khong_thammachat", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "maha_ut", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_loha"], "figures": ["natural"]}, "form": {"type": "natural", "shape_th": "ก้อนหรือแท่งโลหะสีดำอมน้ำเงิน ผิวมันวาว มักใส่ตลับหรือบรรจุในตะกรุด", "shape_en": "A dark, blue-black metallic mass or rod with a lustrous surface, usually cased or sealed in a tube for wearing", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ หรือฝังในตะกรุด", "wearable_en": "Worn cased at the neck or sealed inside a takrut tube", "notes_en": "materials uses the vault's 'metal, unspecified' key on purpose: the vocabulary has no lek-lai key and the tradition itself disagrees about what the substance is."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ไม่มีรูป — ก้อนโลหะดำ", "en": "no figure; a dark metal mass"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "", "era_en": "", "place_th": "ถ้ำ ตามความเชื่อ — ไทยและมาเลเซีย", "place_en": "Caves, per the belief; Thailand and Malaysia (Malay batu serandak)", "first_attested": "พจนานุกรมฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ. 2525 entry, per Thai Wikipedia; the treatise quotes the 2542 edition's definition of เครื่องราง, which names เหล็กไหล"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "วิกิพีเดียไทยแบ่งสามชั้น: เหล็กไหล (มันวาว ยืดได้ด้วยไฟ) · รังเหล็กไหล (ด้านกว่า ยืดไม่ได้) · ขี้เหล็กไหล (คล้ายขี้ผึ้ง ดำด้าน เปราะ)", "en": "Thai Wikipedia grades three tiers: lek lai proper (lustrous, drawn out by fire), rang lek lai 'the nest' (duller, does not draw), and khi lek lai 'the residue' (wax-like, matte black, brittle)", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชื่อชนิดตามสี: เงินยวง เพชรดำ ท้องปลาไหล ปีกแมลงทับ", "en": "Named varieties by colour: เงินยวง silver, เพชรดำ black diamond, ท้องปลาไหล eel-belly, ปีกแมลงทับ beetle-wing, among others in the article", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ประกายรุ้งบนผิวคือการแทรกสอดของฟิล์มบาง ตามคำอธิบายเชิงวิทยาศาสตร์ในบทความ", "en": "An iridescent rainbow sheen is thin-film interference, per the article's sceptical section, which names low-melting metals and alloys (gallium, mercury), meteorite and silicates as what samples turn out to be", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตำนานให้ตัดด้วยน้ำผึ้งและไฟ: ทาน้ำผึ้ง ลนไฟให้ยืดเป็นเส้นจนขาด คนธรรมดาตัดไม่ได้", "en": "The lore's harvest: honey is smeared near it and fire played on it until it stretches to the honey as a thread and parts; ordinary people cannot take it, and it shocks the hand", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ราชบัณฑิตยสถานยกเหล็กไหลเป็นตัวอย่างของ เครื่องราง คู่กับตะกรุดและผ้ายันต์ คาถาปลุกเสือในตำราก็ปลุก เครื่องเหล็กไหลแลทองแดง", "en": "The Royal Institute Dictionary lists lek lai beside takrut and yantra cloth as its examples of เครื่องราง; the treatise quotes that definition, and its tiger-waking katha wakes 'the lek lai and copper things' too", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หมวดที่ของปลอมชอบที่สุด — คำเตือนเรื่องหมวด ไม่ใช่เรื่องชิ้น", "en": "The holding key calls it the category every faker loves; a caution about the category, never about a piece", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "khot-kala", "tell_th": "คดกะลาเป็นก้อนแข็งในมะพร้าว ไม่มีประกายโลหะ · เหล็กไหลเป็นโลหะดำมันวาว", "tell_en": "A khot is a stone-hard nodule from inside a coconut with no metallic sheen; lek lai is a lustrous dark metal. Both natural class, found not made."}, {"id": "bia-kae", "tell_th": "เบี้ยแก้เป็นหอยเบี้ยบรรจุปรอทปิดด้วยชันโดยพระ — ของทำ · เหล็กไหลอ้างว่าพบ", "tell_en": "A bia kae is a cowrie sealed over quicksilver by a monk — a made object; lek lai claims to be found. Listings pair them because both are 'living' fillings for a case."}, {"id": "dat-lone", "tell_th": "เหล็กไหลเป็นของที่ 'พบ' ตามถ้ำและตัดด้วยน้ำผึ้งกับไฟ · ดั๊ตโลนของพม่าเป็นของที่ 'หุง' ขึ้นตามวิชาไวซา", "tell_en": "Lek lai is found — harvested from cave rock with honey and fire, class khong_thammachat; the Burmese dat-lone is made — fired by a weikza practitioner from metals and mercury. Found or fired is the question that separates them."}], "market": {"search": ["เหล็กไหล"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free Commons file found on 2026-09-02 (searches 'Lek lai' and เหล็กไหล return unrelated files; no Category:Lek lai). Wanted: a cased specimen with a scale bar, and a 'nest' piece beside a 'residue' piece."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "โลหะดำมันวาวที่เชื่อว่ามีชีวิต ตัดจากถ้ำด้วยพิธี ว่ากินน้ำผึ้งและกันคมอาวุธ ฤทธิ์อยู่ในตัวของมันเอง เป็นหมวดที่ของปลอมชอบที่สุด ซึ่งเป็นคำเตือนในตัว", "what_en": "A dark lustrous metal the tradition holds to be alive — drawn from caves by rite, said to drink honey and turn aside blades. Power inherent in the thing itself; the category every faker loves, which is its own caution.", "story_th": "ความเชื่อว่าเหล็กไหลอยู่ในถ้ำ มีเทวดา ผีป่า พญานาค หรือยักษ์รักษา คนธรรมดาตัดไม่ได้ ต้องมีบุญหรือวิชาอาคม ผู้ตัดทาน้ำผึ้งแล้วลนไฟจนเหล็กไหลยืดมาถึงน้ำผึ้งเป็นเส้นแล้วขาด ใครมีติดตัว มีด ปืน ดินระเบิดใช้ไม่ได้ วิกิพีเดียไทยแบ่งสามชั้น ตั้งชื่อชนิดตามสี อ้างพจนานุกรม พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๕ แล้วอธิบายเชิงวิทยาศาสตร์ว่าเป็นโลหะจุดหลอมต่ำ อุกกาบาต หรือซิลิเกต ประกายรุ้งเกิดจากฟิล์มบาง", "story_en": "The lore puts it in caves under the guard of devas, forest spirits, naga or giants; only merit or wichaa lets a person take it, and the harvest is done with honey smeared nearby and fire played on the mass until it stretches to the honey as a thread and parts. Near its keeper, the belief goes, blades, guns and gunpowder fail. Thai Wikipedia grades it — the metal, its 'nest', its 'residue' — names varieties by colour, dates the dictionary entry to B.E. 2525, and then explains the samples as low-melting metals or alloys, meteorite or silicate, with the rainbow sheen as thin-film interference. Both halves belong in the record.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บางสายถวายน้ำผึ้งตามตำนาน — เป็นมารยาทจากเรื่องเล่า ไม่ใช่กฎของหมวด", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed by the class. Some keepers offer honey because the lore says it drinks it; that is a courtesy from the story, not an upkeep the vocabulary records. Safe to adopt with unknown history; the risk is the price, not the spirit."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-lai"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "honey offering: tradition"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "form": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-lai", "note": "variety names from the article; romanisations inference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "khong_thammachat", "term": "เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ", "roman": "khrueang rang thammachat", "en_gloss": "natural talisman", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Power inherent in a rare natural object rather than conferred by rite: เหล็กไหล (leklai, a living metal), กะลาตาเดียว (a one-eyed coconut), certain woods, stones and animal parts. Impersonal but NOT consecration-based — a third thing, neither Buddha-amulet nor spirit-vessel.", "confidence": "medium"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "maha_ut", "term": "มหาอุด", "roman": "maha ut", "en": "stopping projectiles / misfire", "definition": "Literally \"greatly stopped-up\". The gun jams, misfires, or the shot does not penetrate. The efficacy is located in the weapon, not the body."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 34, "priced": 34, "median_thb": 90.0, "typical_thb": [66.86, 229.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "locket", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ล็อกเก็ต", "roman": "locket", "en": "photograph locket", "aliases": {"th": ["ล็อกเกต", "ล็อคเก็ต", "ล็อกเก็ตรูปถ่าย", "รูปถ่ายติดกระจก"], "roman": ["locket", "lockget", "rup thai tit krachok"], "en": ["monk photo locket", "glass-fronted photo amulet"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["kesa", "chiwon", "nuea_phong", "phong_phuttakhun"], "figures": ["monk"]}, "form": {"type": "locket", "shape_th": "รูปถ่ายพระเกจิใต้กระจกหรือเรซินใส ทรงรี สี่เหลี่ยม หรือข้าวหลามตัด หลังอุดผง เกศา จีวร หรือตะกรุด", "shape_en": "A monk's photograph sealed under glass or clear resin — oval, rectangular or diamond — with powder, hair, robe cloth or a takrut packed behind it", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอ มักเลี่ยมกรอบ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck, usually framed", "obverse_th": "รูปถ่ายหรือภาพพิมพ์สีของพระเกจิ", "obverse_en": "The photograph or colour print of the monk", "reverse_th": "มวลสารอุดหลัง ผง เกศา จีวร ตะกรุด บางชิ้นตอกโค้ด", "reverse_en": "The packed reverse: powder, hair, robe cloth, a takrut, sometimes a stamped code", "notes_en": "Sizes run from small ovals to the 'jumbo' pieces the trade names as such; no single typical size."}, "iconography": [{"th": "รูปถ่ายพระเกจิ", "en": "a photograph of a named monk"}, {"th": "มวลสารอุดหลัง — ผง เกศา จีวร", "en": "the reverse packing: powder, hair, robe"}, {"th": "ฉากหลังทองหรือขาว (ฉากทอง ฉากขาว)", "en": "gold or plain background behind the portrait — trade terms for the two finishes"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "วัดและสำนักทั่วประเทศ", "maker_en": "Temples nationwide", "era_th": "หลังการถ่ายรูปแพร่หลาย ตัวอย่างเสรีเก่าสุดที่พบคือรูปถ่ายติดกระจก พ.ศ. ๒๔๗๕", "era_en": "Follows the spread of photography; the oldest free Commons example is a photo-under-glass of Phra Phimontham (Nak), Wat Arun, dated BE 2475", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Nationwide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ด้านหน้าเป็นรูปถ่าย ไม่ใช่รูปปั๊มหรือหล่อ", "en": "The front is a photograph, not struck or cast relief", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ด้านหลังอุดมวลสาร — ดูผง เส้นเกศา เศษจีวร ตะกรุด", "en": "The reverse is a sealed packing; look for powder, hair, robe threads, a takrut", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "กระจกหรือเรซินนูน ขอบกรอบโลหะ", "en": "Glass or a domed resin front in a metal bezel", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ชั้นเรียกว่าวัตถุมงคล ไม่ใช่พระเครื่อง — พลังอยู่ที่มวลสารและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "en": "The vault files it under blessed objects, not Buddha-amulets: power is in the relic packing and the rite, and nobody is home", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "เหรียญเป็นโลหะปั๊มทั้งชิ้น · ล็อกเก็ตเป็นรูปถ่ายใต้กระจก", "tell_en": "A medallion is solid struck metal; a locket is a photograph under glass with material behind it"}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดเป็นหลอดม้วน อาจฝังอยู่หลังล็อกเก็ต", "tell_en": "A takrut is a rolled tube and may be one of the things packed inside a locket's back; the locket is the housing, the takrut the charge"}, {"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จเป็นผงอัดพิมพ์ทั้งองค์ · ล็อกเก็ตมีผงอยู่หลังรูปเท่านั้น", "tell_en": "A somdej is pressed powder through and through; a locket only has powder as packing behind a picture"}], "market": {"search": ["ล็อกเก"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Zz005.jpg", "File:Zz019.jpg"], "wanted_en": "The two free files are a BE 2475 diamond-shaped photo-under-glass of Phra Phimontham (Nak), Wat Arun. Needed: a modern resin locket front and its packed reverse"}, "images": [{"file": "locket/locket-zz005-23cb6c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Zz005.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Zz005.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90798370", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Witwatarun", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ล็อกเก็ต", "alt_en": "photograph locket — รูปถ่ายติดกระจกข้าวหลามตัด พระพิมลธรรม(นาค) วัดอรุณราชวราราม ปี พ.ศ.2475", "sha256": "0f7380f3734b9e8dcdd3bc31d124d0cd8891ab76b768c00ba835dd38410c5024", "width": 1120, "height": 808, "primary": true}, {"file": "locket/locket-zz019-29435a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Zz019.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zz019.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90905313", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Witwatarun", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ล็อกเก็ต", "alt_en": "photograph locket — รูปถ่ายติดกระจกข้าวหลามตัด พระพิมลธรรม(นาค) วัดอรุณราชวราราม ปี พ.ศ.2475", "sha256": "36684723491f017bfbd66a3d1baf13c81c193c1c2795c5a1e93d7ab8a3369bd9", "width": 1200, "height": 836}], "text": {"what_th": "รูปถ่ายพระเกจิผนึกใต้กระจกหรือเรซิน หลังอุดผง เกศา หรือจีวร — คือที่บรรจุพระธาตุแบบพกพาในรูปของเครื่องประดับ พลังอยู่ที่มวลสารและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "A monk's photograph sealed under glass or resin, often with powder, hair, or robe-cloth packed behind the image — a portable reliquary in costume jewellery's clothes.", "story_th": "แบบเก่าคือรูปถ่ายติดกระจก เช่นของพระพิมลธรรม (นาค) วัดอรุณ ปี ๒๔๗๕ แบบใหม่พิมพ์สีเคลือบเรซิน หลังอุดผงพุทธคุณ เกศา จีวร หรือตะกรุด และมักตอกโค้ด วงการเรียกฉากทอง ฉากขาว และขนาดจัมโบ้", "story_en": "The older form is a photograph mounted under glass; the free Commons example is a diamond-shaped one of Phra Phimontham (Nak) of Wat Arun dated BE 2475. The modern form is a colour print under clear resin with the reverse packed with sacred powder, hair, robe cloth or a takrut and usually stamped with a code. The trade names the finishes by background — gold or plain — and the large sizes as jumbo.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed; a blessed object. What is behind the picture is a relic of the monk, not a resident."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:commons-amulets-th", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th", "note": "file description of Zz005.jpg / Zz019.jpg"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "kesa", "term": "เกศา", "roman": "kesa", "en": "hair of the master", "definition": "Hair of a named monk, incorporated into a paste or sealed into the piece. The material is unremarkable; the attribution is everything. Unverifiable from the object, which makes the temple's own issue record the only thing that could ever support it — exactly the record a register should hold."}, {"key": "chiwon", "term": "จีวร", "roman": "chiwon", "en": "robe cloth", "definition": "A fragment of a monk's robe, set into or behind the piece. As with เกศา, the claim rests entirely on the issue record."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "phong_phuttakhun", "term": "ผงพุทธคุณ", "roman": "phong phuttakhun", "en": "powder of the Buddha's qualities", "definition": "Powder produced by writing and erasing sacred formulae on a slate, the chalk dust collected and re-written many times. The named powders — ปถมัง, อิทธิเจ, ตรีนิสิงเห, มหาราช, พุทธคุณ — are distinguished by which formula was written. A listing that says only \"ผงพุทธคุณ\" is naming a family, not a recipe."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 138, "priced": 138, "median_thb": 149.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 399.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "locket/locket-zz005-23cb6c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Zz005.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Zz005.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90798370", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Witwatarun", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ล็อกเก็ต", "alt_en": "photograph locket — รูปถ่ายติดกระจกข้าวหลามตัด พระพิมลธรรม(นาค) วัดอรุณราชวราราม ปี พ.ศ.2475", "sha256": "0f7380f3734b9e8dcdd3bc31d124d0cd8891ab76b768c00ba835dd38410c5024", "width": 1120, "height": 808, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "luang-pu-thuat", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "หลวงปู่ทวด", "roman": "luang pu thuat", "en": "Luang Pu Thuat amulet", "aliases": {"th": ["หลวงพ่อทวด", "หลวงปู่ทวดเหยียบน้ำทะเลจืด", "หลวงพ่อทวดวัดช้างให้", "หลังเตารีด"], "roman": ["luang phor thuad", "luang pu tuad", "lp thuad"], "en": ["Luang Phor Thuad", "the monk who walked on water"]}}, "region": ["th-south", "th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khlaeo_khlat", "khum_khrong", "khong_kraphan"], "materials": ["nuea_waan", "nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "samrit", "ngoen"], "figures": ["monk"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "รุ่นแรกเป็นพระเนื้อว่านพิมพ์รูปท่านนั่ง รุ่นหลังมีทั้งเหรียญ รูปหล่อ และหลังเตารีดหล่อโลหะ", "shape_en": "The first run is a pressed wan-powder tablet of the monk seated; later runs add struck medallions, cast figures, and the cast 'flat-iron back' (หลังเตารีด) form", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอ และวางบนแผงหน้ารถ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck; also kept on car dashboards as accident protection", "obverse_th": "รูปหลวงปู่ทวดนั่ง ศีรษะโล้น ห่มจีวร", "obverse_en": "Luang Pu Thuat seated, bald, in robes", "reverse_th": "เรียบ ยันต์ หรือหลังนูนทรงเตารีด ตามรุ่น", "reverse_en": "Plain, a yantra, or the raised flat-iron back, by run", "notes_en": "form.type records the canonical 2497 wan tablet; medallion and cast forms are the same kind by figure. No single size."}, "iconography": [{"th": "หลวงปู่ทวดนั่ง ศีรษะโล้น", "en": "the monk seated, bald-headed, in monastic robes"}, {"th": "หลังเตารีด — ด้านหลังนูนทรงเตารีด (แต่ พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๕)", "en": "the flat-iron back: a raised reverse shaped like an iron, from BE 2505"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดช้างให้ จังหวัดปัตตานี", "wat_en": "Wat Chang Hai, Pattani", "maker_th": "พระอาจารย์ทิม ธมฺมธโร เจ้าอาวาสวัดช้างให้", "maker_en": "Phra Ajahn Tim Dhammadharo, abbot of Wat Chang Hai", "era_th": "ตัวท่านสมัยอยุธยา (พ.ศ. ๒๑๒๕–๒๒๒๕) พระเครื่องรุ่นแรก พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๗", "era_en": "The monk is Ayutthaya-period (1582–1682); the amulets begin in 1954", "place_th": "ภาคใต้", "place_en": "Southern Thailand", "first_attested": "BE 2497 (1954) first batch, entirely herbal (wan) material, per en.wikipedia Luang Pu Thuat"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "รูปพระสงฆ์นั่ง หัวโล้น — ไม่ใช่พระพุทธรูป", "en": "A seated bald monk, not a Buddha", "source": "s:en-wiki-luang-pu-thuat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "รุ่นแรกเนื้อว่านล้วน ผิวเนื้อพืชสีน้ำตาล ไม่ใช่ผงขาว ไม่ใช่โลหะ", "en": "The first batch is wan (herbal) material through and through: a brown vegetable body, not white powder and not metal", "source": "s:en-wiki-luang-pu-thuat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หลังเตารีดคือหล่อโลหะ ด้านหลังนูน มีแต่ พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๕", "en": "The flat-iron back is a metal casting with a raised reverse and exists only from 2505 on", "source": "s:en-wiki-luang-pu-thuat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เหรียญของท่านอ่านชื่อวัดช้างให้และปีได้", "en": "The medallions read Wat Chang Hai and a year, like any rian kechi", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "เหรียญหลวงปู่ทวดคือเหรียญเกจิของท่าน · แต่กินดที่นี่รวมเนื้อว่านและหล่อ", "tell_en": "A Luang Pu Thuat medallion is a rian kechi of him; this kind also covers the wan tablets and castings the medallion form does not"}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อหลวงปู่ทวดมีรูปแบบเฉพาะ หลังเตารีด", "tell_en": "A cast Luang Pu Thuat is a rup lo with its own canonical form, the flat-iron back; other monks' castings do not have it"}, {"id": "jatukham", "tell_th": "จตุคามเป็นเทพ เหรียญใหญ่ นครศรีธรรมราช · หลวงปู่ทวดเป็นพระสงฆ์ ปัตตานี", "tell_en": "Both are southern; Jatukham is a large deity medallion from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Luang Pu Thuat a monk from Pattani"}], "market": {"search": ["หลวงปู่ทวด", "หลวงพ่อทวด"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Luang Pu Thuat"], "commons_files": ["File:Luang Phor Thuad 2497.png", "File:หลวงพ่อทวด วัดพระสิงห์.JPG", "File:ปกหลังแท้.JPG"], "wanted_en": "A 2497 wan tablet and a 2505 flat-iron-back casting side by side at matched scale, with a reverse of each"}, "images": [{"file": "luang-pu-thuat/luang-pu-thuat-luang-phor-thuad-2497-d05eaf.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Luang Phor Thuad 2497.png", "url": 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"height": 3448}], "text": {"what_th": "พระเครื่องรูปหลวงปู่ทวด พระเถระสมัยอยุธยาแห่งภาคใต้ ผู้เหยียบน้ำทะเลจืด รุ่นแรกเนื้อว่านจากวัดช้างให้ พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๗ รุ่นหลังเป็นเหรียญและหลังเตารีด นับถือทางแคล้วคลาด", "what_en": "Amulets bearing Luang Pu Thuat, the Ayutthaya-period southern monk who is said to have turned seawater fresh. The first run is a wan-powder tablet from Wat Chang Hai in 1954; later runs are medallions and cast figures, carried for narrow escape.", "story_th": "พระอาจารย์ทิม วัดช้างให้ สร้างพระหลวงปู่ทวดรุ่นแรกเนื้อว่านล้วน พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๗ ต่อมามีเหรียญ และหลังเตารีดหล่อโลหะแต่ พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๕ ผู้บูชาเชื่อว่ารอดจากอุบัติเหตุร้ายแรง จึงติดแผงหน้ารถกันทั่วประเทศ", "story_en": "Phra Ajahn Tim, abbot of Wat Chang Hai in Pattani, made the first batch in 1954 entirely of wan herbal material; medallions followed, and the cast flat-iron-back form from 1962. Devotees credit the amulet with surviving fatal road accidents, which is why it rides on dashboards nationwide. The tradition holds that the bearer cannot die a violent or untimely death.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang of a monk."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:en-wiki-luang-pu-thuat", "s:amulet-reference", "s:commons-amulets-th", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-luang-pu-thuat"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "inference", "note": "no holding_key entry; composed from s:en-wiki-luang-pu-thuat and card A·03"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "no holding_key entry; search terms are the two common name spellings"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "note": "card A·03: no violent or untimely death; accident protection"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_waan", "term": "เนื้อว่าน", "roman": "nuea waan", "en": "sacred-herb paste", "definition": "Paste of ว่าน — the sacred tubers and herbs gathered under prescribed conditions. Northern practice is particularly rich here. Ages by drying and shrinking rather than by patina. The manuscripts carry ว่าน heavily — คาถาเสกว่าน, formulae for consecrating the herb — so this term joins the two corpora directly, once the กว่าน collision is excluded."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "samrit", "term": "สัมฤทธิ์", "roman": "samrit", "en": "bronze", "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-south", "th": "ภาคใต้", "en": "Southern Thailand"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 350, "priced": 350, "median_thb": 99.0, "typical_thb": [39.0, 300.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "luang-pu-thuat/luang-pu-thuat-luang-phor-thuad-2497-d05eaf.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Luang Phor Thuad 2497.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Luang_Phor_Thuad_2497.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=124458460", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หลวงปู่ทวด", "alt_en": "Luang Pu Thuat amulet — Luang Phor Thuad 2497", "sha256": "e5eb63d6b499da1103ab64ddd06a6a21ca5316a76d0b07a9f3c1422fb8657981", "width": 1919, "height": 927, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "luk-om", "names": {"th": "ลูกอม", "roman": "luk om", "en": "Luk om (mouth-held charm ball)", "aliases": {"th": ["ลูกอมผง", "ลูกอมเนื้อผง", "ลูกอมดำ", "ลูกอมหมากทุย"], "roman": ["look om", "luk-om"], "en": ["amulet ball", "sucking charm"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_phong", "phong_phuttakhun", "nuea_waan", "takua"], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "bead", "shape_th": "ลูกกลมขนาดเม็ดหมากถึงลูกมะนาว ปั้นจากผงว่านผสมรัก กระดาษลงยันต์ม้วนแล้วพันด้าย หรือแผ่นตะกั่วลงยันต์กล่อมเป็นลูกกลม ตำราให้อมไว้ใต้ลิ้น", "shape_en": "A ball, betel-nut to small-lime size: herb-and-powder paste bound with lacquer, or an inscribed paper yantra rolled and wound with thread, or an inscribed lead sheet worked round. The treatise has it held under the tongue; the modern trade cases it and hangs it.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "อมในปาก หรือใส่ตลับพกติดตัว ปัจจุบันเลี่ยมห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Held in the mouth in the treatise; carried in a box; now usually cased and worn", "obverse_th": "ผิวเรียบ บางลูกมีรอยจารหรืออักขระเดียว", "obverse_en": "A plain surface; some carry a single incised letter", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "The treatise's five recipes sort by body: paste (แบบที่ ๑, ๓), paper-and-thread (แบบที่ ๒, ๔), lead (แบบที่ ๕). The material key list above spans that range; a given ball is one of them."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ยันต์ที่ลงก่อนปั้นหรือม้วน (สัมพุทเธ / พระเจ้า ๑๖ พระองค์ / ยันต์ตาราง ๖×๕)", "en": "the yantra inscribed before rolling or moulding: Samphutthe, the Sixteen Buddhas, or a 6×5 grid (treatise diagrams)"}, {"th": "ผิวกลม ไม่มีรูป", "en": "no figure; the object is the ball itself"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง); วัดบางปะกอก (หลวงปู่พริ้ง) ทำลูกอมดำ; วัดหนองบัว กาญจนบุรี มีลูกอมหมากทุย", "maker_en": "Anonymous treatise ms 6983; th.wikipedia names Luang Pu Phring of Wat Bang Pakok (ลูกอมดำ) and the Wat Nong Bua line of Luang Pu Yim (ลูกอมหมากทุย) as makers, without recipe", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise; the named temple issues are 20th century by their makers' lives", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ลูกกลมทึบ ไม่มีรู — ต่างจากลูกประคำที่เจาะรูร้อย", "en": "A solid ball with no string hole; a pierced ball is a rosary bead or a luk sakot", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "เนื้อผงว่านคลุกรัก แห้งหดเป็นผิวด้าน หรือด้ายพันรอบกระดาษ หรือตะกั่วเป็นลูกกลมมีรอยพับ", "en": "Body tells the recipe: dull shrunken herb-paste, thread wound over paper, or lead with fold seams where the sheet was worked round", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราให้อม — ขนาดต้องเข้าปากได้ ลูกใหญ่เกินอมคือของตั้งบูชา", "en": "The treatise has it held in the mouth, so it is small; a fist-sized ball is an altar piece, not a luk om", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ชื่อ 'ลูกอม' ในตลาดชนกับขนม — ดูรูปก่อนอ่านชื่อ", "en": "The word is also 'candy' in Thai; listing counts under the bare term are mostly sweets", "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "inference"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "luk-sakot", "tell_th": "ลูกสะกดเป็นเม็ดตะกั่วเล็กเจาะรูร้อยเชือกหลายเม็ด ลูกอมเป็นลูกเดียวทึบ", "tell_en": "Luk sakot are several small pierced lead beads on a cord; a luk om is one solid ball. The lead luk om of recipe 5 is the closest — it has no hole."}, {"id": "si-phueng", "tell_th": "สีผึ้งเป็นขี้ผึ้งในตลับ ใช้ทาปาก ลูกอมเป็นลูกแข็ง", "tell_en": "Si phueng is wax in a box, smeared on the lips; a luk om is a hard ball."}], "market": {"search": ["ลูกอม"], "excludes": ["ลูกอมรส", "รสมิ้นท์", "ฮอลล์", "ขนม", "ลูกอมดับกลิ่น", "ลูกอมเย็น", "ลูกอมเด็ก"], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches: luk om, ลูกอม return candy). Needed: a paste ball next to a coin for scale, a thread-wound paper ball, and a lead ball showing fold seams."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "ลูกกลมเล็กที่ปั้นจากผงว่าน ม้วนจากกระดาษยันต์พันด้าย หรือกล่อมจากแผ่นตะกั่วลงยันต์ เสกแล้วอมไว้ในปากหรือพกติดตัว ตำราให้เพื่อคงกระพันแคล้วคลาด ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "A small consecrated ball — herb-and-powder paste, a thread-wound paper yantra, or an inscribed lead sheet worked round — held in the mouth or carried, for invulnerability and evasion. Power in the yantra and the chant; nobody home.", "story_th": "ตำราให้ห้าแบบ แบบที่ ๑ บดว่านเพชรน้อย ว่านเพชรใหญ่ แม่เหล็ก หินแลง เพชรสังฆาต ลงยันต์หน้าหิน ปั้นเป็นลูก เสก ๑๐๘ คาบ ฝังดิน ๓ วัน ขุดมาเสกพันคาบแล้วอม คงแก่หอกดาบปืนไฟ แบบที่ ๒ ลงยันต์สัมพุทเธบนกระดาษ ม้วนกลม พันด้าย เสก ๑๐๘ อมใต้ลิ้น แบบที่ ๓ เขียนคาถาพระเจ้า ๑๖ พระองค์ลงกระดาน ลบเอาผง ๑๐๘ ครั้ง ผสมตะไคร่เจดีย์ ผงดินสอ คลุกรัก แบบที่ ๕ แผ่ตะกั่วบาง ลงยันต์ กล่อมเป็นลูก อมเดินทางอดน้ำได้", "story_en": "Five recipes. In the first, two 'diamond' herbs, lodestone, laterite and phet sangkhat are ground with a yantra drawn on the grinding stone, moulded, chanted 108 times, buried three days, dug up, chanted a thousand times and then held in the mouth against spear, sword, gun, thorns and fangs. In the second the Samphutthe yantra is drawn on paper, rolled round, wound with thread and held under the tongue. The third writes the Sixteen Buddhas formula on a slate and erases it to powder 108 times, mixing that with stupa lichen and pencil dust in lacquer — the same erased-chalk method that makes ผงพุทธคุณ. The fifth beats lead thin, inscribes it, works it into a ball and says a traveller who holds it can go without water. Named temple issues — the black luk om of Wat Bang Pakok, the ลูกอมหมากทุย of the Wat Nong Bua line — are on th.wikipedia by name only.", "keeping_th": "ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เก็บอย่างของมงคล ถ้าจะอมตามตำราให้ระวังกลืน", "keeping_en": "Nothing to feed. Kept like a takrut. The treatise's fourth recipe boasts the ball still works if swallowed; a lead one should not be."}, "sources": ["s:ms6983", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:th-wiki-wat-bang-pakok", "s:amulet-reference"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 3991–4050 (printed pp. 114–116, ตำราสร้างลูกอม แบบที่ ๑–๕)"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.materials": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-materials", "note": "keys mapped from the treatise bodies"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-bang-pakok", "note": "ลูกอมหมากทุย: th.wiki หลวงปู่ยิ้ม จนฺทโชติ names it without detail; ลูกอมพรายกุมาร: s:amulet-reference card C·08"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "cased-and-hung is the modern trade form"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "bare term collides with candy; excludes are a first pass, review counts"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "phong_phuttakhun", "term": "ผงพุทธคุณ", "roman": "phong phuttakhun", "en": "powder of the Buddha's qualities", "definition": "Powder produced by writing and erasing sacred formulae on a slate, the chalk dust collected and re-written many times. The named powders — ปถมัง, อิทธิเจ, ตรีนิสิงเห, มหาราช, พุทธคุณ — are distinguished by which formula was written. A listing that says only \"ผงพุทธคุณ\" is naming a family, not a recipe."}, {"key": "nuea_waan", "term": "เนื้อว่าน", "roman": "nuea waan", "en": "sacred-herb paste", "definition": "Paste of ว่าน — the sacred tubers and herbs gathered under prescribed conditions. Northern practice is particularly rich here. Ages by drying and shrinking rather than by patina. The manuscripts carry ว่าน heavily — คาถาเสกว่าน, formulae for consecrating the herb — so this term joins the two corpora directly, once the กว่าน collision is excluded."}, {"key": "takua", "term": "ตะกั่ว", "roman": "takua", "en": "lead", "definition": "Lead, used both as an alloy component in ชิน and on its own — most visibly as the sheet rolled into ตะกรุด. Soft enough to take an inscription with a stylus, which is the whole reason it is used for rolled amulets."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 104, "priced": 104, "median_thb": 300.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 899.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "luk-sakot", "names": {"th": "ลูกสะกด", "roman": "luk sakot", "en": "Luk sakot (lead subduing beads)", "aliases": {"th": ["ลูกสะกดตะกั่ว", "สะกด"], "roman": ["look sakot", "luk sakod"], "en": ["sakot beads", "binding beads"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["sakot", "khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["takua"], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "bead", "shape_th": "เม็ดตะกั่วหรือโลหะขนาดเม็ดถั่ว เจาะรู มักเป็นทรงกระบอกสั้นหรือกลมแบน จารอักขระ ร้อยเชือกหรือสายสิญจน์เป็นพวง คาดเอวหรือห้อยคอร่วมกับตะกรุด", "shape_en": "Pea-sized lead or alloy beads, pierced, short-cylindrical or flattened-round, incised with letters and strung — several to a cord — worn at the waist or neck, often on the same cord as takrut.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ร้อยเชือกคาดเอว หรือห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Strung on a cord at the waist or neck", "obverse_th": "อักขระจารรอบเม็ด", "obverse_en": "Incised letters round the bead", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Not a recipe in ms 6983. The treatise uses สะกด throughout as a FUNCTION — hold an image under the tongue (line 1620), wrap a rosary seven turns in a thread the treatise specifies (line 3595), steep a takrut in oil in a bronze bowl (line 4909) — and the modern bead form carries the function's name. Description below is trade knowledge, hedged."}, "iconography": [{"th": "อักขระขอมจารบนเม็ด มักเป็นหัวใจคาถา", "en": "Khom letters incised on each bead, usually a heart-syllable formula (tradition)"}, {"th": "ไม่มีรูป", "en": "no figure"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "", "era_en": "No dated attestation found; the function is in the undated treatise, the bead form is not", "place_th": "", "place_en": "", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เม็ดเจาะรูร้อย — ต่างจากลูกอมที่ทึบ", "en": "Pierced for stringing; a solid ball is a luk om", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ตะกั่วนิ่ม เล็บกดเป็นรอย มีสนิมขาวเทาตามซอกจาร", "en": "Lead is soft enough to take a fingernail and greys in the incisions; a bright hard bead is an alloy or a modern cast", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "จารด้วยเหล็กจาร ร่องเป็นเส้นเดี่ยว ไม่ใช่ปั๊มนูน", "en": "Hand-incised single-line grooves, not raised stamped letters", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ชื่อ 'สะกด' บอกหน้าที่ ไม่ใช่รูปทรง — เม็ดใดใช้สะกดก็เรียกได้", "en": "The name is the function, not the shape; the trade applies it to any small strung metal bead sold for that purpose", "source": "s:vault-functions", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "luk-om", "tell_th": "ลูกอมลูกเดียวทึบ อมได้ ลูกสะกดหลายเม็ดเจาะรู", "tell_en": "One solid ball you can hold in the mouth versus several pierced beads on a string."}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดเป็นหลอดม้วนจากแผ่น ลูกสะกดเป็นเม็ดตัน มักร้อยสายเดียวกัน", "tell_en": "A takrut is a rolled sheet tube; a luk sakot is a solid pierced bead. They share a cord so often that a bead on a takrut string is the usual find."}, {"id": "waen-phirot", "tell_th": "พิรอดเป็นวงถักสวม ไม่ใช่เม็ด", "tell_en": "A phirot is a plaited ring you put on; nothing is strung."}], "market": {"search": ["ลูกสะกด"], "excludes": ["ตัวสะกด", "สะกดรอย", "สะกดจิต"], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02. Needed: a strung set beside a takrut for scale, and a single bead under a loupe showing the incised letters."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "เม็ดตะกั่วเล็กจารอักขระ เจาะรูร้อยเชือก ชื่อมาจากหน้าที่ 'สะกด' — ทำให้คนหรือสัตว์นิ่งหรือหลับ ปัจจุบันขายคู่ตะกรุดในความหมายคงกระพันแคล้วคลาด ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "Small incised lead beads, pierced and strung, named for the function สะกด — subduing, putting to sleep — and now sold beside takrut as invulnerability-and-evasion beads. Power in the letters and the chant; nobody home.", "story_th": "ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ ไม่มีสูตรลูกสะกด แต่ใช้คำ 'สะกด' เป็นหน้าที่ซ้ำๆ: ถ้าจะสะกดให้อมองค์พระไว้ใต้ลิ้น; ลงกระดาษห่อลูกประคำ เอาด้ายตามที่ตำราระบุพัน ๗ รอบ ภาวนา ๑๐๘ ขึ้นเรือนหลับทั้งเรือน; เอาตะกรุดแช่น้ำมันในขันสัมฤทธิ์เสกตรีนิสิงเห ๑๐๘ เม็ดตะกั่วในตลาดวันนี้รับชื่อจากหน้าที่นั้น", "story_en": "Ms 6983 has no luk sakot recipe; it has the function. To subdue, hold the image under the tongue; wrap a rosary in paper and seven turns of a thread the treatise specifies and chant 108 times, and the whole house sleeps; steep a takrut in oil in a bronze bowl with the Trinisinghe formula. The strung lead beads of the modern market take the name of that function. What is on them, and who first strung them, this catalogue cannot cite.", "keeping_th": "ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เก็บอย่างตะกรุด", "keeping_en": "Nothing to feed. Same keeping as a takrut on the same cord. Vault class is an inference from form and making; no source places ลูกสะกด by name."}, "sources": ["s:vault-functions", "s:vault-materials", "s:ms6983", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes.functions": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-functions"}, "axes.materials": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-materials"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "lines 1620, 3595, 4909"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "function passages only; no bead recipe in the treatise"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "sakot", "term": "สะกด", "roman": "sakot", "en": "subduing, binding, putting to sleep", "definition": "Compelling another to stillness or sleep — the household that cannot wake, the pursuer who cannot follow. Applied to people and to animals."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "takua", "term": "ตะกั่ว", "roman": "takua", "en": "lead", "definition": "Lead, used both as an alloy component in ชิน and on its own — most visibly as the sheet rolled into ตะกรุด. Soft enough to take an inscription with a stylus, which is the whole reason it is used for rolled amulets."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 4, "priced": 4, "median_thb": 439.5, "typical_thb": [259.0, 608.37], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "mit-mo", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "มีดหมอ", "roman": "mit mo", "en": "Mit mo (ritual knife)", "aliases": {"th": ["มีดครู"], "roman": ["meed mor", "mid mo", "mit mor"], "en": ["exorcist's knife", "doctor's knife", "spirit knife"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["kan_phi", "chang_ngang", "sakot", "kambang", "khong_kraphan"], "materials": ["nuea_loha"], "figures": ["blade"]}, "form": {"type": "blade", "shape_th": "มีดใบโค้งขนาดกลาง ตำราให้ใบยาว ๗ นิ้ว กั่นลงองค์พระ ๔ องค์ ด้ามไม้มงคลบรรจุผง มีกั้นมีดโลหะลงยันต์ มีฝัก", "shape_en": "A medium curved blade — the treatise gives 7 inches — with four Buddha figures on the tang, a wooden handle hollowed and charged with powder, a metal guard inscribed with yantra, and a sheath", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ไม่ห้อยคอ พกในฝัก ตั้งบนหิ้ง", "wearable_en": "Not worn; carried sheathed or kept on the altar", "obverse_th": "ใบมีดลงอักขระขอมเป็นแถวและตัวเลข ๑๓", "obverse_en": "Khom glyphs in a row along the blade face, two lines curving to the tip, the numeral 13", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Thai Wikipedia describes a handle carved as Thao Wessuwan and 108 hammer strokes while inscribing 369; the treatise's own handle is a powder-charged cavity sealed with a 6x6 yantra."}, "iconography": [{"th": "องค์พระ ๔ องค์ที่กั่น", "en": "four Buddha figures on the tang"}, {"th": "ยันต์ตาราง ๖×๖ ประจุด้าม", "en": "a 6x6 magic square sealing the handle charge"}, {"th": "ด้ามแกะเป็นท้าวเวสสุวรรณ (แบบตลาด)", "en": "handle carved as Thao Wessuwan on many modern pieces"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดประดู่ทรงธรรม", "wat_en": "Wat Pradu Song Tham, Ayutthaya", "maker_th": "หลวงพ่อม่วง ตราพระขรรค์เพชร ตามที่ตำราระบุ", "maker_en": "Luang Pho Muang, 'seal of the Diamond Sword', per the treatise's ascription of Method 1", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise; the knife appears in the poem Krai Thong among the hero's weapons per Thai Wikipedia", "place_th": "อยุธยา ภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Ayutthaya, Central Thailand", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ใบโค้งคล้ายมีดหมอผ่า ไม่ใช่ดาบ ไม่ใช่มีดครัว", "en": "A curved lancet-like blade, neither a sword nor a kitchen knife", "source": "s:th-wiki-mit-mo", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "มีอักขระบนใบและกั่น — ของที่ไม่ลงอักขระเลยไม่ใช่มีดหมอ", "en": "Glyphs on the blade and tang; an uninscribed blade is a knife, not a mit mo", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ด้ามมักกลวงบรรจุผง อุดปิด", "en": "The handle is usually a sealed cavity holding powder; look for the plug", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "กั้นมีดเป็นแผ่นโลหะลงเลขยันต์", "en": "A metal guard plate engraved with yantra numerals", "source": "s:th-wiki-mit-mo", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เหล็กสิบชนิดหลอมรวม — ตาเปล่าดูไม่ออก อย่าอ้างจากผิว", "en": "The ten-iron alloy is not visible on the surface; nobody can read the forge from the skin", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "hun-phayon", "tell_th": "ตำราสร้างหุ่นพยนต์อยู่ข้างมีดหมอ มีดเป็นเครื่องมือของหมอ หุ่นเป็นของที่ถูกปลุกและต้องเซ่น", "tell_en": "The treatise puts the knife beside the effigy recipes: the knife is the doctor's instrument with nobody home, the effigy is animated and fed."}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดเป็นหลอดม้วน มีดหมอเป็นใบมีด หมวดเดียวกัน", "tell_en": "Same class, different form: a rolled tube versus a forged blade."}, {"id": "wua-thanu", "tell_th": "วัวธนูเป็นรูปวัวที่เลี้ยงด้วยหญ้าน้ำ มีดหมอไม่เลี้ยง", "tell_en": "A wua thanu is a bull figure fed grass and water; the knife is fed nothing."}], "market": {"search": ["มีดหมอ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:MitmorKnife.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No free photograph on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches on มีดหมอ, mit mo, ritual knife thai returned nothing). Needed: blade side-on showing the glyph row, the tang figures, and the handle plug."}, "images": [{"file": "mit-mo/mit-mo-mitmorknife-1a2187.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:MitmorKnife.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/MitmorKnife.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=173338719", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Gavin Symahanou", "credit": "This work was uploaded by Gavin Symahanou of esoterictheravada.com.", "view": "other", "alt_th": "มีดหมอ", "alt_en": "Mit mo (ritual knife) — Mitmor spirit knife used in Boran Kammatthana, an esoteric Theravadan tradition practiced in the Tai-Khmer cultural sphe", "sha256": "be7f4a2af3f04275cf05d6a8a621648890dd8b56f7a80284b6a723b157fef794", "width": 3859, "height": 925, "primary": true}], "text": {"what_th": "มีดที่ตีและลงอักขระเป็นเครื่องมือของหมอผี ใช้ตัดสิ่งที่ผูกมัด ไม่ใช่ตัดให้เลือดออก ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ ในคลังนี้บันทึกตำรับเหล็กสิบชนิดจากวัดประดู่ทรงธรรม", "what_en": "A knife forged and inscribed as an instrument of the doctor-of-spirits — for cutting what binds, not what bleeds. Manuscript 6983 in this corpus records a ten-iron forge recipe from Wat Pradu Song Tham.", "story_th": "ตำรับหลวงพ่อม่วงรวมเหล็กสิบชนิดจากที่มาที่ตำราระบุ ยอดเจดีย์ ยอดปรางค์ ยอดปราสาท เหล็กน้ำพี้ เหล็กประตูวัง ให้ช่างถือศีล ๕ หรือ ๘ ตีวันเสาร์วันอังคาร มีบายศรีซ้ายขวา พระสวดกรณี ๗ จบ ตีแล้วชุบ ๓ หน ๗ หน ผสมผงยาบรรจุด้าม ตำราระบุน้ำที่ใช้ชุบ ไม่นำมาลงที่นี่ ตำรับที่ ๒ ใช้เหล็กเก่าและเหล็กหัก แช่น้ำมันหอมในขันสัมฤทธิ์แล้วปลุก ใช้ขีดวงหยุดศัตรู ปักให้หลับ บังหน้าให้กำบัง", "story_en": "Method 1, ascribed to Luang Pho Muang, alloys ten irons from sources the treatise names — stupa, prang and prasat finials, Nam Phi iron, palace-gate iron and more — forged on a Saturday or Tuesday by a smith keeping the precepts, with bai-si trays left and right and monks chanting the Karaniya seven times, then quenched three and seven times and given a handle packed with consecrated powders; the treatise names the quenching liquid and it is not reproduced here. Method 2 forges old iron and broken blades, steeps the knife in scented oil in a bronze bowl and wakes it with a long vernacular rousing-katha. In use it scratches a line the enemy cannot cross, is planted at a hole to put a household to sleep, and is held before the face to pass unseen.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง แต่วิกิพีเดียไทยว่ามีดของหมอที่ตายไปต้องส่งต่อผู้ที่คุมได้", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed, by class. The trade adds a custom Thai Wikipedia records: a dead practitioner's knife passes to someone able to command it. The treatise recipe packs the handle with consecrated powder and names other ingredients not reproduced here, so ask what went into it."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-mit-mo", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 3090–3198 (printed pp. 79–82)"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-mit-mo"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-mit-mo"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "chang_ngang", "term": "จังงัง", "roman": "chang-ngang", "en": "stupefaction, being frozen", "definition": "The target is rooted, dumbstruck, unable to act."}, {"key": "sakot", "term": "สะกด", "roman": "sakot", "en": "subduing, binding, putting to sleep", "definition": "Compelling another to stillness or sleep — the household that cannot wake, the pursuer who cannot follow. Applied to people and to animals."}, {"key": "kambang", "term": "กำบัง", "roman": "kambang", "en": "concealment, going unseen", "definition": "Not being perceived — passed over rather than literally transparent. In ms 6983 the same Hanuman, steeped in scented oil, makes a household unable to see, hear or speak to the bearer."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 194, "priced": 194, "median_thb": 357.365, "typical_thb": [89.0, 3550.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "mit-mo/mit-mo-mitmorknife-1a2187.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:MitmorKnife.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/MitmorKnife.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=173338719", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Gavin Symahanou", "credit": "This work was uploaded by Gavin Symahanou of esoterictheravada.com.", "view": "other", "alt_th": "มีดหมอ", "alt_en": "Mit mo (ritual knife) — Mitmor spirit knife used in Boran Kammatthana, an esoteric Theravadan tradition practiced in the Tai-Khmer cultural sphe", "sha256": "be7f4a2af3f04275cf05d6a8a621648890dd8b56f7a80284b6a723b157fef794", "width": 3859, "height": 925, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "mustika", "names": {"th": "หินมุสติกา", "roman": "mustika", "en": "Batu mustika (stones and 'pearls' of inherent power)", "aliases": {"th": ["มุสติกา", "หินเบซัวร์มลายู", "เกอลิกา"], "roman": ["batu mustika", "mustika pearl", "geliga", "guliga", "batu bertuah"], "en": ["bezoar", "tuah stone", "mustika pearl"]}, "other_scripts": {"ms": "موستيكا · batu mustika / geliga", "id": "batu mustika", "jv": "watu mustika"}}, "region": ["id", "my"], "axes": {"class": "khong_thammachat", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "chok_lap"], "materials": [], "figures": ["natural"]}, "form": {"type": "natural", "shape_th": "ก้อนหินหรือเม็ดกลม: หินธรรมชาติ ผลึก หินเบซัวร์จากท้องสัตว์ (เม่น งู ลิง) “ไข่มุก” จากหอย มะพร้าว หรือพืช มักเลี่ยมแหวน", "shape_en": "A stone or rounded nodule: a mineral pebble or crystal, a bezoar concretion from an animal's gut (porcupine, snake, monkey are the trade's favourites), or a 'pearl' claimed from a shellfish, a coconut or a plant. Often set in a ring or a silver holder.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "แหวน จี้ หรือเก็บในกล่องกับน้ำมัน", "wearable_en": "A ring, a pendant, or boxed with oil.", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Sanskrit muktikā, 'pearl', is the root; in Malay-Javanese use the word widened to any small natural object found, not made, and held to carry tuah. Bezoar-type mustika overlap the geliga / guliga that Malay and Borneo trade exported to Europe as antidotes."}, "iconography": [], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ไม่มีผู้สร้าง — “พบ” หรือ “ถูกดึงมา” (tarikan gaib) โดยดุกุน", "maker_en": "Not made: found, cut from an animal, or 'drawn' (tarikan gaib) by a dukun — the finding story is the object's credential", "era_th": "การค้าเบซัวร์เอเชีย–ยุโรปราว พ.ศ. ๒๐๔๓–๒๒๔๓", "era_en": "The Asia–Europe bezoar trade of c. 1500–1700 valued Southeast Asian porcupine stones especially (en.wikipedia); the mustika cult on the modern Indonesian market is undated", "place_th": "ชวา สุมาตรา บอร์เนียว คาบสมุทร", "place_en": "Java, Sumatra, Borneo, the peninsula", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เบซัวร์แท้เป็นก้อนที่จับตัวในทางเดินอาหารสัตว์ ผ่าดูเป็นชั้นซ้อนรอบแกน", "en": "A true bezoar is a gut concretion; cut or chipped it shows concentric layers round a nucleus", "source": "s:en-wiki-bezoar", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ของปลอมมีมาแต่โบราณ — ตลาดยุโรปศตวรรษที่ ๑๖–๑๗ ทดสอบด้วยพิษบนเข็ม", "en": "Counterfeits are as old as the trade: 16th–17th-century buyers tested stones with poisoned needles and animals. The category's whole history is a fraud history", "source": "s:en-wiki-bezoar", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หินแร่ที่ขายเป็นมุสติกาคือหินอาเกต ควอตซ์ ธรรมดา — ชื่อ “มุสติกา” บอกเรื่องเล่า ไม่บอกชนิดหิน", "en": "Mineral mustika are ordinary agate, quartz or pebble; the word names the story attached, not the stone. Ask the mineral question separately", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "“ไข่มุกมุสติกา” ในตลาดมักเป็นเม็ดกลมเรียบ ผู้ขายอ้างที่มา (มะพร้าว งู หอย) ที่ตรวจไม่ได้จากวัตถุ", "en": "Market 'mustika pearls' are smooth rounded nodules whose claimed source — coconut, snake, shell — cannot be read off the object", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "lek-lai", "tell_th": "เหล็กไหลเป็นโลหะดำมันที่ถือว่ามีชีวิต · มุสติกาเป็นหิน ก้อน หรือเม็ดจากสัตว์ ทั้งคู่พลังในตัว ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "tell_en": "Lek lai is a dark lustrous metal held to be alive; a mustika is a stone, nodule or animal concretion. Same class — power inherent in the thing — and the same buyer's caution."}, {"id": "dat-lone", "tell_th": "ดัตโลนพม่าเป็นลูกโลหะที่หมอ weikza หล่อและเสก · มุสติกา “พบ” ไม่ได้สร้าง", "tell_en": "A Burmese dat-lone is a metal ball a weikza practitioner casts and charges; a mustika is found, never made. Made-versus-found is the line."}, {"id": "khot-kala", "tell_th": "คดกะลาเป็นก้อนแข็งในกะลามะพร้าว — มุสติกาชนิดหนึ่งในความคิดมลายู", "tell_en": "A Thai khot kala is the hard concretion found in a coconut; in Malay terms it is one kind of mustika. Same logic, different name."}, {"id": "luk-om", "tell_th": "ลูกอมเป็นเม็ดที่พระทำจากผงหรือว่าน · มุสติกาไม่มีผู้ทำ", "tell_en": "A luk om is a bead a monk makes from powder or herb; a mustika has no maker."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:ACM-Bezoar stone and holder; Box-03567.jpg", "File:India 17th C - bezoar stone in silver holder IMG 9507 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No file on Commons is labelled mustika as of 2026-09-02 ('mustika' hits are personal and place names). Listed: two museum bezoars in the Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore — the guliga side of the category, not market mustika. Needed: a porcupine bezoar whole and cut, a mineral mustika in its ring, and a 'mustika pearl' with its box."}, "images": [{"file": "mustika/mustika-acm-bezoar-stone-and-holder-box-03567-d588ab.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ACM-Bezoar stone and holder; Box-03567.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/ACM-Bezoar_stone_and_holder%3B_Box-03567.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=141695901", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "", "credit": "Wuselig", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หินมุสติกา", "alt_en": "Batu mustika (stones and 'pearls' of inherent power) — Bezoar stone Goa stone? and holder; Box", "sha256": "12abde9f172ecc417efad5bfd467ef111b2a2fabac1509c53684cacc6e54c9fa", "width": 5464, "height": 3643, "primary": true}, {"file": "mustika/mustika-india-17th-c-bezoar-stone-in-silver-hold-dbf66e.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:India 17th C - bezoar stone in silver holder IMG 9507 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/India_17th_C_-_bezoar_stone_in_silver_holder_IMG_9507_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93474788", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Bjoertvedt", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หินมุสติกา", "alt_en": "Batu mustika (stones and 'pearls' of inherent power) — Bezoar stone with a silver hodler, from 17th century India. Exhibit in the Asian Civilisations Musuem, Singapore.", "sha256": "792c4dafef115fd6181962a681b1740c35e0e806e3226714ae48fe9410ff584b", "width": 2627, "height": 3244}], "text": {"what_th": "หินหรือเม็ดธรรมชาติที่โลกมลายู-ชวาถือว่ามีทัวะห์ในตัว — หินแร่ หินเบซัวร์จากท้องสัตว์ (geliga) หรือ “ไข่มุก” จากพืชและสัตว์ — พบ ไม่ได้สร้าง มักเลี่ยมแหวน ตลาดอินโดนีเซียเติมความเชื่อเรื่อง khodam (ผู้อยู่) เข้าไป ซึ่งหมวดของ vault ไม่รองรับ", "what_en": "A natural stone or nodule the Malay-Javanese world holds to carry its own tuah — a mineral, a bezoar cut from an animal (geliga), or a 'pearl' claimed from a plant or creature. Found, not made; usually ring-set. The Indonesian market adds a khodam, a resident spirit, which the vault's natural-talisman class does not carry — noted, not adopted.", "story_th": "เบซัวร์ (ภาษาเปอร์เซีย pād-zahr “แก้พิษ”) เคยเป็นสินค้าส่งออกจากภูมิภาคนี้ไปยุโรประหว่างราว ค.ศ. ๑๕๐๐–๑๗๐๐ โดยเชื่อว่าแก้พิษได้ทุกชนิด ก้อนจากเม่นในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้มีค่าที่สุด และของปลอมก็ตามมาจนต้องทดสอบด้วยพิษ ในตลาดอินโดนีเซียปัจจุบันคำว่า mustika ขยายไปครอบหินทุกชนิดที่มีเรื่องเล่าว่าได้มาจากงู จากป่า จากฝัน หรือถูก “ดึง” มาโดยดุกุน", "story_en": "The bezoar — Persian pād-zahr, 'antidote' — went out of this region to Europe between about 1500 and 1700 as a universal poison cure, Southeast Asian porcupine stones the most prized, and counterfeits followed until buyers tested them with poisoned needles. On the modern Indonesian market the word mustika has widened to any stone with a story: taken from a snake, found in the forest, seen in a dream, or 'drawn' from the unseen by a dukun. The story is what is sold; the stone is what you get.", "keeping_th": "หมวด khong_thammachat: พลังในตัว ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ประวัติไม่รู้ก็ไม่เป็นอันตราย ผู้ค้าบางรายให้เช็ดน้ำมันหรือจุดกำยาน — ธรรมเนียมร้าน ไม่ใช่หน้าที่ ถ้าผู้ขายอ้างว่ามี khodam ให้ถือว่านั่นคือคำอ้างที่ต้องถาม", "keeping_en": "Filed as khong_thammachat: power inherent, nobody home, nothing owed, and an unknown history is a value question rather than a safety one. Some sellers prescribe oiling or incense — shop custom, not upkeep. A seller who says the stone carries a khodam has moved it out of this class by his own claim; that claim is the thing to ask about."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-bezoar", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-bezoar", "note": "bezoar trade, etymology and fraud; the modern mustika market is tradition"}, "axes.class": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "khong_thammachat by definition (lek-lai, khot-kala are its members); the khodam overlay is flagged in text"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "note": "licences checked 2026-09-02: CC0 and CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "names.th": {"tier": "inference", "note": "descriptive Thai gloss"}}}, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "khong_thammachat", "term": "เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ", "roman": "khrueang rang thammachat", "en_gloss": "natural talisman", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Power inherent in a rare natural object rather than conferred by rite: เหล็กไหล (leklai, a living metal), กะลาตาเดียว (a one-eyed coconut), certain woods, stones and animal parts. Impersonal but NOT consecration-based — a third thing, neither Buddha-amulet nor spirit-vessel.", "confidence": "medium"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "id", "th": "อินโดนีเซีย", "en": "Indonesia"}, {"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "mustika/mustika-acm-bezoar-stone-and-holder-box-03567-d588ab.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ACM-Bezoar stone and holder; Box-03567.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/ACM-Bezoar_stone_and_holder%3B_Box-03567.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=141695901", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "", "credit": "Wuselig", "view": "other", "alt_th": "หินมุสติกา", "alt_en": "Batu mustika (stones and 'pearls' of inherent power) — Bezoar stone Goa stone? and holder; Box", "sha256": "12abde9f172ecc417efad5bfd467ef111b2a2fabac1509c53684cacc6e54c9fa", "width": 5464, "height": 3643, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "nang-kwak", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "นางกวัก", "roman": "nang kwak", "en": "Nang Kwak (the beckoning lady)", "aliases": {"th": ["แม่นางกวัก", "นางสุภาวดี"], "roman": ["nang kwak", "nang gwak", "mae nang kwak"], "en": ["beckoning lady", "Lady Kwak", "shopkeeper's goddess"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["kha_khai", "metta_maha_niyom", "chok_lap", "maha_saneh"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "nuea_din", "nuea_phong", "nuea_waan"], "figures": ["deity", "human"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "หญิงนั่งพับเพียบ มือขวายกกวัก มือซ้ายวางบนตักหรือถือถุงเงิน — รูปตั้งหิ้ง จี้ และผ้ายันต์", "shape_en": "A woman seated with legs folded to one side (นั่งพับเพียบ), right hand raised in the beckoning gesture, left hand on the lap or holding a money bag; shelf statue, pendant, and yantra cloth", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "รูปตั้งที่หิ้งหน้าร้าน จี้ห้อยคอ หรือใส่ตลับพกติดตัวตามตำรา", "wearable_en": "Stood at the shop shelf or till; worn as a pendant; the treatise keeps the carved figure in a money bag or a small case of lip-wax", "obverse_th": "หญิงนั่งกวักมือ ชุดไทย บางแบบสวมมงกุฎ", "obverse_en": "The seated lady beckoning, in Thai dress, often crowned and in red", "reverse_th": "ยันต์ ชื่อวัด หรือเรียบ", "reverse_en": "A yantra, the temple, or plain", "notes_en": "Wood is the treatise material — rak-son root, fig mistletoe (กาฝากมะเดื่อ), or the nang-kwak tuber — and the material vocabulary has no key for carved wood; nuea_waan stands in for the tuber. The trade's stock statue is cast or moulded and painted."}, "iconography": [{"th": "มือขวากวัก ฝ่ามือคว่ำ", "en": "right hand raised, palm curved downward, in the Thai beckoning gesture"}, {"th": "ถุงเงินในมือซ้าย", "en": "a money bag in the left hand"}, {"th": "นั่งพับเพียบ ชุดไทย มงกุฎ", "en": "seated with legs folded aside, in Thai dress, often crowned"}, {"th": "ยันต์นางกวักในวงกลมและดอกบัวแปดกลีบ", "en": "the treatise yantra: the lady in a circle inside an eight-petalled lotus of Khom syllables"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) ให้ ๖ วิธี", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, six methods", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise; the figure is older than any dated print", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Nationwide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ผู้หญิงนั่ง มือกวัก — ไม่ใช่องค์พระ ไม่ใช่รูปผี", "en": "A seated woman beckoning: never a Buddha, and not a ghost figure", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราลงอักขระ ทุ สะ มะ นิ ที่หน้าผาก นม หลัง และ ธะนัง โภคัง ที่แขนขวา ซ้าย", "en": "The treatise inscribes ทุ-สะ-มะ-นิ on forehead, breasts and back, and ธะนัง / โภคัง on the right and left arms; look for syllables on the body of an old carved piece", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ของแกะไม้ตามตำรา ใส่ตลับสีผึ้ง มีแผ่นเงินลงยันต์รองก้น", "en": "Treatise pieces are carved wood kept in a wax case with a silver yantra plate lining the bottom; the case and plate are part of the object", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "มือยกสูงกว่าปาก = ไม่มีวันเต็ม ต่ำกว่าปาก = ไม่มีวันพอ ตามคติร้านค้า", "en": "Shop lore reads the hand height: above the mouth 'never full', below it 'never enough'", "source": "s:th-wiki-nang-kwak", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "รูปตั้งหน้าร้านมักเป็นเรซิ่นทาสีแดงทอง จี้เป็นโลหะหรือผง", "en": "Shopfront statues are usually painted resin or plaster in red and gold; pendants are metal or pressed powder", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "hun-phayon", "tell_th": "หุ่นพยนต์เฝ้าทรัพย์ ขู่โจร ต้องเซ่นทุกวัน · นางกวักเรียกลูกค้า", "tell_en": "A hun phayon guards property and frightens thieves and is fed daily; Nang Kwak calls customers in. One is a servant, one a patroness."}, {"id": "phra-siwali", "tell_th": "พระสีวลีเป็นพระภิกษุยืนถือไม้เท้า กลด ถุงย่าม · นางกวักเป็นหญิงนั่ง ตำนานว่าท่านให้พรนาง", "tell_en": "Phra Siwali is a standing monk with staff, umbrella and bag; Nang Kwak is a seated woman. The legend has Sivali bless her, and some money bags carry his name."}, {"id": "kuman-thong", "tell_th": "กุมารทองเป็นเด็กชาย เลี้ยงอย่างลูก · นางกวักเป็นหญิงผู้ใหญ่ เทพที่บูชา", "tell_en": "A kuman thong is a boy figure raised as family; Nang Kwak is an adult woman venerated as a deva."}], "market": {"search": ["นางกวัก"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Nang Kwak"], "commons_files": ["File:Nang Kwak นางกวัก for sell at a shop in Wat Prasitthiwet.jpg", "File:Nang Kwak of Koon Ngam Ching Yuen.JPG", "File:Nang Gwak Cha Am.jpg", "File:Nang Kwak in Bangkok49.JPG", "File:NANG KWAK67.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Shelf statues exist on Commons. Needed: a carved-wood treatise-type figure in its wax case with the silver yantra plate, and a pendant obverse and reverse"}, "images": [{"file": "nang-kwak/nang-kwak-nang-kwak-for-sell-at-a-shop-in-wat-pras-5d2715.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nang Kwak นางกวัก for sell at a shop in Wat Prasitthiwet.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Nang_Kwak_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_for_sell_at_a_shop_in_Wat_Prasitthiwet.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83747178", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นางกวัก", "alt_en": "Nang Kwak (the beckoning lady) — Nang Kwak (นางกวัก)", "sha256": "cd5927be7278fb576b97913846dfb1067174ac2f74f47f214479b083c47f9294", "width": 4032, "height": 3024, "primary": true}, {"file": "nang-kwak/nang-kwak-nang-gwak-cha-am-16a453.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nang Gwak Cha Am.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Nang_Gwak_Cha_Am.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3756236", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Günter Trageser", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นางกวัก", "alt_en": "Nang Kwak (the beckoning lady) — Nang Gwak (นางกวัก) at Cha Am, Thailand", "sha256": "ba594c43c8babb93ee08f3ba2d608978b74e1b67f5ab6117fcf3bec6797dab84", "width": 700, "height": 700}, {"file": "nang-kwak/nang-kwak-wat-phra-that-ruang-rong-018-5407cf.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Phra That Ruang Rong-018.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Wat_Phra_That_Ruang_Rong-018.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11318563", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "Ddalbiez", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นางกวัก", "alt_en": "Nang Kwak (the beckoning lady) — Wat Phra That Ruang Rong is a buddhist temple located in the Province of Sisaket", "sha256": "417dacdf9041230ec96ddc42f6ee96d1b2ab4ecbdf530aa5dd817dab623ee770", "width": 2480, "height": 3718}, {"file": "nang-kwak/nang-kwak-wat-phra-that-ruang-rong-020-3a8efd.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Phra That Ruang Rong-020.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Wat_Phra_That_Ruang_Rong-020.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": 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Venerated with respect and small offerings; every market in the country works under her hand.", "story_th": "ตำราให้ ๖ วิธี วัสดุคือรากรักซ้อน ว่านนางกวัก หรือกาฝากมะเดื่อกิ่งที่ชี้ไปทางตะวันออก ผู้แกะนุ่งขาวห่มขาว ตั้งบายศรี แกะให้เสร็จในวันเดียว ลงอักขระ ทุ สะ มะ นิ ที่หน้าผากและหลัง ธะนัง โภคัง ที่แขน เสก ๑๐๘ คาบ ใส่ถุงเงินหรือตลับสีผึ้งน้ำมันหอมกระแจะ รองก้นด้วยแผ่นเงินลงยันต์ ให้ข้าวน้ำบูชาทุกวัน เรียกนางกวักมากินข้าวด้วย เอาน้ำที่อาบรูปมาพรมสินค้าและหัวเรือ คาถาขึ้นต้นว่า ปู่เจ้าเขาเขียว มีลูกคนเดียว ชื่อว่านางกวัก", "story_en": "Manuscript 6983 gives six recipes. Carve her from rak-son root, the nang-kwak tuber, or the mistletoe of a fig tree taken from the branch that points east, after offering puffed rice, flowers, banana and sugarcane to the tree; the carver dresses in white, keeps the five precepts, sets a bai-si, and finishes in one day at a good hour. Then inscribe ทุ สะ มะ นิ on forehead and back (or breasts) and ธะนัง โภคัง on the arms, consecrate 108 times, and keep her in a money bag (method 1) or in a case of lip-wax with fragrant oil and krajae paste, a silver plate bearing her yantra lining the bottom (methods 3–6). She is given rice and water daily, called to eat with the household, and in method 6 bathed so the water can be sprinkled on the goods and the boat's prow; the same bath water on your own skin makes her a love charm. The katha names her as the only daughter of Pu Chao Khao Khiao, the forest lord, which is the origin Thai Wikipedia also records beside the Indianised tale of Supawadee blessed by the arahants Kassapa and Sivali.", "keeping_th": "เทพที่บูชา ถวายน้ำแดง พวงมาลัย ข้าวน้ำ ด้วยความเคารพ ตำราสั่งอย่าให้ขาด แต่ไม่ใช่การเลี้ยงผีอย่างกุมาร วางลงได้", "keeping_en": "Deva tier — the vault says 'arguably'. Owed veneration: red drink, a garland, rice and water, and the treatise says without fail; still worship, not the parenting a kuman needs. Can be set down; the shop that keeps her feeds her out of courtesy."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-nang-kwak", "s:en-wiki-nang-kwak", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 2421–2580 (printed pp. 58–63), methods 1–6; origin legends from s:th-wiki-nang-kwak and s:en-wiki-nang-kwak"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-nang-kwak"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-nang-kwak", "note": "yantra description from s:ms6983 diagram captions"}, "origin": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "maha_saneh from method 6's bath-water use"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "nuea_waan", "term": "เนื้อว่าน", "roman": "nuea waan", "en": "sacred-herb paste", "definition": "Paste of ว่าน — the sacred tubers and herbs gathered under prescribed conditions. Northern practice is particularly rich here. Ages by drying and shrinking rather than by patina. The manuscripts carry ว่าน heavily — คาถาเสกว่าน, formulae for consecrating the herb — so this term joins the two corpora directly, once the กว่าน collision is excluded."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 436, "priced": 436, "median_thb": 272.0, "typical_thb": [75.0, 1350.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "nang-kwak/nang-kwak-nang-kwak-for-sell-at-a-shop-in-wat-pras-5d2715.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nang Kwak นางกวัก for sell at a shop in Wat Prasitthiwet.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Nang_Kwak_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_for_sell_at_a_shop_in_Wat_Prasitthiwet.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83747178", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นางกวัก", "alt_en": "Nang Kwak (the beckoning lady) — Nang Kwak (นางกวัก)", "sha256": "cd5927be7278fb576b97913846dfb1067174ac2f74f47f214479b083c47f9294", "width": 4032, "height": 3024, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "nat-figure", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "นัต", "roman": "nat", "en": "Nat figure (Burmese spirit-deity)", "aliases": {"th": ["รูปนัต", "เทพนัต", "เทพทันใจ", "โบโบจี", "ตะจาหมิ่น", "มหาคีรี"], "roman": ["nat", "nat rupa", "Bo Bo Gyi", "Thagyamin", "Mahagiri", "thep than chai"], "en": ["nat statue", "Burmese spirit figure", "Bo Bo Gyi", "Thagyamin", "Mahagiri"]}, "other_scripts": {"my": "နတ်"}}, "region": ["mm", "shan"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi", "chok_lap", "kha_khai"], "materials": [], "figures": ["deity"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปเทพในชุดราชสำนักพม่า ไม้ ปูนปั้น หรือโลหะ ปิดทองหรือทาสี ตั้งในศาลนัตในบ้าน ร้าน หรือวัด ที่บ้านมักเป็นมะพร้าวแขวนเสาเรือนแทนรูป", "shape_en": "A figure in Burmese royal or elder's dress — wood, plaster or metal, gilt or painted — kept in a house or shop shrine (nat sin) or a pagoda niche. The household form is often no figure at all but a coconut hung on a house post for Mahagiri, dressed with perfume and offerings.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ส่วนใหญ่ตั้งหิ้ง เทพทันใจมีแบบจี้ห้อยคอในตลาดไทย", "wearable_en": "Mostly a shrine figure; Bo Bo Gyi travels as a pendant in the Thai market as เทพทันใจ", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Three named types head the kind: Thagyamin (Sakka, first of the 37), Mahagiri (the house nat, second), and Bo Bo Gyi (guardian of a pagoda, one per pagoda). Pagoda-guardian Bo Bo Gyi is the type that crossed into Thailand."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ตะจาหมิ่นยืนหรือนั่งบนช้างเผือกสามเศียร ถือสังข์และแส้จามรี", "en": "Thagyamin standing or seated on a three-headed white elephant, conch in one hand, yak-tail fly-whisk in the other"}, {"th": "มหาคีรีนั่งบนช้างเผือก ถือผ้าโพกและดาบ", "en": "Mahagiri seated on a white elephant holding a turban and a sword"}, {"th": "โบโบจี ชายชราสวมหมวกโค้ง ถือไม้เท้า ชี้นิ้ว", "en": "Bo Bo Gyi as a near life-size elder in a curved cap, sometimes with a cane, one finger pointing"}, {"th": "มะพร้าวแขวนเสาเรือนสำหรับมหาคีรี", "en": "a coconut on the house post as the household Mahagiri"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "พระเจ้าอโนรธา (พ.ศ. ๑๕๘๗–๑๖๒๐) กำหนดนัตหลวง ๓๗ ตน", "era_en": "King Anawrahta (r. 1044–1077) fixed the official pantheon of 37 Great Nats; Thagyamin was set at its head", "place_th": "ทั่วพม่า ศูนย์กลางที่ภูเขาโปปา", "place_en": "Across Myanmar; Mount Popa is the centre of nat worship", "first_attested": "11th century — Anawrahta's pantheon (en-wiki Nat)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ช้างเผือกสามเศียร สังข์ แส้ — คือตะจาหมิ่น", "en": "Three-headed white elephant, conch and fly-whisk: Thagyamin, the one nat who never died a violent death", "source": "s:en-wiki-thagyamin", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชายชราหมวกโค้ง ไม้เท้า ชี้นิ้ว — คือโบโบจี", "en": "Elderly man, curved cap, cane, pointing finger: Bo Bo Gyi, the pagoda guardian; the finger points to where Shwedagon should stand", "source": "s:en-wiki-bo-bo-gyi", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "นัตส่วนใหญ่แต่งกายอย่างราชสำนักพม่า แม้ตนที่มีเชื้อไทยหรือไทใหญ่", "en": "Nats wear Burmese royal dress even when the pantheon records them as Thai or Shan; the dress does not say where the figure was made", "source": "s:en-wiki-nat-spirit", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ในบ้าน รูปมักถูกแทนด้วยมะพร้าวแขวนเสา ประพรมน้ำหอม", "en": "In a house the figure is often replaced by a coconut hung at a corner or post and dressed with perfume; a coconut in a hanger is a nat shrine, not litter", "source": "s:en-wiki-nat-spirit", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ของถวายคือผ้าพันคอ ผ้าโสร่ง กล้วย มะพร้าว", "en": "Offerings are scarves and paso for Bo Bo Gyi, bananas and coconuts generally; a figure with a scarf tied on has been asked something", "source": "s:en-wiki-bo-bo-gyi", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "thao-wessuwan", "tell_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณเป็นยักษ์ถือกระบอง · นัตเป็นคนในชุดราชสำนักพม่า", "tell_en": "Thao Wessuwan is a yaksha with a club; a nat is a human figure in Burmese court dress. Same class — a venerated deva-tier being — different pantheon."}, {"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักกวักมือ นั่งพับเพียบ · นัตหญิงยืนหรือนั่งบัลลังก์ ไม่กวัก", "tell_en": "Nang Kwak beckons with one raised hand; a female nat sits or stands enthroned and does not beckon."}, {"id": "phra-phrom", "tell_th": "พระพรหมสี่หน้า · นัตหน้าเดียว", "tell_en": "Phra Phrom has four faces; every nat has one."}, {"id": "tua-pek-kong", "tell_th": "ตั่วเป็กกงเป็นเทพจีน ชุดจีน หนวดยาว · โบโบจีเป็นชายชราชุดพม่าชี้นิ้ว", "tell_en": "Tua Pek Kong is a Chinese elder in Chinese dress with a long beard; Bo Bo Gyi is an elder in Burmese dress with a pointing finger. Both are shop guardians, so the dress is the tell."}], "market": {"search": ["เทพทันใจ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Nats (spirit)", "Category:Thagyamin", "Category:Mahagiri", "Category:Bo Bo Gyi", "Category:Nats of Mount Popa"], "commons_files": ["File:Thagyamin at Shwedagon Pagoda.jpg", "File:Mahagiri & Hnamadawgyi.jpg", "File:Bo Bo Gyi, Botahtaung Pagoda, Yangon.jpg", "File:Nat oun.JPG", "File:Nat-ein.jpg", "File:Nats, Myanmar.jpg"], "wanted_en": "A shop-counter nat shrine with the figure and its offerings in one frame, and a Thai-market เทพทันใจ pendant straight on; Commons covers the pagoda figures and the household coconut well."}, "images": [{"file": "nat-figure/nat-figure-thagyamin-at-shwedagon-pagoda-39834c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thagyamin at Shwedagon Pagoda.jpg", "url": 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A Phase of Sprit-Worship prevailing in Burma, from Southeast Asia Digital Library", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นัต", "alt_en": "Nat figure (Burmese spirit-deity) — Chandi (Sandi Dewi) in Burmese representation", "sha256": "bfb5516a840419665627fa520578fdfa73e9df600b7a4b1f2a491393f4c7aa19", "width": 833, "height": 869}, {"file": "nat-figure/nat-figure-mani-meghalawara-nat-rain-goddess-3c3ee2.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Mani Meghalawara Nat (rain goddess).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Mani_Meghalawara_Nat_%28rain_goddess%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11476002", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir", "credit": "The Thirty Seven Nats, from Southeast Asia Digital Library", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นัต", "alt_en": "Nat figure (Burmese spirit-deity) — Mani Meghalawara Nat (Rain Goddess) in Burmese representation", "sha256": "9c4c13157cef453115d790956646f94e6e0703dd072c198167390165ecb9cd21", "width": 866, "height": 904}, {"file": "nat-figure/nat-figure-akathaso-c63dae.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Akathaso.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Akathaso.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11476069", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir", "credit": "The Thirty Seven Nats, from Southeast Asia Digital Library", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นัต", "alt_en": "Nat figure (Burmese spirit-deity) — Akathaso in Burmese representation", "sha256": "50489903eec0b2cebc48202ad1269fe0e82acd74de602c4a479a854877b74351", "width": 1076, "height": 1071}, {"file": "nat-figure/nat-figure-bhummaso-92f35c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bhummaso.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Bhummaso.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11476134", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir", "credit": "The Thirty Seven Nats, from Southeast Asia Digital Library", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นัต", "alt_en": "Nat figure (Burmese spirit-deity) — Bhummaso (guardian spirit of the soil) in Burmese representation", "sha256": "51110ccaecfab042b3b062c9ff329cecd31833284f0dd20c0423177158370e88", "width": 792, "height": 1014}, {"file": "nat-figure/nat-figure-offering-for-nats-spirits-6e1aa5.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Offering for Nats (Spirits).JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Offering_for_Nats_%28Spirits%29.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17903348", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Maung Maung San", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นัต", "alt_en": "Nat figure (Burmese spirit-deity) — Bowl of bananas and coconuts for offering for Nat (spirit).", "sha256": "4edecb2fa261656e52e2875b14756df4ad6f0cc3021d4e842445c3d650b1fe62", "width": 5184, "height": 3456}], "text": {"what_th": "รูปนัต เทพารักษ์ของพม่าที่บูชาควบคู่กับพุทธศาสนา มีนัตหลวง ๓๗ ตน นำโดยตะจาหมิ่น (ท้าวสักกะ) มีมหาคีรีเป็นนัตประจำบ้าน และโบโบจีเป็นนัตประจำเจดีย์ ตั้งในศาลที่บ้าน ร้าน และวัด เป็นเทพที่บูชา ไม่ใช่ผีที่เลี้ยง", "what_en": "Figures of the nats, the spirit-deities venerated in Myanmar alongside Buddhism: the 37 Great Nats headed by Thagyamin (Sakka), Mahagiri the house nat, and Bo Bo Gyi the guardian of each pagoda, kept in shrines at home, in shops and at pagodas. A deva-tier being venerated through the object — worship, not necromancy.", "story_th": "พระเจ้าอโนรธากำหนดนัตหลวง ๓๗ ตน ส่วนใหญ่เป็นคนที่ตายร้าย มหาคีรีเดิมเป็นลูกช่างเหล็กชื่อหม่องตินเด ถูกเผาทั้งเป็นกับต้นจำปา วิญญาณสิงต้นไม้ ต้นนั้นถูกย้ายไปภูเขาโปปาแล้วแกะเป็นรูป ทุกวันนี้บ้านพม่าแขวนมะพร้าวที่เสาเรือนให้มหาคีรี โบโบจีชี้นิ้วบอกที่สร้างชเวดากอง คนไทยเรียกท่านว่าเทพทันใจ", "story_en": "Anawrahta fixed the pantheon at 37; most were humans who died violently. Mahagiri was Maung Tint De, a blacksmith's son of Tagaung, burned alive bound to a champak tree by a suspicious king; his sister died with him and both haunted the tree, which was carried to Mount Popa and carved into their figures. Burmese houses still hang a coconut on a post for him. Bo Bo Gyi, an avatar of Indra in the Shwedagon story, pointed to where the pagoda should rise; Thai devotees call him thep than chai, the deity who grants at once, and offer scarves and paso.", "keeping_th": "บูชาอย่างเทพ ผลไม้ มะพร้าว น้ำหอม ผ้าพันคอ ไม่ใช่การเลี้ยงอย่างกุมาร ไม่ต้องปิด", "keeping_en": "Veneration: fruit, coconut, perfume, a scarf; respect at festivals. Worship, not parenting — nothing raised, nothing fed, nothing closed. The nat's own history (a violent death, a grievance) is the pantheon's, not the object's."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-nat-spirit", "s:en-wiki-thagyamin", "s:en-wiki-mahagiri", "s:en-wiki-bo-bo-gyi", "s:my-wiki-nat", "s:catalog-db"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-nat-spirit"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "thep_thewada per brief and resident/upkeep test"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "เทพทันใจ pendants in Thai listing titles"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "เทพทันใจ = Bo Bo Gyi; นัต alone hits nothing"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference", "note": "Thai spellings of the three named types"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "mm", "th": "พม่า · เมียนมา", "en": "Myanmar"}, {"key": "shan", "th": "ไทใหญ่ · รัฐฉาน", "en": "Shan State (Tai Yai)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 8, "priced": 8, "median_thb": 229.0, "typical_thb": [29.0, 299.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "nat-figure/nat-figure-thagyamin-at-shwedagon-pagoda-39834c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thagyamin at Shwedagon Pagoda.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Thagyamin_at_Shwedagon_Pagoda.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11323007", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Roger Price from Antwerp, Belgium", "credit": "In the Shwedagon", "view": "other", "alt_th": "นัต", "alt_en": "Nat figure (Burmese spirit-deity) — Statue of Thagyamin, Lord of the Nats at Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon", "sha256": "4c565ab5ff464a8b5ed16cccb76a82657ca367aeca3eaf0b908f8c19c48b11a7", "width": 788, "height": 1050, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "palad-khik", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ปลัดขิก", "roman": "palat khik", "en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm)", "aliases": {"th": ["ปลัด", "ขุนเพ็ด", "อ้ายขิก"], "roman": ["palad khik", "palat khik", "palad kik", "pra lad khik"], "en": ["honourable surrogate", "phallic amulet", "Thai lingam charm"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["maha_saneh", "kan_phi", "chok_lap", "kha_khai"], "materials": ["kala", "khao", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["phallic"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "แท่งไม้หรือโลหะแกะเป็นรูปอวัยวะเพศชาย มีรูหรือห่วงสำหรับร้อยเชือก บางชิ้นมีรูปลิง เสือ หรือนางกวักขี่อยู่บนแท่ง", "shape_en": "A rod carved or cast to a phallic form, pierced or looped for a cord; some carry a small figure riding the shaft (monkey, tiger, Nang Kwak). Sizes run from a pocket piece to shrine-sized poles.", "size_mm": [12, 45, 12], "wearable_th": "ผูกเชือกคาดเอวไว้ใต้เสื้อผ้า ตำราให้ผูกเอวได้ทั้งเด็กและผู้ใหญ่ เด็กชายบางทีห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Tied at the waist on a cord under the clothes; the treatise says waist-tied for children and adults alike. Boys sometimes wear it at the neck.", "obverse_th": "หน้าประธานลงตัว อุ ลำตัวสองข้างลง กันหะ เนหะ ข้างละสองอักขระ (ตำรา) ในภาพประกอบมี ร ธุ ด้านบน ๙ ที่หัว เฆ ฆ ด้านล่าง", "obverse_en": "The treatise inscribes the syllable อุ on the presiding face and กันหะ / เนหะ along the two flanks, two Khom letters a side; its diagram shows ร ธุ above, ๙ at the head, เฆ ฆ below", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Size is a typical pocket piece, marked inference; English Wikipedia gives the range as several inches to several feet. The vault leaves the class unassigned on purpose (see keeping)."}, "iconography": [{"th": "รูปอวัยวะเพศชาย", "en": "the phallic rod itself"}, {"th": "อักขระขอม อุ · กันหะ · เนหะ", "en": "Khom letters อุ, กันหะ, เนหะ on face and flanks (treatise)"}, {"th": "ลิง เสือ หรือนางกวักขี่บนแท่ง", "en": "a monkey, tiger or Nang Kwak riding the shaft (Thai Wikipedia; a variant, not the base form)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) · วิกิพีเดียไทยเอ่ยชื่อหลวงพ่อเหลือ วัดสาวชะโงก เป็นผู้สร้างที่มีชื่อ", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, gives three recipes; Thai Wikipedia names Luang Pho Luea of Wat Sao Cha-ngok as a noted maker", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี วิกิพีเดียทั้งสองภาษาโยงไปถึงศิวลึงค์และอิทธิพลอินเดียราวสองพันปี — เป็นคำอ้าง ไม่ใช่วันที่", "era_en": "Undated treatise. Both Wikipedias trace the form to the Shiva linga and Indian influence roughly two thousand years back; that is a lineage claim, not a date", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ ศาลใหญ่ที่ถ้ำพระนาง กระบี่ และในขบวนบุญบั้งไฟอีสาน", "place_en": "Nationwide; the large in-situ shrine on Commons is Phra Nang cave, Krabi, and rocket-festival parades in the Northeast carry oversized ones", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นแท่งรูปเพศชาย ไม่ใช่องค์พระ ไม่ใช่เหรียญ รูปทรงคือคำตอบแรก", "en": "It is a phallic rod, never a Buddha or a medallion; the form alone names the kind", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราให้แกะจากแก่นคูณ (แบบ ๑–๒) หรือแก่นมะขาม แก่นเมื่อย กาฝาก (แบบ ๓) และลงอักขระ อุ กันหะ เนหะ — ส่องหาอักขระบนหน้าและลำตัว", "en": "The treatise carves it from golden-shower heartwood (methods 1–2) or tamarind, muai heartwood or mistletoe (method 3) and inscribes อุ, กันหะ, เนหะ; look for the letters on face and flanks", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "วัสดุอ่านได้ด้วยตา ไม้ กะลา เขา หรือโลหะหล่อ ไม้เก่าด้วยรอยสึก ไม่ใช่สนิม · กะลาในตลาดจำนวนมากคือปลัดขิกแกะ", "en": "Material reads by eye: wood, coconut shell, horn or cast metal. Wood ages by wear, not patina. Many coconut-shell hits in the corpus are carved palad khik", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "รูปลิง เสือ หรือนางกวักขี่บนแท่งเป็นแบบแยก ไม่ใช่แบบพื้นฐาน", "en": "A riding figure — monkey, tiger, Nang Kwak — marks a variant; the base form is the plain rod", "source": "s:th-wiki-palad-khik", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชิ้นที่ทำจากวัสดุสัตว์คุ้มครองอยู่ใต้กฎหมายไทยและ CITES — ข้อสังเกตทางกฎหมาย ไม่ใช่คำตัดสิน", "en": "Pieces made from protected-animal material fall under Thai law and CITES; a legal notice, not a judgement", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดเป็นหลอดม้วนโลหะที่คาดเอวเหมือนกัน · ปลัดขิกเป็นแท่งแกะรูปเพศชาย", "tell_en": "Both hang at the waist. A takrut is a rolled metal tube with the yantra inside (class yantra_wattu); a palad khik is a solid carved or cast rod whose form is the charm and whose class the vault declines to fix"}, {"id": "kala-ta-diao", "tell_th": "กะลาตาเดียวเป็นของธรรมชาติที่ไม่ได้แกะเป็นรูป · ปลัดขิกกะลาถูกแกะเป็นแท่ง", "tell_en": "A one-eyed coconut shell is a natural talisman kept for what it is; a coconut-shell palad khik has been carved into the rod. Same material, different kind"}, {"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักเป็นรูปหญิงกวักมือ บูชาเป็นเทพ · ถ้าอยู่บนแท่งปลัดขิก แท่งคือของ นางกวักคือลาย", "tell_en": "Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman venerated as a deva; when she rides a palad khik the rod is the object and she is its decoration"}], "market": {"search": ["ปลัดขิก"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Palat khik"], "commons_files": ["File:Talisman Market Bangkok (16) (28327740695).jpg", "File:Talisman Market Bangkok (18) (28327740425).jpg", "File:Phra Nang cave, Rai Leh, Thailand 2018 1.jpg", "File:แท่งปลัดขิกยักษ์ - panoramio.jpg"], "wanted_en": "The free set is market tables (Tha Phra Chan) and shrines (Phra Nang cave, a giant in Chainat). Still wanted: one pocket piece straight on with the Khom letters legible, a side view, and one with a riding figure, at scale."}, "images": [{"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-talisman-market-bangkok-16-28327740695-3f451e.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Talisman Market Bangkok (16) (28327740695).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Talisman_Market_Bangkok_%2816%29_%2828327740695%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104798734", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Sasha India", "credit": "Talisman_Market_Bangkok (16)", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Talisman_Market_Bangkok (16)", "sha256": "ab96c0cf92012123441d2315d7f8f406eef860e33aaab67a0a1f27b587a7fe75", "width": 1600, "height": 1200, "primary": true}, {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-panoramio-bbbb73.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:แท่งปลัดขิกยักษ์ - panoramio.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C_-_panoramio.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52762101", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "::::=UT=::::", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161015052108/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/30591605", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — แท่งปลัดขิกยักษ์", "sha256": "fe4a065d31c1f28013ce76a6caa1c77cc9b3774a164ca34f664b4698b8e2b1c0", "width": 2736, "height": 3648}, {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-phra-nang-cave-rai-leh-thailand-2018-1-f0b767.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Nang cave, Rai Leh, Thailand 2018 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Phra_Nang_cave%2C_Rai_Leh%2C_Thailand_2018_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70171687", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Karelj", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Phallus symbols in Phra Nang cave on the Phra Nang beach in the Krabi Province, Thailand, March 2018", "sha256": "380c6bbe87dacc4ff7141d0183528c0f34491e96545ac37149e3d9e2c567b44a", "width": 2400, "height": 1600}, {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-talisman-market-bangkok-18-28327740425-0c5648.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Talisman Market Bangkok (18) (28327740425).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Talisman_Market_Bangkok_%2818%29_%2828327740425%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104798747", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Sasha India", "credit": "Talisman_Market_Bangkok (18)", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Talisman_Market_Bangkok (18)", "sha256": "e70a3d83e0c0afd4a69904362b70046056232babd6286c1fc2f18f22f44c3f21", "width": 1200, "height": 1600}, {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-rocket-festival-cameraman-salutes-8e7a38.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Rocket Festival Cameraman Salutes.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Rocket_Festival_Cameraman_Salutes.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1703563", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "No machine-readable author provided. 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Pawyilee assumed (based on copyright claims).", "credit": "No machine-readable source provided. 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Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Rocket Festival microphone photographed in his village by Pawyi Lee", "sha256": "6bb5a3b7a22e6c78880b9afa7175d03f8a428b5fb562803fe8983c4d60a8864b", "width": 662, "height": 496}, {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-phra-nang-cave-p1120047-a413bd.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Nang cave P1120047.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Phra_Nang_cave_P1120047.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563876", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "deror_avi", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Phra Nang cave, Phra Nang beach, Rai Leh (Railay) Pennisula, Krabi, Thailand", "sha256": 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"alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Phra Nang cave, Phra Nang beach, Rai Leh (Railay) Pennisula, Krabi, Thailand", "sha256": "ab85c1b2b89b49a493e5648997a4568d8adf680ca9596e015f2b1f542c5e24b2", "width": 4000, "height": 3000}, {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-phra-nang-cave-p1120058-a7a56c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Nang cave P1120058.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Phra_Nang_cave_P1120058.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563950", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "deror_avi", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Phra Nang cave, Phra Nang beach, Rai Leh (Railay) Pennisula, Krabi, Thailand", "sha256": 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cave P1120060.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Phra_Nang_cave_P1120060.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18563955", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "deror_avi", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Phra Nang cave, Phra Nang beach, Rai Leh (Railay) Pennisula, Krabi, Thailand", "sha256": "1c04f569dd7e988b5c4c3e4dea7dbcbe9929ac71b1a56ba9ecd59143bc399f95", "width": 3000, "height": 4000}, {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-phallus-symbols-phra-nang-1-efa036.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phallus symbols Phra Nang 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Phallus_symbols_Phra_Nang_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19068080", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "kallerna", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Phallus symbols in Phra Nang beach, Krabi, Thailand.", "sha256": "82e74f0e123859fd5a033f6e24d3ea55c757e840a83cf03b3c5a7c2fc36ea762", "width": 3000, "height": 2000}, {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-phallus-symbols-phra-nang-2-68767e.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phallus symbols Phra Nang 2.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Phallus_symbols_Phra_Nang_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19068089", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "kallerna", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Phallus symbols in Phra Nang beach, Krabi, Thailand.", "sha256": "ff718500dc1ae0a98b3fc37715c99f5627ef620bc25c62bc7462ea7af313197e", "width": 3000, "height": 2000}], "text": {"what_th": "แท่งแกะหรือหล่อรูปอวัยวะเพศชาย พกติดตัวเพื่อโชค การค้า และคุ้มกัน เป็นเครื่องรางที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดแบบหนึ่งของแถบนี้ และเป็นแบบที่ประเพณีเองจัดไว้สองทาง — ของขลังไม่มีผู้อยู่ทางหนึ่ง ที่สถิตของผู้คุ้มครองอีกทางหนึ่ง", "what_en": "A carved or cast phallic rod, pocket-carried for luck, trade and protection — one of the oldest charm forms in the region, and one the tradition itself files two different ways.", "story_th": "ตำราให้สามวิธี แบบที่ ๑ แกะแก่นคูณ ลง อุ ที่หน้าประธาน กันหะ เนหะ ที่ลำตัว เสกด้วย “กันหะ เนหะ” กันคุณไสย ถูกพิษหรือเจ็บไข้ให้ฝนตูดปลัดขิกกับเหล้ากิน ใช้เป็นเสน่ห์ได้ ห้ามไว้กับตัวเวลาร่วมกับหญิง และเมื่อหญิงมีระดู แบบที่ ๒ แกะและลงอักขระอย่างเดียวกัน แต่เสกด้วยมนต์พื้นบ้านคำหยาบยาว ผูกเอวได้ทั้งเด็กและผู้ใหญ่ ผูกเด็กกันตาลซาง ภูตผี และแม่ซื้อ แบบที่ ๓ ใช้แก่นคูณ แก่นมะขาม แก่นเมื่อย หรือกาฝากก็ได้ เสก “กันหะ เนหะ” ๑๐๘ คาบ กับมนต์สั้นอีกบทหนึ่ง กันคุณไสย พรายน้ำ เขี้ยวงา และเป็นเสน่ห์แก่หญิง", "story_en": "The treatise gives three recipes. Method 1 carves golden-shower heartwood, inscribes อุ on the face and กันหะ เนหะ on the flanks, and consecrates with the two-word katha; it wards sorcery, the tip ground in liquor is drunk for poison or fever, it serves as a love charm, and it must not be on the body during intercourse or near a menstruating woman. Method 2 carves and inscribes the same way but consecrates with a long, bawdy vernacular incantation, and is tied at the waist of children against wasting fevers, spirits and the mae sue birth-spirit, or of adults for everything. Method 3 admits tamarind, muai heartwood or mistletoe as well, chants กันหะ เนหะ 108 times with a second short coarse formula, and is worn against sorcery, water-spirits and fangs and tusks, and for attraction. English Wikipedia adds the modern picture: men wear several on a waist cord, shopkeepers set large ones out, and the form is read back to the Shiva linga.", "keeping_th": "หมวดว่าง — คำศัพท์ในคลังไม่จัดหมวดให้ ผู้ถือบางคนถือเป็นของขลังไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บางคนถือเป็นที่สถิตของผู้คุ้มครอง ต้องมีผู้รู้ชี้ ข้อห้ามที่ตำราให้เองคือ ห้ามไว้กับตัวเวลาร่วมเพศและเมื่อหญิงมีระดู", "keeping_en": "Class deliberately unassigned: the vault vocabulary leaves ปลัดขิก unplaced because some keepers hold it as an impersonal charm with nobody home and nothing owed, and others as a guardian-spirit vessel. It needs a knower, and this record says so rather than deciding. The treatise's own rules are the only ones on paper: not on the body during intercourse, not near a menstruating woman."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:ms6983", "s:en-wiki-palad-khik", "s:th-wiki-palad-khik", "s:amulet-reference", "s:commons-amulets-th", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 3499–3560 (printed pp. 43–44), three methods"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "class null is the vault's own refusal; materials mapped organic/loha onto vault keys, tradition"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "ขุนเพ็ด and อ้ายขิก are regional names the trade uses; not on-wiki"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "typical pocket piece; not measured on a reference object"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-palad-khik", "note": "waist cord under clothing; the treatise's ผูกติดเอว agrees"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-palad-khik", "note": "riding figures; the letters are s:ms6983"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-palad-khik"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "tier both is tradition: named-master pieces trade sian-side, the form floods retail"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "kala", "term": "กะลา", "roman": "kala", "en": "coconut shell", "definition": "Coconut shell, most often the single-eyed shell (กะลาตาเดียว) carved and inscribed. High occurrence in the corpus. Note that many กะลา hits are the carved ปลัดขิก form — cross-check the class axis, which deliberately leaves ปลัดขิก unassigned."}, {"key": "khao", "term": "เขาสัตว์", "roman": "khao sat", "en": "horn", "definition": "Horn, most often buffalo — เขาควาย, and in the strongest form เขาควายเผือก (albino buffalo horn), gathered under conditions that are themselves part of the claim."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 275, "priced": 275, "median_thb": 99.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 300.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "palad-khik/palad-khik-talisman-market-bangkok-16-28327740695-3f451e.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Talisman Market Bangkok (16) (28327740695).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Talisman_Market_Bangkok_%2816%29_%2828327740695%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=104798734", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Sasha India", "credit": "Talisman_Market_Bangkok (16)", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลัดขิก", "alt_en": "Palad khik (phallic waist charm) — Talisman_Market_Bangkok (16)", "sha256": "ab96c0cf92012123441d2315d7f8f406eef860e33aaab67a0a1f27b587a7fe75", "width": 1600, "height": 1200, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "pha-yan", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ผ้ายันต์", "roman": "pha yan", "en": "Pha yan (yantra cloth)", "aliases": {"th": ["ผ้าประเจียด", "ประเจียด", "เสื้อยันต์"], "roman": ["pha yant", "pha prachiat", "prajiad"], "en": ["yantra cloth", "yant cloth", "prajiad armband"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat", "khong_kraphan", "kan_phi", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["pha_yan"], "figures": ["cloth"]}, "form": {"type": "cloth", "shape_th": "ผ้าผืนสี่เหลี่ยม ขาว แดง หรือเหลือง เขียนยันต์ด้วยหมึกดำ ตั้งแต่ผืนเล็กพับใส่กระเป๋าถึงผืนใหญ่แขวนเหนือประตู", "shape_en": "A square or rectangular cloth — white, red or yellow — drawn in black ink with grids, figures and Khom script. Pocket squares, arm- and head-bands (prachiat), door hangings, and shirts sewn from small pieces (suea yan).", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "พับใส่กระเป๋า พันแขน พันศีรษะ หรือแขวนไว้ที่บ้าน", "wearable_en": "Folded in a pocket, tied round the arm or head, or hung in the house over a door", "obverse_th": "ยันต์และอักขระขอม มักมีรูปพระ ฤๅษี หนุมาน หรือสัตว์กลางผืน", "obverse_en": "The yantra and Khom text; often a Buddha, a lersi, Hanuman or an animal at centre", "reverse_th": "เรียบ หรือพิมพ์ทะลุ", "reverse_en": "Plain, or the print showing through", "notes_en": "Modern temple issues are screen-printed in one colour; the treatise's cloths are drawn by hand, and the eight-direction cloth it names is a ceiling canopy for inscribing takrut, not a wearable."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ยันต์ตรีนิสิงเห", "en": "Trinisinghe yantra — against ghosts and demons per the prachiat article"}, {"th": "ยันต์แปดทิศ", "en": "eight-direction yantra; the treatise hangs it as a white ceiling cloth while inscribing"}, {"th": "ยันต์มหาสะท้อน", "en": "Maha Saton reflecting yantra"}, {"th": "รูปพระ ฤๅษี หนุมาน กลางผืน", "en": "a Buddha, lersi or Hanuman figure at centre on temple issues"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "วิกิพีเดียไทยว่าสมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินแจกผ้าประเจียดแก่แม่ทัพราว พ.ศ. ๒๓๑๒ และรัชกาลที่ ๑ แจกทหารราว พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๘", "era_en": "Thai Wikipedia has King Taksin handing prachiat to his commanders around 1769 and Rama I to his soldiers around 1785; both dates unverified against a primary", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Country-wide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นผืนผ้าแบน ไม่ม้วน — ถ้าม้วนเป็นหลอดคือตะกรุด", "en": "A flat cloth. Rolled into a tube it becomes a takrut; the medium is the tell", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "สีผ้าที่พบ: ขาว แดง เหลือง หมึกดำ", "en": "White, red or yellow ground with black ink or pencil per the prachiat article; the ground colour is not a rule", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "อักขระขอมภาคกลาง อักษรธรรมล้านนาและอีสาน อักษรไทยภาคใต้", "en": "Script places it: Khom in the centre, Tham in the north and northeast, Thai script in the south", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ของวัดยุคใหม่พิมพ์สกรีนสีเดียว ของเก่าเขียนมือ เส้นไม่เท่ากัน", "en": "Modern temple issues are screen-printed in one colour with even lines; hand-drawn cloths show uneven strokes and ink pooling", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ผ้าที่ห่อหุ่นพยนต์ไม่ใช่ผ้ายันต์ในฐานะของชิ้นเอง", "en": "A yantra cloth wrapping an effigy is part of that object, and takes that object's class", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์แบน ตะกรุดม้วน หมวดเดียวกัน", "tell_en": "Flat versus rolled. Same class, same keeping; only the form differs."}, {"id": "hun-phayon", "tell_th": "หุ่นพยนต์เป็นรูปคนที่ผ้ายันต์ห่ออยู่ ต้องเซ่น ผ้ายันต์เปล่าไม่ต้อง", "tell_en": "A hun phayon is a figure that a yantra cloth may wrap, and it is fed; the bare cloth is not. If there is a body inside the cloth, it is not this record."}], "market": {"search": ["ผ้ายันต์"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Yantra in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Yant Paed Tidt.jpg", "File:Yantric Matrices04.jpg", "File:ตรีนิสิงเห.jpg", "File:マハーサトン・ヤントラ： Maha Saton Yantra.jpg", "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (080).jpg"], "wanted_en": "The free files are yantra designs and printed sheets, not photographs of a cloth in use. Needed: a printed temple cloth flat, a hand-drawn prachiat tied on an arm, and a door hanging in situ."}, "images": [{"file": "pha-yan/pha-yan-yant-paed-tidt-067498.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yant Paed Tidt.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Yant_Paed_Tidt.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2732154", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Sakyant at English Wikipedia", "credit": "Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์", "alt_en": "Pha yan (yantra cloth) — Yant Paed Tidt", "sha256": "9d4b67ddd945355419fa7462bdddbd98e87a583805bdabb4963ae88662c1ce17", "width": 539, "height": 646, "primary": true}, {"file": "pha-yan/pha-yan-yantric-matrices04-f774fb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yantric Matrices04.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Yantric_Matrices04.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3713973", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Pawyi Lee photo of poster by หลวงปู่พรหมมา เซมจาโร", "credit": "Khun Pm Beauty Shop, Nanaphan Sq, Yasothon, Thailand. Poster from สำนักสงฆ์สวนหินผานางคอย อ.ษรีเมืองใกม่ จ.อุบลราชะานี\n\nSilver image of poster's author is here http://www.krusiam.com/shop/takhli/product/detail.asp?ProductID=P0035934", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์", "alt_en": "Pha yan (yantra cloth) — Photo of มหายันต์พันล้าน Yantric diagrams", "sha256": "ec7d1e06e80b19c6aa1eedc47eeb88448bf7ade6ec8deffeb780793625e03791", "width": 2979, "height": 1875}, {"file": "pha-yan/pha-yan-maha-saton-yantra-a44959.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:マハーサトン・ヤントラ： Maha Saton Yantra.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%EF%BC%9A_Maha_Saton_Yantra.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38333063", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "叡智探求者", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์", "alt_en": "Pha yan (yantra cloth) — マハーサトン・ヤントラ　（Maha　Saton　Yantra）　タイ王国の仏教寺院のある高僧関係者の中で注目を集めている非物質世界の御守り。　いつから、いつまでという具体的な年数は不明だが、過去数百年間、その存在は消え失せていて、最近再び、", "sha256": "1aab0afa639a877519edb24c4d781e7e41599aea1219650c2240f71213e1cd27", "width": 305, "height": 432}, {"file": "pha-yan/pha-yan-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-080-7712dd.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (080).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28080%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443103", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์", "alt_en": "Pha yan (yantra cloth) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "34c6eb1758f17b72e992af0f2c7dc2850448e8bc970ffbaf719cae1ee0e82e51", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "pha-yan/pha-yan-jpg-eef016.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ตรีนิสิงเห.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89578400", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "http://www.lucky4u.org/product/104/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์", "alt_en": "Pha yan (yantra cloth) — Trinisinghe yantra, consists of diagonal grid and numbers.", "sha256": "ae653e8dd28d9d4928289333aeb4bea9c5756a61f8988089a266c1e793e92d4d", "width": 1318, "height": 1295}, {"file": "pha-yan/pha-yan-museum-skiva-amulett-93f747.jpg", "source": "museum", "title": "skiva, amulett", "url": "https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-em/web/image/zoom/4524606/dia-68.329.jpg", "page_url": "https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1301548?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm)", "credit": "Vanadis expedition purchase, Bangkok 1887", "view": "group", "alt_th": "ปึกแผ่นยันต์ลงรักแดงมัดเชือก ซื้อที่บางกอก พ.ศ. ๒๔๓๐", "alt_en": "Pha yan (yantra cloth) — A tied stack of square red-lacquered sheets catalogued in 1887 as \"sheet, amulet\" — read here as yantra sheets (ผ้ายันต์ / ประเจียด); the museum does not say, so this is an inference", "sha256": "93f747e995df39115109d1afd5bc56cc809338c31dd5cc7a268ba856fec5efea"}], "text": {"what_th": "ผ้าผืนสี่เหลี่ยมหรือธงที่เขียนตาราง รูป และอักขระ แขวนเหนือประตู พับใส่กระเป๋า หรือพันตัว ลายยันต์มีดัชนีของตัวเองที่ /yant", "what_en": "A cloth square or banner drawn with grids, figures and script — hung over a door, folded into a pocket, or worn. The drawn designs have their own index here: /yant.", "story_th": "ตำราไม่มีบทสร้างผ้ายันต์โดยตรง แต่ใช้ผ้ายันต์เป็นเครื่องมือ: ดาดเพดานด้วยผ้าขาวลงยันต์แปดทิศเมื่อลงตะกรุดโทนในโบสถ์ และคาถาปลุกใหญ่นับ ผ้าประเจียด ไว้ในบรรดาของที่ปลุกให้คงทนแคล้วคลาด วิกิพีเดียไทยว่าประเจียดเป็นผ้าผูกศีรษะ คอ แขน สีขาว แดง เหลือง ที่กษัตริย์แจกทหารก่อนออกศึก และยังใช้ในมวยไทยและกระบี่กระบอง", "story_en": "The treatise has no recipe for the cloth itself; it uses one. A white cloth bearing the eight-direction yantra is stretched as a ceiling while a takrut is inscribed in the ordination hall, and the great waking-katha lists the prachiat among the things it rouses to endure and evade. Thai Wikipedia describes the prachiat as a white, red or yellow cloth tied at head, neck or arm, handed to soldiers by Taksin and Rama I before battle, and still worn by Muay Thai and krabi-krabong fighters. The temple-issue cloth hung over a shop door is the same object at rest.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง แขวนหรือพกได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Hang it or carry it with unknown history; its question is only whose hand drew it."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-prachiat", "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "canopy at L4464; waking-katha at L2932"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat", "note": "dates as given on-wiki, not checked"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "pha_yan", "term": "ผ้ายันต์", "roman": "pha yan", "en": "inscribed cloth", "definition": "Cloth bearing a drawn or stamped yantra. Strictly a form rather than a material, kept on this axis because the market names it in the material slot and a reader looking for \"what is it made of\" will look here. Cross-reference the motif axis for the yantra itself."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 389, "priced": 389, "median_thb": 98.0, "typical_thb": [19.0, 238.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "pha-yan/pha-yan-yant-paed-tidt-067498.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yant Paed Tidt.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Yant_Paed_Tidt.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2732154", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Sakyant at English Wikipedia", "credit": "Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้ายันต์", "alt_en": "Pha yan (yantra cloth) — Yant Paed Tidt", "sha256": "9d4b67ddd945355419fa7462bdddbd98e87a583805bdabb4963ae88662c1ce17", "width": 539, "height": 646, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phat-ban-menh", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระพุทธเจ้าประจำปีนักษัตรจีน", "roman": "Phật bản mệnh", "en": "Birth-year guardian Buddha pendant", "aliases": {"th": ["พระประจำปีเกิด ๘ พระโพธิสัตว์", "พระ ๑๒ นักษัตรจีน"], "roman": ["phat ban menh", "ben ming fo", "ba da shou hu shen"], "en": ["life-Buddha pendant", "eight zodiac guardians", "natal Buddha"]}, "other_scripts": {"vi": "Phật bản mệnh", "zh": "本命佛 · 八大守護神", "ja": "十二支守護本尊"}}, "region": ["vn", "diaspora"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": [], "figures": ["buddha", "deity"]}, "form": {"type": "medallion", "shape_th": "จี้แบน แกะหรือหล่อรูปพระพุทธเจ้าหรือพระโพธิสัตว์องค์เดียว เลือกตามปีเกิดผู้ใส่", "shape_en": "A flat pendant carved or cast with one Buddha or bodhisattva figure, chosen by the wearer's birth-year animal; jade, obsidian, silver and gold-plated alloy in the retail trade", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck on a cord or chain", "obverse_th": "รูปพระประจำนักษัตร ๑ ใน ๘ องค์", "obverse_en": "One of the eight guardian figures", "reverse_th": "มักเรียบ หรือมีสัตว์นักษัตร/อักษรพีชะ", "reverse_en": "Usually plain; some carry the zodiac animal or a Sanskrit seed syllable. Tradition, not verified", "notes_en": "Materials named in the trade have no vault key (jade, obsidian); left empty on the axis."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ชวด: พระอวโลกิเตศวรพันหัตถ์ (Thiên Thủ Thiên Nhãn)", "en": "Rat: Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara"}, {"th": "ฉลู ขาล: พระอากาศครรภโพธิสัตว์ (Hư Không Tạng)", "en": "Ox, Tiger: Ākāśagarbha"}, {"th": "เถาะ: พระมัญชุศรี (Văn Thù)", "en": "Rabbit: Mañjuśrī"}, {"th": "มะโรง มะเส็ง: พระสมันตภัทร (Phổ Hiền)", "en": "Dragon, Snake: Samantabhadra"}, {"th": "มะเมีย: พระมหาสถามปราปต์ (Đại Thế Chí)", "en": "Horse: Mahāsthāmaprāpta"}, {"th": "มะแม วอก: พระไวโรจนะ (Đại Nhật Như Lai)", "en": "Goat, Monkey: Mahāvairocana"}, {"th": "ระกา: พระอจลนาถ (Bất Động Minh Vương)", "en": "Rooster: Acala"}, {"th": "จอ กุน: พระอมิตาภะ (A Di Đà)", "en": "Dog, Pig: Amitābha"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "โรงงานเครื่องประดับและร้านค้าออนไลน์ ไม่ผูกกับวัดใด", "maker_en": "Jewellery workshops and online sellers; not tied to a temple or a named maker", "era_th": "ชุดพระผู้พิทักษ์ ๑๒ นักษัตรมาจากนิกายชินงอนญี่ปุ่น ไม่ปรากฏในพระสูตร แพร่เป็นสินค้าในจีนและเวียดนามยุคหลัง", "era_en": "The twelve-branch guardian set is Japanese Shingon practice; Chinese Wikipedia notes it appears in no sutra. Its spread as a Chinese and Vietnamese retail pendant is recent and undated in the sources", "place_th": "ญี่ปุ่น → จีน → เวียดนาม", "place_en": "Japan, then China and Vietnam", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "๘ องค์แบ่งกัน ๑๒ นักษัตร: ชวด/ฉลู-ขาล/เถาะ/มะโรง-มะเส็ง/มะเมีย/มะแม-วอก/ระกา/จอ-กุน — องค์ที่ใส่ต้องตรงปีเกิด", "en": "Eight figures share twelve animals (rat / ox-tiger / rabbit / dragon-snake / horse / goat-monkey / rooster / dog-pig); the figure must match the wearer's birth year, which is the first thing a reader checks", "source": "s:ja-wiki-shugo-honzon", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชุดนี้มาจากชินงอนญี่ปุ่นและไม่ปรากฏในพระสูตร คำโฆษณาว่า 'โบราณ' ไม่มีที่มาในตำรา", "en": "The set is Japanese Shingon in origin and absent from the canonical texts; a seller's claim of antiquity has no support in the tradition's own literature", "source": "s:zh-wiki-ba-da-shou-hu-shen", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "รายการจีนบางฉบับสลับคู่ วอก→อจลนาถ, ระกา→อมิตาภะ; ตรวจตารางที่ผู้ขายใช้", "en": "Chinese lists differ from the Japanese table on two animals (monkey given to Acala, rooster to Amitābha in the zh table); check which table the seller follows", "source": "s:zh-wiki-ba-da-shou-hu-shen", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ไม่ใช่พระประจำวันเกิดของไทย ซึ่งจัดตามวันในสัปดาห์และเป็นปางพระพุทธรูป", "en": "Not the Thai พระประจำวันเกิด: that system is by weekday (Sunday ปางถวายเนตร … Saturday ปางนาคปรก) and uses Buddha postures, not bodhisattvas", "source": "s:th-wiki-pang-phra-phuttharup", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ขายเป็นสินค้าจี้ หยก ออบซิเดียน เงิน — วัตถุมงคลเชิงพาณิชย์ ไม่มีพิธีปลุกเสกประจำ", "en": "Sold as jewellery (jade, obsidian, silver, plated alloy) with no standing consecration rite; Chinese Wikipedia lists cards, jewellery, thangka and amulets among the commercial forms", "source": "s:zh-wiki-ba-da-shou-hu-shen", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "kuan-im", "tell_th": "กวนอิมทั่วไปใส่ได้ทุกคน พระประจำนักษัตรผูกกับปีเกิด และองค์ชวดคือกวนอิมพันหัตถ์", "tell_en": "A Guanyin pendant is for anyone; the natal-Buddha pendant is keyed to the birth year, and its Rat figure happens to be the thousand-armed Guanyin, so count the arms."}, {"id": "jade-buddha-burmese", "tell_th": "พระหยกพม่าเป็นพระพุทธรูปปางสมาธิหรือมารวิชัย ไม่ผูกนักษัตร", "tell_en": "A Burmese jade Buddha is a seated Buddha in meditation or earth-touching posture with no zodiac key; the same jade carries a bodhisattva here."}, {"id": "locket", "tell_th": "ล็อกเก็ตไทยเป็นรูปถ่ายพระเกจิใต้เรซิน", "tell_en": "A Thai locket is a photograph of a monk under resin; this is a carved or cast bodhisattva."}], "market": {"search": ["ประจำปีเกิด", "นักษัตรจีน"], "excludes": ["ประจำวันเกิด"], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph of a Phật bản mệnh pendant found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches in vi, zh, ja and en returned nothing). Needed: one pendant obverse with the figure legible, and a retail card showing the twelve-animal table."}, "text": {"what_th": "จี้พระพุทธเจ้าหรือพระโพธิสัตว์ ๑ ใน ๘ องค์ เลือกตามปีนักษัตรจีนของผู้ใส่ ชุดนี้มาจากนิกายชินงอนญี่ปุ่น ขายเป็นเครื่องประดับในจีนและเวียดนาม ไทยมีขายบ้างในชื่อ 'พระประจำปีเกิด นักษัตรจีน' ไม่ใช่พระประจำวันเกิดแบบไทย", "what_en": "A pendant of one of eight Buddhas and bodhisattvas, chosen by the wearer's Chinese zodiac year. The eight-figure set is Japanese Shingon practice, sold today as jewellery across China and Vietnam and, thinly, in Thailand under 'Chinese zodiac birth-year Buddha'. It is not the Thai weekday birthday Buddha.", "story_th": "ญี่ปุ่นจัดพระผู้พิทักษ์ ๘ องค์ให้ ๑๒ นักษัตร (十二支守護本尊) จีนรับไปเป็น 本命佛 และเวียดนามเป็น Phật bản mệnh วิกิพีเดียจีนบันทึกว่าไม่พบในพระสูตรใด ปัจจุบันเป็นสินค้าจี้หยก ออบซิเดียน เงิน พร้อมการ์ดตารางนักษัตร", "story_en": "Japanese esoteric Buddhism assigns eight guardian figures to the twelve branches. China took the set over as the 本命佛 'natal Buddha' and Vietnam as Phật bản mệnh; Chinese Wikipedia records that the pairing appears in no scripture, and that Tibetan-style sellers swap four of the figures. Today it is a retail pendant in jade, obsidian or silver, sold with a card giving the zodiac table. On Lazada Thailand one listing offers the set as 'Buddha of the 12 signs, Chinese zodiac, 8 bodhisattvas'.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เป็นรูปพระที่ใส่ได้เลย", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed: a Buddha-image pendant in the vault's phra_khrueang sense, adoptable with no history. Whether it was ever consecrated is a question about the seller, not the class."}, "sources": ["s:ja-wiki-shugo-honzon", "s:zh-wiki-ba-da-shou-hu-shen", "s:th-wiki-pang-phra-phuttharup", "s:catalog-db", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:zh-wiki-ba-da-shou-hu-shen"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "inference", "note": "phra_khrueang applied to a non-Thai Buddha-image pendant; the vault does not name it"}, "names.th": {"tier": "inference", "note": "descriptive Thai; the one Lazada title says พระพุทธเจ้า 12 ราศี ประจำปีเกิด นักษัตรจีน"}, "form": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "1 title on ประจำปีเกิด as of 2026-09-02; ประจำวันเกิด excluded because it is the Thai weekday system"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "vn", "th": "เวียดนาม", "en": "Vietnam"}, {"key": "diaspora", "th": "ชุมชนไทยโพ้นทะเล", "en": "Overseas Thai / Chinese-Thai collector communities"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 2, "priced": 2, "median_thb": 56.629999999999995, "typical_thb": [43.26, 70.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phaya-khrut", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พญาครุฑ", "roman": "phaya khrut", "en": "Phaya Khrut (the garuda)", "aliases": {"th": ["ครุฑ", "พระครุฑ", "ครุฑยุดนาค"], "roman": ["phaya krut", "khrut", "garuda"], "en": ["Garuda", "king of birds", "mount of Vishnu"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi", "kha_khai", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "samrit"], "figures": ["deity", "animal"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปครุฑกางปีก ครึ่งคนครึ่งนก หล่อโลหะ ตั้งแต่จี้เล็กจนถึงรูปตั้งบูชา", "shape_en": "A winged man-bird with wings spread, cast in metal from small pendant to shelf standard; flat medallion and openwork pendant forms both occur", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "จี้ห้อยคอ แหวน หรือรูปตั้ง", "wearable_en": "Worn as a pendant or ring, or stood on a shelf", "obverse_th": "ครุฑยืนกางปีก มือทั้งสองชูขึ้น บางแบบจับนาค", "obverse_en": "The garuda stands with wings spread and arms raised; some forms grip a naga (ครุฑยุดนาค)", "reverse_th": "ยันต์ ชื่อวัด หรือเรียบ", "reverse_en": "A yantra, the issuing temple, or plain", "notes_en": "The reference cards record ivory-nut wood alongside metal; the vault key lists metal only."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ครึ่งคนครึ่งนก กางปีก", "en": "half man, half bird, wings spread"}, {"th": "ครุฑยุดนาค", "en": "garuda seizing a naga in each hand (a classic sub-type)"}, {"th": "มงกุฎ เล็บ จะงอยปาก", "en": "crown, talons, and a beak-like face"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "ครุฑเป็นตราแผ่นดินไทย รูปเคารพในวัดและวังมีมาแต่โบราณ", "era_en": "The garuda is the royal and national emblem of Thailand and an old temple and palace motif; when it became a mass-market amulet is not something this record can date", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Nationwide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ปีกกางเป็นเครื่องหมายแรก — ยักษ์ไม่มีปีก", "en": "Spread wings are the first mark; a yaksha has none", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หล่อโลหะเป็นหลัก มีทั้งจี้ทึบ จี้ฉลุ และรูปตั้ง", "en": "Cast metal as a rule: solid pendant, openwork pendant, or standing figure", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตราครุฑของราชการและตราตั้งห้างร้านไม่ใช่วัตถุมงคล", "en": "The state garuda on documents and the royal-warrant garuda over a shop door are emblems, not amulets — same bird, no consecration", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ประกาศขายมักอ้าง กันคุณไสย อำนาจ ค้าขาย", "en": "Listings state warding off black magic and curses (กันคุณไสย), authority, and commerce; one of the highest-frequency motifs in the current market", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "thao-wessuwan", "tell_th": "ครุฑมีปีก ยืนบนฐานหรือเหยียบนาค · เวสสุวรรณเป็นยักษ์ถือกระบอง", "tell_en": "The garuda has wings and often a naga underfoot; Wessuwan is a wingless giant leaning on a club. Both devas, both cast metal."}, {"id": "salika", "tell_th": "สาลิกาเป็นนกตัวเล็กธรรมดา เน้นเมตตา วาจา · ครุฑเป็นครึ่งคนครึ่งนก เน้นอำนาจ", "tell_en": "The salika is a small natural bird, a charm of sweet speech; the garuda is a crowned man-bird of authority."}, {"id": "phra-rahu", "tell_th": "ราหูเป็นหัวอมจันทร์ ไม่มีตัว มักแกะกะลา · ครุฑเต็มตัว กางปีก หล่อโลหะ", "tell_en": "Rahu is a bodiless head swallowing the moon, usually carved in coconut shell; the garuda is a whole winged figure in metal."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อคือพระเกจิครองจีวร · ครุฑเป็นเทพมีปีก", "tell_en": "A rup lo is a cast monk in robes; a garuda is a winged deva. Cast metal both, so the figure decides."}], "market": {"search": ["ครุฑ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Garuda in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Siam, garuda inginocchiato in anjalimudra, in bronzo, xix secolo.jpg", "File:WLANL - jankie - Mythische vogel Garuda (Thailand), 20e eeuw.jpg", "File:072 Garuda (9204330259).jpg", "File:ครุฑ.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Commons holds temple and museum garudas, no amulet. Needed: a pendant garuda obverse and reverse, and the openwork type beside the solid type"}, "images": [{"file": "phaya-khrut/phaya-khrut-siam-garuda-inginocchiato-in-anjalimudra-358b7e.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam, garuda inginocchiato in anjalimudra, in bronzo, xix secolo.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Siam%2C_garuda_inginocchiato_in_anjalimudra%2C_in_bronzo%2C_xix_secolo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96096469", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "Sailko", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พญาครุฑ", "alt_en": "Phaya Khrut (the garuda) — Art of Thailand in the Museo civico d'arte siamese Stefano Cardu", "sha256": "e3953082afd567f9cb2b8275db5689347c95b29f0957d2494d60bdea6996dcf2", "width": 1548, "height": 3102, "primary": true}, {"file": "phaya-khrut/phaya-khrut-wlanl-jankie-mythische-vogel-garuda-thai-43a1f6.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:WLANL - jankie - Mythische vogel Garuda (Thailand), 20e eeuw.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/WLANL_-_jankie_-_Mythische_vogel_Garuda_%28Thailand%29%2C_20e_eeuw.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7624120", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "author": "jankie", "credit": "Mythische vogel Garuda (Thailand), 20e eeuw", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พญาครุฑ", "alt_en": "Phaya Khrut (the garuda) — Mythical bird Garuda (Thailand)\ntemple decoration\n1st half 20th century\ngold\nBirds are connected to the upperworld and t", "sha256": "6f7c8fbfe184f5eff3b775cb694ad65f6ad01aeb0b4ee0b442e34809b904bce9", "width": 1632, "height": 1224}, {"file": "phaya-khrut/phaya-khrut-jpg-5ad20e.jpg", 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"phaya-khrut/phaya-khrut-chao-sam-phraya-museum-2017-02-13-034-b31e66.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chao Sam Phraya Museum - 2017-02-13 (034).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Chao_Sam_Phraya_Museum_-_2017-02-13_%28034%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56264513", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พญาครุฑ", "alt_en": "Phaya Khrut (the garuda) — * Place: Building 1, Chao Sam Phraya National Museum, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand\nItems: Garuda bow of a", "sha256": "1c3db39f859cf74aadb095337a0ccea559e0c5c1d28fa4ad34e7b3ba1b4ff108", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}], "text": {"what_th": "พญาครุฑ ราชาแห่งนก กางปีก — อำนาจ แคล้วคลาด และหนี้ที่ไม่กล้าตามมา หล่อโลหะตั้งแต่จี้จนถึงรูปตั้ง เป็นเทพที่บูชาผ่านวัตถุ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "what_en": "The king of birds, wings spread — authority, safe passage, and debt that dares not follow. Cast in metal from pendant to standard.", "story_th": "ครุฑเป็นพาหนะของพระนารายณ์ และเป็นตราแผ่นดิน ในวงการวัตถุมงคลผู้ค้ากล่าวถึงอำนาจบารมี ค้าขายคล่อง และที่ย้ำบ่อยคือกันคุณไสย ตามชั้นของหมวด ผู้บูชาถวายความเคารพและเครื่องสักการะ ไม่ใช่การเลี้ยงผี", "story_en": "The garuda is Vishnu's mount and the emblem of the Thai state, which is why the same bird sits on a passport and on a pendant. In the trade it is sold for commanding presence, for commerce that moves, and — the claim listings repeat most — for warding off black magic and curses. The vault places it with Wessuwan and Rahu: a deva venerated through the object, owed respect, not a raised ghost that eats. What the tradition calls the garuda's power is authority; the keeper borrows the bird's rank.", "keeping_th": "เทพสถิตในความหมายของการบูชา ถวายความเคารพและเครื่องสักการะ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง วางลงได้", "keeping_en": "Deva tier: veneration, not feeding. Respect and small offerings; can be set down. Provenance sensitivity medium — ask, but no history follows it the way a spirit-object's does."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:amulet-reference"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "note": "authority has no vocab key; kan_phi stands in for กันคุณไสย"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "samrit", "term": "สัมฤทธิ์", "roman": "samrit", "en": "bronze", "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 167, "priced": 167, "median_thb": 100.0, "typical_thb": [29.0, 289.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phaya-khrut/phaya-khrut-siam-garuda-inginocchiato-in-anjalimudra-358b7e.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam, garuda inginocchiato in anjalimudra, in bronzo, xix secolo.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Siam%2C_garuda_inginocchiato_in_anjalimudra%2C_in_bronzo%2C_xix_secolo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96096469", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "Sailko", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พญาครุฑ", "alt_en": "Phaya Khrut (the garuda) — Art of Thailand in the Museo civico d'arte siamese Stefano Cardu", "sha256": "e3953082afd567f9cb2b8275db5689347c95b29f0957d2494d60bdea6996dcf2", "width": 1548, "height": 3102, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phaya-nak", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พญานาค", "roman": "phaya nak", "en": "Naga pendant", "aliases": {"th": ["นาค", "นาคราช", "พญาศรีสุทโธนาคราช", "องค์นาคา"], "roman": ["phaya naga", "nak", "nakkharat"], "en": ["Phaya Naga", "Naga king", "serpent-lord amulet"]}}, "region": ["th", "th-isan"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["chok_lap", "metta_maha_niyom", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "nuea_phong", "nuea_waan"], "figures": ["deity", "animal"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปหล่อพญานาคชูคอแผ่พังพาน หัวเดียวหรือหลายหัว หรือเหรียญ", "shape_en": "Cast figure of a hooded serpent rearing, one head or several; also struck medallions and resin-and-powder figures", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอ พกกระเป๋า หรือตั้งบูชา", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck, carried, or set on a shrine", "obverse_th": "นาคแผ่พังพาน มีหงอนและเครา บางองค์ถือแก้วมณี", "obverse_en": "Hooded naga with crest and beard, sometimes with a jewel in the mouth or coils", "reverse_th": "ยันต์ ชื่อวัดหรือสำนัก", "reverse_en": "Yantra; wat or shrine name", "notes_en": "Forms are trade description; the 2022 government prototype gives four naga families in distinct colours (en Wikipedia)."}, "iconography": [{"th": "งูใหญ่แผ่พังพาน", "en": "great serpent with spread hood"}, {"th": "หงอน เครา", "en": "crest and beard"}, {"th": "หลายเศียร", "en": "multiple heads on some"}, {"th": "แก้วมณี", "en": "jewel (trade)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "หลายวัดและสำนัก โดยเฉพาะอีสานลุ่มน้ำโขง", "maker_en": "Many wats and shrines, above all along the Mekong in Isan", "era_th": "กระแสบูชานาคยุคปัจจุบัน; ครม. ประกาศเป็นเอกลักษณ์ประจำชาติ พ.ศ. 2565", "era_en": "The present naga cult; the cabinet named the naga a national symbol in November 2022", "place_th": "คำชะโนด อุดรธานี · หนองคาย · ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Kham Chanot (Udon Thani), Nong Khai, nationwide", "first_attested": "2022 national-symbol designation (en Wikipedia) — for the modern cult, not the belief"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "งูมีหงอนและพังพาน — งูไม่มีหงอนคืองูธรรมดา ครุฑมีปีก", "en": "A serpent with crest and hood; without the crest it is a plain snake, and a winged bird-man is Garuda", "source": "s:th-wiki-nak", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "นาคปรก คือพระพุทธรูปมีนาคแผ่พังพานคลุม — เป็นพระเครื่อง ไม่ใช่นาคเดี่ยว", "en": "A naga hood over a seated Buddha is นาคปรก, class phra_khrueang (the Mucalinda episode); the naga alone is this kind", "source": "s:th-wiki-nak", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "รูปหล่อสมัยใหม่มักลงสีหรือเคลือบ มีชื่อสำนักที่ฐาน", "en": "Modern casts are often painted or enamelled, with the shrine's name on the base", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "สี่ตระกูลสี่สี ตามต้นแบบราชการ พ.ศ. 2565", "en": "Four naga families in four colours per the 2022 government prototype, with Nak Vasuki as the lead form", "source": "s:en-wiki-naga", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phaya-khrut", "tell_th": "ครุฑมีปีกและจะงอยปาก คู่ปรับของนาค · นาคเป็นงูมีหงอน", "tell_en": "Garuda is winged and beaked, the naga's enemy; the naga is a crested serpent. Same deva-tier class."}, {"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "พระนาคปรกจากกรุเป็นพระพุทธรูปใต้พังพาน — พระเครื่อง ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "tell_en": "A cache นาคปรก is a Buddha under the hood: phra_khrueang, nobody home. This kind is the serpent alone, venerated."}, {"id": "phra-rahu", "tell_th": "ราหูอมจันทร์ หน้ายักษ์ไม่มีตัว · นาคมีลำตัวขด", "tell_en": "Rahu is a bodiless giant's face swallowing the moon; the naga has a coiled body"}, {"id": "jatukham", "tell_th": "จตุคามเป็นเหรียญกลมใหญ่รูปเทพนั่ง อาจมีนาคล้อมขอบ", "tell_en": "A Jatukham is a large round disc with a seated deity, sometimes ringed by nagas; the naga here is the whole figure"}], "market": {"search": ["พญานาค"], "excludes": ["บั้งไฟพญานาค"], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Nāga in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Nāga at Wat Kham Chanot.JPG", "File:Phaya Naga @ Kam Cha Nod , สระพญานาคที่ป่าคำชะโนด บ้านดุง จ.อุดรธานี - panoramio.jpg", "File:Nāga in Nong Khai 1.jpg", "File:Naga statue doi suthep.jpg", "File:พระนาคปรก กรุนาดูน.jpg", "File:Laonaga.jpg", "File:พญานาค (2).jpg"], "wanted_en": "Free files show shrine and temple nagas, and one cache นาคปรก tablet for contrast. Needed: a cast naga pendant front and back, and a painted resin naga figure of the current cult."}, "text": {"what_th": "จี้หรือรูปหล่อพญานาค เจ้าแห่งงูและน้ำในความเชื่อไทย-ลาว ผู้เฝ้าแม่น้ำโขง เป็นเครื่องรางที่นิยมที่สุดของยุคนี้ ขอโชคลาภและเมตตา", "what_en": "A pendant or small cast figure of the naga, serpent-lord of water in Thai-Lao belief and keeper of the Mekong. The most fashionable deity object of the present decade, asked for luck and favour.", "story_th": "ตำนานว่านาคสองตนเลื้อยเกิดเป็นแม่น้ำโขงและแม่น้ำน่าน อีสานเชื่อว่าบั้งไฟพญานาคกลางโขงคือฤทธิ์นาค คำชะโนดเป็นวังนาค ในพุทธศาสนานาคมุจลินท์แผ่พังพานกันฝนให้พระพุทธเจ้า เป็นที่มาของปางนาคปรก พ.ศ. 2565 รัฐบาลประกาศให้นาคเป็นเอกลักษณ์ประจำชาติ", "story_en": "Legend has two nagas carve the Mekong and the Nan with their bodies; Isan reads the Mekong fireballs as naga breath and Kham Chanot as a naga palace. In Buddhism the naga Mucalinda shields the Buddha from rain, the source of the นาคปรก image. In 2022 the cabinet named the naga a national symbol for cultural and creative-economy ends, and the pendant trade rode the same wave.", "keeping_th": "บูชาด้วยดอกไม้ น้ำ ผลไม้ และความเคารพ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยงอย่างกุมาร ไม่ใช่ผี", "keeping_en": "Kept by veneration: flowers, water, fruit, respect. Not fed like a kuman, not a ghost; deva-tier keeping."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-nak", "s:en-wiki-naga", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition", "s:commons-amulets-th"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-nak", "note": "with s:en-wiki-naga for the 2022 designation; the last clause is tradition"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-naga"}, "axes.class": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "phaya-nak/phaya-nak-n-ga-at-wat-kham-chanot-9d5c1f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nāga at Wat Kham Chanot.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/N%C4%81ga_at_Wat_Kham_Chanot.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": 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"phaya-nak/phaya-nak-emerald-buddha-temple-2017-06-11-086-a63c59.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Emerald Buddha Temple - 2017-06-11 (086).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28086%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=59892969", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พญานาค", "alt_en": "Naga pendant — * Overview: Painting at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, Bangkok, depicting characters or scenes from Rammakian, a Thai", "sha256": "3f57a51388f1743072bc4235b23a766d0bfc2af7aa00ab9cbb582ee8a96ad108", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}, {"file": "phaya-nak/phaya-nak-laonaga-8d36fd.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Laonaga.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Laonaga.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12647553", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Adam Carr", "credit": "Own work, transferred from [1]", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พญานาค", "alt_en": "Naga pendant — A en:Phaya Naga guarding the Temple of en:Wat Si Saket, Vientiane, Laos.", "sha256": "05a7e039b1a581af4afbe7ceb2a5f10788fc8b54679d0f92b55c9eb8f5a48262", "width": 1200, "height": 1600}, {"file": "phaya-nak/phaya-nak-2-658125.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พญานาค (2).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84_%282%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=67190557", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Dheerajatt1974", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พญานาค", "alt_en": "Naga pendant — พญานาคคบเพลิง", "sha256": "e130c9abe2e9b0dcf9b1f0d7f33504288309edf3e0354506e704e1c3d65c8857", "width": 3264, "height": 2448}], "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "nuea_waan", "term": "เนื้อว่าน", "roman": "nuea waan", "en": "sacred-herb paste", "definition": "Paste of ว่าน — the sacred tubers and herbs gathered under prescribed conditions. Northern practice is particularly rich here. Ages by drying and shrinking rather than by patina. The manuscripts carry ว่าน heavily — คาถาเสกว่าน, formulae for consecrating the herb — so this term joins the two corpora directly, once the กว่าน collision is excluded."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "th-isan", "th": "อีสาน", "en": "Northeastern Thailand"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 66, "priced": 66, "median_thb": 81.60499999999999, "typical_thb": [29.0, 290.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phaya-nak/phaya-nak-n-ga-at-wat-kham-chanot-9d5c1f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nāga at Wat Kham Chanot.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/N%C4%81ga_at_Wat_Kham_Chanot.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5998797", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "User:Mattes", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พญานาค", "alt_en": "Naga pendant — Nāga statue at Wat Kham Chanot (Wat Kumchanot), Udon Thani province, Thailand.", "sha256": "b46d6484fdd2338e168e43d41b836159c1cbc09c72c82d073fb094fab80a4ce4", "width": 2304, "height": 3072, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phaya-tao-ruean", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พญาเต่าเรือน", "roman": "phaya tao ruean", "en": "Phaya Tao Ruean (turtle-king charm)", "aliases": {"th": ["เต่าเรือน", "พญาเต่า", "เต่าหลวงปู่หลิว"], "roman": ["phaya tao ruan", "paya tao ruen", "tao ruean"], "en": ["house-turtle amulet", "Luang Pu Liu turtle"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["chok_lap", "kha_khai", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "nuea_din"], "figures": ["animal"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปเต่าหล่อโลหะหรือเนื้อผงดิน กระดองมักมียันต์หรือรูปหลวงปู่หลิว บางรุ่นเป็นเหรียญปั๊มทรงเต่า", "shape_en": "A turtle in cast metal or pressed body, the shell usually carrying a yantra or the monk's image; some issues are struck medallions in turtle outline", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอ หรือรูปบูชาขนาดใหญ่", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck; large altar versions exist", "notes_en": "The card records both cast-figure and coin-medallion forms. Materials follow the holding key (metal, earth); specific alloys vary by issue and belong to the issue record."}, "iconography": [{"th": "เต่าหันหน้าตรง กระดองนูน", "en": "a turtle face-on with a domed shell"}, {"th": "ยันต์หรือรูปหลวงปู่หลิวบนกระดอง", "en": "a yantra or Luang Pu Liu's likeness on the shell"}, {"th": "หลวงปู่หลิวนั่งพญาเต่าเรือน — รูปบูชาใหญ่ที่วัดไร่แตงทอง", "en": "Luang Pu Liu seated on the turtle — the large image at Wat Rai Taeng Thong"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดไร่แตงทอง นครปฐม · วัดไทรทองพัฒนา กาญจนบุรี (ตามการ์ด)", "wat_en": "Wat Rai Taeng Thong, Thung Luk Nok, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom (Thai Wikipedia); Wat Sai Thong Phatthana, Kanchanaburi (reference card)", "maker_th": "หลวงปู่หลิว ปุณฺณโก", "maker_en": "Luang Pu Liu Punnako; the card also traces older turtles to Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan", "era_th": "วัดไร่แตงทองตั้ง ๑๗ มีนาคม พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๕ ตามวิกิพีเดียไทย รุ่นเต่าที่ดังมักจัดไว้ปลายพุทธศตวรรษที่ ๒๕ (ประเพณี)", "era_en": "Wat Rai Taeng Thong was founded 17 March 1992 per Thai Wikipedia; the famous turtle issues are usually placed in the late 20th century (tradition)", "place_th": "นครปฐม · กาญจนบุรี", "place_en": "Nakhon Pathom and Kanchanaburi", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นรูปสัตว์ ไม่ใช่องค์พระ — หมวดวัตถุมงคล ฤทธิ์อยู่ที่พิธีและบารมีผู้สร้าง", "en": "An animal figure, not a Buddha: the blessed-object class, power in the rite and the monk's barami", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "สายหลักคือหลวงปู่หลิว ของเก่ากว่านั้นการ์ดโยงถึงหลวงพ่อเงิน วัดบางคลาน", "en": "The strongest lineage is Luang Pu Liu; the card traces older pieces to Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan — a lineage claim read from issue records, not from the metal", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ยันต์หรือรูปหลวงปู่บนกระดอง ชื่อรุ่นบอกหน้าที่ตรงๆ เช่น รวยไม่หยุด", "en": "The shell carries a yantra or the monk's likeness; run names state the function outright — one listing's edition is รวยไม่หยุด, 'rich without stopping'", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หล่อโลหะอ่านอายุด้วยสนิม เนื้อดินด้วยการหด — สองเนื้อ สองสัญญาณ", "en": "Cast metal dates by patina, earth body by shrinkage; the same turtle in two materials reads two ways", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "รูปบูชาใหญ่ที่วัดไร่แตงทอง: หลวงปู่หลิวนั่งพญาเต่าเรือน สูง ๘.๑ เมตร คนไปขอหายป่วยและอายุยืน", "en": "The temple's landmark image is Luang Pu Liu seated on the turtle, 8.1 m tall; visitors come for health and long life, which is the turtle's meaning", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-rai-taeng-thong", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "เหรียญหลวงปู่หลิวทรงเต่าเป็นเหรียญพระเกจิที่ปั๊มเป็นรูปเต่า · พญาเต่าเรือนหล่อเป็นตัวเต่า", "tell_en": "A struck Luang Pu Liu medallion in turtle outline is a monk medallion wearing a turtle; the cast turtle is the animal itself. Same monk, same class, different form."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อคือพระเกจิหล่อลอยองค์ · เต่าเรือนคือสัตว์ของท่าน", "tell_en": "A rup lo is the monk cast in the round; the turtle is his animal. Both cast, both his issues."}, {"id": "pla-taphian", "tell_th": "ปลาตะเพียนเป็นปลาสานหรือแผ่นโลหะแขวนค้าขาย · เต่าเป็นตัวหล่อห้อยคอ", "tell_en": "The carp is woven or sheet metal, hung for trade; the turtle is cast and worn. Both animal wealth charms, different beasts and bodies."}], "market": {"search": ["เต่าเรือน"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free Commons file found on 2026-09-02 (turtle-amulet and Luang Pu Liu searches return nothing). Wanted: a cast turtle obverse and its shell yantra, plus a struck turtle-outline medallion at the same scale."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "เต่าเรือนในสายหลวงปู่หลิว — ทรัพย์ที่ค่อยมาแล้วอยู่ อายุยืน บ้านมั่นคง วัตถุมงคลปลุกเสก ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "The house-turtle amulet in the line of Luang Pu Liu — slow money that stays, long life, a household that holds. Blessed object, no resident.", "story_th": "เต่าหล่อในประเพณีเดียวกับรูปหล่อพระเกจิ ความอืดและกระดองแข็งของเต่าเป็นภาพของทรัพย์ที่สะสมไม่หยุด รุ่นหนึ่งชื่อ รวยไม่หยุด สายหลักคือหลวงปู่หลิว ปุณฺณโก วัดไทรทองพัฒนา แล้ววัดไร่แตงทอง นครปฐม ซึ่งตั้ง พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๕ และมีรูปหลวงปู่นั่งพญาเต่าเรือนสูง ๘.๑ เมตร คนไปขอหายป่วยและอายุยืน ของเก่ากว่านั้นการ์ดโยงถึงหลวงพ่อเงิน วัดบางคลาน", "story_en": "A turtle cast in the same bronze tradition as the monk figures: its slow, armoured persistence stands for wealth that accumulates and does not stop, and one edition names itself so. The lineage the trade names is Luang Pu Liu Punnako, at Wat Sai Thong Phatthana and then Wat Rai Taeng Thong in Nakhon Pathom, founded 1992, where an 8.1-metre image of the monk seated on the turtle draws people asking for health and long life. Older turtles are traced to Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan, a claim that lives in issue records, not in the metal.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its question is which issue and whether it is genuine, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:amulet-reference", "s:th-wiki-wat-rai-taeng-thong", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-rai-taeng-thong", "note": "Wat Sai Thong Phatthana and Luang Pho Ngoen: s:amulet-reference; issue dates: tradition"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 370, "priced": 370, "median_thb": 132.0, "typical_thb": [70.0, 350.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-bang-pendant", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระบาง", "roman": "pha bang", "en": "Phra Bang pendant (copies of the Lao palladium)", "aliases": {"th": ["พระบางจำลอง", "พระบางหลวงพระบาง", "จี้พระบาง", "พระบางพุทธลาวัณย์"], "roman": ["phra bang", "prabang", "pha bang chamlong", "Phra Bang Buddhalavarna"], "en": ["Phra Bang replica", "Pha Bang amulet", "Luang Prabang Buddha pendant"]}, "other_scripts": {"lo": "ພະບາງ", "km": "ព្រះបាង"}}, "region": ["la", "th-isan"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong"], "materials": ["samrit", "thonglueang", "nuea_loha", "thongkham"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "พระยืนยกสองพระหัตถ์เสมอกัน ฝ่าพระหัตถ์ออก (ปางห้ามสมุทร/ประทานอภัย) บนฐาน หล่อย่อส่วนใส่ตลับหรือกรอบ", "shape_en": "A standing Buddha with both hands raised level, palms outward — the Lao 'dispelling fear' form, Thai ปางห้ามสมุทร — on a base, cast at pendant scale and framed or cased.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในกรอบ", "wearable_en": "Worn framed at the neck; larger copies stand on altars", "obverse_th": "องค์พระบางย่อส่วน", "obverse_en": "The Phra Bang in miniature", "reverse_th": "ชื่อวัดหรือรุ่น ถ้ามี", "reverse_en": "Temple or issue name when present", "notes_en": "Sources disagree on the original's size — 83 cm (en, fr) against 1.14 m and 52 kg (th, lo, km) — so no pendant proportion is fixed; a copy follows whichever model its caster used."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ยกสองพระหัตถ์ ฝ่าพระหัตถ์ออก นิ้วเสมอกัน", "en": "both hands raised, palms forward, fingers level"}, {"th": "พระพักตร์สี่เหลี่ยม ติ่งพระกรรณคล้ายปีก พระเนตรเรียว พระนาสิกแบนเล็กน้อย", "en": "square face, wing-shaped ear lobes, narrow eyes, slightly flat nose"}, {"th": "พระเกตุมาลาใหญ่ เรียบ", "en": "large smooth ushnisha without the Lanna lotus-bud finial"}, {"th": "จีวรห่มเห็นขอบสบง", "en": "robe draped with the lower garment's edge showing"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "หอพระบาง วังหลวง หลวงพระบาง (ต้นแบบ)", "wat_en": "Haw Pha Bang in the Royal Palace grounds, Luang Prabang, houses the original; copies are issued by Lao and Thai temples", "maker_th": "ตำนานว่าหล่อที่ลังกา · นักวิชาการว่าศิลปะขอมปลายศตวรรษที่ 12–ต้น 13", "maker_en": "Legend: cast in Ceylon; scholars read it as Khmer work of the late twelfth to early thirteenth century", "era_th": "ถึงล้านช้าง ค.ศ. 1359 (พ.ศ. 1901–1902) · เวียงจันทน์ 1705 · กรุงเทพฯ 1778–1782 และ 1828–1867 · หอพระบาง 2013", "era_en": "Reached Lan Xang in 1359 as the Khmer king's gift to Fa Ngum; to Vientiane 1705; taken to Bangkok 1778 and returned 1782, taken again 1828 and returned 1867 under Rama IV; moved into the Haw Pha Bang in 2013", "place_th": "หลวงพระบาง", "place_en": "Luang Prabang, which is named after it", "first_attested": "1359 — arrival in Lan Xang per English Wikipedia (Thai Wikipedia: BE 1901–1902)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ยืน ยกสองพระหัตถ์ ฝ่าพระหัตถ์ออก — ท่านี้คือพระบาง", "en": "Standing, both palms forward: the gesture is the identity; a single raised hand is another image", "source": "s:en-wiki-phra-bang", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "พระพักตร์สี่เหลี่ยม ติ่งหูปีก เกตุมาลาใหญ่เรียบ ขอบสบงเห็น", "en": "Square face, wing-shaped ear lobes, a large smooth ushnisha, the lower garment's edge visible under the robe", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-bang", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ต้นแบบเป็นโลหะผสม 'ทอง' (สำริด-ทอง-เงิน) ส่วนจี้เป็นทองเหลืองหรือชุบ — สีจึงไม่ใช่หลักฐาน", "en": "The original is 'thong', a bronze-gold-silver alloy the Thai and Khmer articles call ninety percent gold; pendants are brass or plated, so colour proves nothing", "source": "s:en-wiki-phra-bang", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ขนาดต้นแบบไม่ตรงกันในแหล่งข้อมูล (83 ซม. vs 1.14 ม.) สัดส่วนจี้จึงต่างกันตามต้นแบบที่ช่างใช้", "en": "Sources disagree on the original's height; pendant proportions vary with the model the caster copied, and a mismatch is not a fault", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-bang", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "วัดไทยก็มีพระบางจำลอง เช่น วัดไตรภูมิ นครพนม และวัดพระเหลา อำนาจเจริญ — จี้ไทยและลาวจึงปนกัน", "en": "Thai temples hold their own Phra Bang replicas (Wat Trilokanat, Nakhon Phanom; Wat Phra Lao, Amnat Charoen), so Thai and Lao issues share the market and the reverse lettering is what places them", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-bang", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "จี้ทุกชิ้นเป็นของหล่อใหม่ ไม่มีชิ้นใดเก่า — คำว่า พระบาง ไม่ปรากฏในชื่อสินค้าลาซาด้าไทยเลย", "en": "Every pendant is a modern cast; nothing about one is old. No Lazada TH listing title in catalog.db carries พระบาง", "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "lao-phra-khrueang", "tell_th": "พระเครื่องลาวทั่วไปมีหลายปาง · พระบางคือยืนยกสองมือเท่านั้น", "tell_en": "A Lao temple amulet may show any Lan Xang type; a Phra Bang pendant is only the standing two-palms-forward figure."}, {"id": "phra-chiang-saen", "tell_th": "พระเชียงแสนนั่ง เกตุดอกบัวตูม · พระบางยืน เกตุเรียบ", "tell_en": "Chiang Saen figures sit and carry the lotus-bud finial; the Phra Bang stands with a smooth ushnisha."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อคือพระเกจิ · พระบางคือพระพุทธรูปเฉพาะองค์", "tell_en": "A rup lo is a cast monk; this is a copy of one named Buddha image."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Phra Bang", "Category:Replicas of Phra Bang"], "commons_files": ["File:Phra Bang Budhhalawan.jpg", "File:Bangkok Vesak - 2017-05-07 (026).jpg", "File:Bangkok Vesak - 2017-05-07 (027).jpg", "File:Bangkok Vesak - 2017-05-07 (028).jpg", "File:Le geste de labsence de crainte du Bouddha (Vat Phra Kèo, Vientiane) (4303883080).jpg", "File:Luang-Prabang Laos Wat-Haw-Pha-Bang-01.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Phra Bang Budhhalawan.jpg (public domain) shows the image itself; the three Bangkok Vesak 2017 files (CC0) show a full-size replica; the Vat Phra Keo file shows the same gesture on a Vientiane bronze; the last is the Haw Pha Bang. Needed: a pendant in its frame, obverse and reverse, beside a ruler."}, "images": [{"file": "phra-bang-pendant/phra-bang-pendant-phra-bang-budhhalawan-77f211.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Bang Budhhalawan.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Phra_Bang_Budhhalawan.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73298490", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Tmd", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระบาง", "alt_en": "Phra Bang pendant (copies of the Lao palladium) — Phra Bang Budhhalawan , palladium of Lan Xang and namesake of Luang Prabang, Laos. 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Nobody home, nothing owed.", "story_th": "ตำนานว่าหล่อที่ลังกา นักวิชาการว่าเป็นศิลปะขอมปลายศตวรรษที่ 12 กษัตริย์ขอมพระราชทานแก่พระเจ้าฟ้างุ้มใน ค.ศ. 1359 เพื่อรับรองราชอำนาจล้านช้าง องค์พระเป็นโลหะผสมสำริด ทอง เงิน ย้ายไปเวียงจันทน์ 1705 ถูกสยามนำไปกรุงเทพฯ สองครั้ง (1778 และ 1828) และคืนครั้งสุดท้ายในรัชกาลที่ 4 ปี 1867 ปัจจุบันประดิษฐานที่หอพระบางในวังหลวง (ย้ายเข้า 2013) และทุกปีใหม่ลาววันที่สามแห่ไปสรงน้ำที่วัดใหม่ วิกิพีเดียฝรั่งเศสว่าองค์จริงเก็บในห้องนิรภัย องค์ที่ตั้งแสดงเป็นองค์จำลอง", "story_en": "Legend casts it in Ceylon; scholars read Khmer work of the late twelfth century. The Khmer king gave it to his son-in-law Fa Ngum in 1359 to legitimise Lan Xang, and the city was renamed for it. It is 'thong', an alloy of bronze, gold and silver, in the fear-dispelling gesture with both palms forward. It went to Vientiane in 1705, was carried to Bangkok by Siamese armies in 1778 and again in 1828, and came home for good in 1867 under Rama IV; since 2013 it stands in the Haw Pha Bang on the palace grounds and is carried on the third day of Lao New Year to Wat Mai for bathing. The French Wikipedia adds that a copy is what the museum displays while the original sits in a vault, with rumours placing it elsewhere — so even in Luang Prabang the pilgrim venerates a copy, which is what every pendant is.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ บูชาตามปกติ สรงน้ำได้ในวันปีใหม่ตามอย่างองค์ต้นแบบ", "keeping_en": "Impersonal: ordinary veneration. Bathing it at New Year echoes what Luang Prabang does with the original."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-phra-bang", "s:th-wiki-phra-bang", "s:lo-wiki-pha-bang", "s:km-wiki-preah-bang", "s:lo-wiki-haw-pha-bang", "s:fr-wiki-palais-royal-luang-prabang", "s:fr-wiki-luang-prabang", "s:en-wiki-lan-xang", "s:en-wiki-luang-prabang", "s:catalog-db", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-phra-bang"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "the pendant as a market object is the model's reading; the gesture is cited"}, "form.reverse_en": {"tier": "inference"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-bang"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:km-wiki-preah-bang", "note": "dating; en gives 'later Khmer artistic origin'"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-phra-bang", "note": "Thai and Lao articles give different intermediate dates (BE 2043 / 1512 / 1560 for the move to Xieng Thong); the English sequence is used"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-phra-bang", "note": "with s:fr-wiki-palais-royal-luang-prabang and s:fr-wiki-luang-prabang for the vault and copy claims"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "0 listing titles with พระบาง on 2026-09-02"}, "media": {"tier": "cited", "note": "licences checked on Commons 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "samrit", "term": "สัมฤทธิ์", "roman": "samrit", "en": "bronze", "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thongkham", "term": "เนื้อทองคำ", "roman": "nuea thongkham", "en": "gold", "definition": "Gold. Thin in this corpus — 93 of 13,020 listings, and most of those name it for a frame or a plating rather than for the body of the piece. Gold issues are not rare in the tradition; they do not circulate on an open retail platform. That thinness measures what this corpus can and cannot see, and is among the clearest arguments for seeding the register from competition and association records rather than from listings. **Correction of record:** an earlier draft put this at 1 occurrence, having searched only the compound เนื้อทองคำ. The bare term is the one the market uses."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "la", "th": "ลาว", "en": "Laos"}, {"key": "th-isan", "th": "อีสาน", "en": "Northeastern Thailand"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-bang-pendant/phra-bang-pendant-phra-bang-budhhalawan-77f211.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Bang Budhhalawan.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Phra_Bang_Budhhalawan.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73298490", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Tmd", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระบาง", "alt_en": "Phra Bang pendant (copies of the Lao palladium) — Phra Bang Budhhalawan , palladium of Lan Xang and namesake of Luang Prabang, Laos. The Phra Bang is regarded as the most", "sha256": "77263ea3a6dda30bee2f4e9b408070034db8450ace8eac9b97432b8d779acdae", "width": 800, "height": 1062, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-chiang-saen", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระเชียงแสน", "roman": "phra chiang saen", "en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha", "aliases": {"th": ["พระสิงห์", "เชียงแสนสิงห์หนึ่ง", "เชียงแสนสิงห์สอง", "พระพุทธรูปศิลปะล้านนา"], "roman": ["phra singh", "chiang saen sing nueng", "chiangsaen"], "en": ["Chiengsen Buddha", "Lanna Buddha image", "Singha-style Buddha"]}}, "region": ["th-north"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["samrit", "nuea_loha", "thongdaeng"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "พระพุทธรูปหล่อสำริดแบบล้านนา ตั้งแต่องค์บูชาถึงองค์จ้อยขนาดห้อยคอ", "shape_en": "Cast bronze Buddha in the Lanna manner, from shrine images down to 'ong choi' pieces small enough to wear", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "องค์เล็กเลี่ยมห้อยคอ องค์ใหญ่ตั้งบูชา", "wearable_en": "Small ones framed at the neck; larger ones on the altar", "obverse_th": "พระพุทธรูปนั่ง สมาธิหรือมารวิชัย", "obverse_en": "Seated Buddha, in meditation or touching the earth", "reverse_th": "หลังเรียบ ฐานกลวงหรือตัน บางองค์มีรอยกรุ", "reverse_en": "Plain back; base hollow or solid; cache pieces carry crust", "notes_en": "The name covers a style, not one wat or run; commercial pieces titled 'พระเชียงแสน' range from cache bronzes to modern copies."}, "iconography": [{"th": "สิงห์หนึ่ง: ขัดสมาธิเพชร พระพักตร์กลม เกตุมาลาดอกบัวตูม พระวรกายอวบ ชายสังฆาฏิสั้นเหนือพระถัน", "en": "Sing 1: vajrasana with both soles up, round face, lotus-bud ushnisha, plump body, short robe flap ending above the nipple"}, {"th": "สิงห์สอง: ขัดสมาธิราบ พระพักตร์รูปไข่ เกตุมาลาเปลว ชายสังฆาฏิยาวจรดพระนาภี อิทธิพลสุโขทัย", "en": "Sing 2: legs folded flat, oval face, flame ushnisha, robe flap to the navel, Sukhothai influence"}, {"th": "สิงห์สาม: ยุคปลาย ใกล้สุโขทัย", "en": "Sing 3: late, close to Sukhothai"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ช่างหล่อล้านนา ไม่ระบุ", "maker_en": "Lanna bronze casters, unnamed", "era_th": "ศิลปะล้านนา ราวพุทธศตวรรษที่ 19–24", "era_en": "Lanna art, roughly the 13th to 18th centuries CE (Buddhist centuries 19–24)", "place_th": "เชียงแสน เชียงใหม่ และเมืองล้านนา", "place_en": "Chiang Saen, Chiang Mai and the Lanna towns; the name comes from the art centre before Mangrai moved to Chiang Mai", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ท่านั่ง: สมาธิเพชรเห็นฝ่าพระบาททั้งสอง = สิงห์หนึ่ง · สมาธิราบ = สิงห์สอง", "en": "Seat: both soles showing (vajrasana) reads Sing 1; legs folded flat reads Sing 2", "source": "s:th-wiki-lanna-art", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เกตุมาลา: บัวตูม = สิงห์หนึ่ง · เปลว = สิงห์สอง/สาม", "en": "Ushnisha: lotus bud for Sing 1, flame for Sing 2 and 3", "source": "s:th-wiki-lanna-art", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชายสังฆาฏิ: สั้นเหนือพระถัน = สิงห์หนึ่ง · ยาวถึงพระนาภี = สิงห์สอง", "en": "Robe flap: short above the nipple for Sing 1, down to the navel for Sing 2", "source": "s:th-wiki-lanna-art", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อสำริด: สำริดแก่ทอง สำริดนาก สัมฤทธิ์ดำ — ผิวและสนิมตามอายุ", "en": "Bronze bodies the trade names gold-rich, nak-toned and black; patina and pitting are the age signal on cast metal", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "พระพุทธสิหิงค์เป็นต้นแบบของคำว่า “สิงห์” ในการเรียกแบบ", "en": "The word 'Sing' in the style names points to the Phra Sihing image and its Chiang Mai copy, not to a lion on the piece", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-sihing", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อคือรูปพระเกจิ ไม่ใช่พระพุทธรูป", "tell_en": "A rup lo is a cast monk portrait; a Chiang Saen is a cast Buddha. Both phra_khrueang."}, {"id": "phra-kring", "tell_th": "พระกริ่งเป็นพระพุทธรูปเล็กมีเม็ดกริ่ง แบบจีน-ทิเบต", "tell_en": "A phra kring is a small Buddha with a rattle inside in a Sino-Tibetan manner; a Chiang Saen is Lanna style, no rattle"}, {"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "พระกรุส่วนมากเป็นพระพิมพ์ดินหรือชิน · พระเชียงแสนกรุเป็นสำริดหล่อ", "tell_en": "Most cache finds are pressed earth or chin tablets; a cache Chiang Saen is a cast bronze figure"}, {"id": "phra-khong", "tell_th": "พระคงเป็นพระพิมพ์ดินเผาลำพูน · พระเชียงแสนเป็นสำริดหล่อ", "tell_en": "A พระคง is a Lamphun fired-earth tablet; a Chiang Saen is cast bronze. Both Lanna, both nobody-home."}], "market": {"search": ["พระเชียงแสน", "เชียงแสนสิงห์"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ๑.jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน ยุคต้น.jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน (ยุคกลาง).jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน.jpg", "File:ด้านหลัง พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน.jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน เนื้สำริดนาก.jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ลังกาวงศ์.jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน สัมฤทธิ์์เดช (สัมฤทธิ์ดำ).jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ (ลังกา).jpg"], "wanted_en": "Commons has obverse and reverse of cache pieces. Still wanted: a Sing 1 beside a Sing 2 at matched scale, and an ong-choi pendant in the hand."}, "text": {"what_th": "พระพุทธรูปสำริดแบบล้านนาที่วงการเรียกรวมว่าพระเชียงแสน แบ่งเป็นสิงห์หนึ่ง สิงห์สอง สิงห์สาม ตามหน้า เกตุ และชายจีวร มีทั้งองค์บูชาและองค์จ้อยห้อยคอ", "what_en": "Lanna bronze Buddhas the trade groups as พระเชียงแสน, sorted into Sing 1, 2 and 3 by face, ushnisha and robe flap; from altar images down to wearable 'ong choi' pieces.", "story_th": "ศิลปะล้านนาเริ่มที่เชียงแสนก่อนพญามังรายย้ายมาเชียงใหม่ ชื่อจึงติดมา สิงห์หนึ่งพระพักตร์กลม เกตุบัวตูม ขัดสมาธิเพชร สิงห์สองรับอิทธิพลสุโขทัย เกตุเปลว ชายจีวรยาว คำว่าสิงห์มาจากพระพุทธสิหิงค์ที่วัดพระสิงห์เชียงใหม่", "story_en": "Lanna art centred on Chiang Saen before Mangrai moved to Chiang Mai, and the name stayed on the bronzes. Sing 1 has a round face, lotus-bud ushnisha and both soles up; Sing 2 takes Sukhothai's flame ushnisha and long robe flap; Sing 3 is the late style. 'Sing' refers to the Phra Sihing image whose Chiang Mai copy sits at Wat Phra Singh. Small casts and cache pieces enter the amulet trade under the same name.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง คำถามคือแท้ อายุ และราคา", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. The provenance question is age, authenticity and price."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-lanna-art", "s:th-wiki-phra-sihing", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:commons-amulets-th", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-lanna-art"}, "fields": {"axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "form": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "phra-chiang-saen/phra-chiang-saen-jpg-febe0b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ๑.jpg", "url": 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{"file": "phra-chiang-saen/phra-chiang-saen-jpg-6fd726.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พระเชียงแสน (ยุคกลาง).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99_%28%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55084008", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Suriya aruno", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเชียงแสน", "alt_en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha — ประวัติความเป็นมาของเมืองเชียงแสน มีบันทึกไว้ในตำนานพงศาวดารหลายฉบับหลายสำนวน แต่เนื้อเรื่องส่วนใหญ่จะเป็นเค้าโครงเดียวก", "sha256": "61457c7c4d4e5d91d5b60355b5944680b854c2005210b21eba7e9b3e59df56dc", "width": 3120, "height": 4160}, {"file": 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ซึ่งเป็นอาณ", "sha256": "ba5275fbf36a605eeff85dbfc47e78d97d7188ab388799e2f7d5349b4b872e5e", "width": 3120, "height": 4160}, {"file": "phra-chiang-saen/phra-chiang-saen-jpg-3f1228.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ลังกาวงศ์.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55239983", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Suriya aruno", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเชียงแสน", "alt_en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha — Phra Chiang Saen Style", "sha256": "0abf3239e0ff26d6b60d94816d7af02c3bd975ff9f3dbc54ddb368c54b11372e", "width": 3120, "height": 4160}], "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "samrit", "term": "สัมฤทธิ์", "roman": "samrit", "en": "bronze", "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thongdaeng", "term": "ทองแดง", "roman": "thongdaeng", "en": "copper", "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-north", "th": "ล้านนา · ภาคเหนือ", "en": "Lanna / Northern Thailand"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 1, "priced": 1, "median_thb": 129.0, "typical_thb": [129.0, 129.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-chiang-saen/phra-chiang-saen-jpg-febe0b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ๑.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%91.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55019056", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Suriya aruno", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระเชียงแสน", "alt_en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha — พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน ขนาด ๑ นิ้ว", "sha256": "336c0f3c8c31cd4c78378dd5cacf16ee55c14d9bb623f61fff833324c1464ca2", "width": 3120, "height": 4160, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-hu-yan", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระหูยาน", "roman": "phra hu yan", "en": "Phra Hu Yan (Lopburi long-eared tablet)", "aliases": {"th": ["หูยาน", "พระหูยานลพบุรี"], "roman": ["phra huyan", "phra hoo yarn", "hu yan lopburi"], "en": ["long-eared Buddha tablet"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["nuea_chin", "sanim_daeng", "nuea_din"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "แผ่นทรงสูง ปลายบนแหลม เนื้อชินเป็นหลัก", "shape_en": "A tall tablet with a pointed top, most often in chin alloy", "size_mm": [22, 40, 4], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case", "obverse_th": "องค์พระนั่งสมาธิราบ พระกรรณยาวจรดพระอังสา เม็ดพระศกเป็นแถว", "obverse_en": "A Buddha seated flat in meditation, ears reaching the shoulders, hair in rows of curls", "reverse_th": "หลังร่อง หรือเรียบ", "reverse_en": "Grooved (หลังร่อง) or plain", "notes_en": "Thai Wikipedia describes clay examples; the trade's principal body is chin ngoen. Both materials recorded; the alloy carried at tradition tier."}, "iconography": [{"th": "พระกรรณยาวจรดบ่า — ที่มาของชื่อ", "en": "ears down to the shoulders, which gives the name"}, {"th": "นั่งสมาธิราบ", "en": "seated in flat meditation posture"}, {"th": "เม็ดพระศกเป็นแถว เกตุมาลาชั้นเดียว (บางองค์สองชั้น)", "en": "hair in linear rows; single-tier ushnisha, two-tier on some"}, {"th": "ศิลปะลพบุรี (ขอม) สายมหายาน/มนตรยาน", "en": "Lopburi (Khmer) style, from the Mahayana / Mantrayana current per Thai Wikipedia"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ ลพบุรี (ปฐมกรุ)", "wat_en": "Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Lopburi, the primary cache; also found at sites in Phetchaburi, Sukhothai, Chainat, Ayutthaya, Sing Buri and Uttaradit", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "ปลายสมัยลพบุรี กรุแตกครั้งแรกราว พ.ศ. ๒๔๕๐ (กรุเก่า) ครั้งที่สองราว พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๘ (กรุใหม่)", "era_en": "Late Lopburi period per Thai Wikipedia; the cache first opened about B.E. 2450 (the 'old cache') and again about B.E. 2508 (the 'new cache')", "place_th": "ลพบุรี", "place_en": "Lopburi", "first_attested": "กรุแตก ~พ.ศ. 2450 (th.wikipedia)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "พระกรรณยาวจรดพระอังสา", "en": "Ears reaching the shoulders: the defining mark", "source": "s:th-wiki-hu-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เม็ดพระศกเรียงเป็นแถว เกตุมาลาชั้นเดียว", "en": "Hair curls in straight rows with a single-tier ushnisha", "source": "s:th-wiki-hu-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หลังร่อง", "en": "A grooved reverse on many pieces", "source": "s:th-wiki-hu-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "กรุเก่ากับกรุใหม่แยกกันด้วยผิวและคราบ", "en": "Old-cache and new-cache pieces are separated by surface and crust, per the trade", "source": "s:th-wiki-hu-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อชินอ่านอายุจากสนิม — ชินเงิน ชินตะกั่ว สนิมแดง", "en": "Chin bodies date by patina, sorted as silvery, lead-heavy or red-rust; the patina is a surface state, not a verdict", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "หูยานคือพระกรุที่มีชื่อ กรุวัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ ลพบุรี", "tell_en": "Hu Yan is one named cache-find; phra kru is the category. The long ears and the Lopburi style name this one."}, {"id": "phra-nang-phaya", "tell_th": "นางพญาดินเผาสามเหลี่ยม อยุธยา · หูยานทรงสูง เนื้อชิน ลพบุรี", "tell_en": "Nang Phaya is a fired-clay triangle of the Ayutthaya period; Hu Yan is a tall tablet, usually chin alloy, in Lopburi style. Same class, different material axis."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อเป็นรูปลอยตัวหล่อโลหะ · หูยานเป็นแผ่นพิมพ์", "tell_en": "A rup lo is a cast figure in the round; Hu Yan is a pressed or cast tablet with a back."}], "market": {"search": ["หูยาน"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches for พระหูยาน, Phra Hu Yan, Lopburi votive tablet returned nothing usable). Needed: obverse showing the ears reaching the shoulders, the grooved reverse, and an edge view of a chin piece."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "พระพิมพ์ศิลปะลพบุรีจากกรุวัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ ลพบุรี องค์พระนั่งสมาธิราบ พระกรรณยาวจรดบ่า จึงได้ชื่อ เนื้อชินเป็นหลัก เชื่อกันเรื่องคงกระพัน ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่", "what_en": "A Lopburi-style tablet from the cache at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Lopburi: a Buddha seated flat in meditation whose ears run down to the shoulders, which is the name. Mostly chin alloy. Held for invulnerability. Nobody is home.", "story_th": "วิกิพีเดียไทยว่าเป็นพระสายมหายาน/มนตรยาน ปลายสมัยลพบุรี กรุแตกครั้งแรกราว พ.ศ. ๒๔๕๐ และอีกครั้งราว พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๘ วงการจึงแยกเป็นกรุเก่ากับกรุใหม่ พบกระจายหลายจังหวัด แต่กรุลพบุรีเป็นปฐมกรุ", "story_en": "Thai Wikipedia places it in the Mahayana and Mantrayana current of the late Lopburi period, with the primary cache at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat. The cache opened first around B.E. 2450 and again around B.E. 2508, so the trade speaks of an old cache and a new one, and examples surfaced in several other provinces. The attributed powers are invulnerability and loving-kindness.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "s:tradition", "s:th-wiki-hu-yan"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-hu-yan"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.materials": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "chin ngoen as the principal body is the trade's account; the article mentions clay"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "typical range, not measured"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search term chosen by this record"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_chin", "term": "เนื้อชิน", "roman": "nuea chin", "en": "tin-lead alloy", "definition": "A tin-lead alloy cast or pressed into votive tablets, characteristic of pieces recovered from กรุ (stupa deposits). Conventionally divided by patina into ชินเงิน (silvery), ชินตะกั่ว (lead-heavy) and ชินสนิมแดง (red-rust)."}, {"key": "sanim_daeng", "term": "สนิมแดง", "roman": "sanim daeng", "en": "red rust patina", "definition": "The red lead-oxide crust that forms on ชิน over long burial. Named as a material in the market but functioning as an age claim — which is why it is both prized and reproduced. Recorded here as a surface state, not as a verdict on age."}, {"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 2, "priced": 2, "median_thb": 339.0, "typical_thb": [219.0, 459.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-khanaen", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระคะแนน", "roman": "phra khanaen", "en": "Phra Khanaen (counting piece)", "aliases": {"th": ["คะแนน", "องค์คะแนน"], "roman": ["phra kanaen", "phra khanan"], "en": ["tally amulet", "counter piece"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": [], "materials": ["nuea_din", "nuea_chin", "nuea_phong"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "องค์เล็กกว่าพระหลักในชุดเดียวกันอย่างเห็นได้ชัด ทรงตามพระหลัก", "shape_en": "Deliberately smaller than the main pieces of the same batch, usually in the same form as them", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case", "obverse_th": "ตามพิมพ์ของรุ่นหรือกรุที่นับ", "obverse_en": "Follows the mould of the run or cache it counted", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Defined by role and size, not by a mould of its own. One counting piece per batch (Thai Wikipedia's example: one per hundred)."}, "iconography": [{"th": "องค์พระย่อส่วนจากพิมพ์หลัก", "en": "a reduced version of the batch's principal image"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "ประเพณีนับจำนวนพระที่สร้าง ทั้งในกรุโบราณและรุ่นวัดสมัยหลัง ปัจจุบันไม่แพร่หลาย", "era_en": "A counting convention used both in old caches and in later temple runs; Thai Wikipedia notes the practice is no longer widespread", "place_th": "", "place_en": "", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ขนาดเล็กกว่าพระหลักในชุดจนแยกได้ด้วยตา", "en": "Visibly undersized against the main pieces of its batch; that difference is the whole definition", "source": "s:th-wiki-khanaen", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หนึ่งองค์แทนพระหลักจำนวนหนึ่ง เช่น ร้อยองค์", "en": "One piece stands for a fixed count of main pieces, a hundred in the dictionary example", "source": "s:th-wiki-khanaen", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อและพิมพ์ตามชุด — ไม่มีวัสดุประจำหมวด", "en": "Body and mould follow the batch; the category has no material of its own", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ราคาสูงกว่าพระหลักเพราะจำนวนน้อย — เป็นคำอธิบายหมวด ไม่ใช่องค์", "en": "The trade prices them above the main pieces because there are fewer; a statement about the category, never about an object", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "พระกรุคือพระที่ออกจากกรุ · พระคะแนนคือองค์เล็กที่ใช้นับ อาจอยู่ในกรุหรือรุ่นใหม่ก็ได้", "tell_en": "Phra kru is anything recovered from a cache; a khanaen is an undersized counting piece, which may come from a cache or a modern run. Role and size, not crust."}, {"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "สมเด็จองค์เล็กไม่ใช่คะแนนโดยอัตโนมัติ — ต้องมีชุดที่มันนับ", "tell_en": "A small somdej is not automatically a khanaen; it is one only if it stands in a counting relation to a batch. Same class, same material, different role."}, {"id": "phra-pidta", "tell_th": "ปิดตาองค์จิ๋วเป็นพิมพ์ของตัวเอง ไม่ใช่คะแนน", "tell_en": "Tiny Pidta are a mould type in their own right, not counters; a khanaen mirrors its batch's main mould."}], "market": {"search": ["พระคะแนน"], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02. Needed: a counting piece beside a main piece of the same run at matched scale, which is the only photograph that shows what it is."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "พระเครื่ององค์เล็กที่สร้างไว้ใช้นับจำนวนพระในชุดเดียวกัน หนึ่งองค์แทนพระหลักจำนวนหนึ่ง ทำให้เล็กกว่าเพื่อแยกออกได้ชัด ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่", "what_en": "A small amulet made to tally a batch: one counting piece stands for a fixed number of main pieces, and it is made smaller so the two never mix. Nobody is home.", "story_th": "พจนานุกรมฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๒ ให้ความหมายว่าพระเครื่องขนาดเล็กใช้กำหนดนับจำนวนพระที่สร้าง เช่น หนึ่งองค์ต่อร้อย วงการจึงถือว่าหายากกว่าพระหลัก ปัจจุบันการสร้างพระคะแนนไม่แพร่หลายนัก", "story_en": "The Royal Institute Dictionary of B.E. 2542, as quoted by Thai Wikipedia, defines it as a small amulet used to fix the count of amulets made, one per hundred in the example. Because a batch yields far fewer counters than main pieces the trade prizes them, and because modern runs are counted by other means the practice has thinned out.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is which batch it counted and whether the size relation holds, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "s:tradition", "s:th-wiki-khanaen"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-khanaen"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.materials": {"tier": "inference", "note": "follows the batch; listed as the three bodies a batch is likely to be"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "inference", "note": "left empty: the kind is defined by role, not by a claimed power"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search term chosen by this record; bare คะแนน is 'score'"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}, {"key": "nuea_chin", "term": "เนื้อชิน", "roman": "nuea chin", "en": "tin-lead alloy", "definition": "A tin-lead alloy cast or pressed into votive tablets, characteristic of pieces recovered from กรุ (stupa deposits). Conventionally divided by patina into ชินเงิน (silvery), ชินตะกั่ว (lead-heavy) and ชินสนิมแดง (red-rust)."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 0, "priced": 0, "median_thb": null, "typical_thb": [null, null], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "no listing title carries this term"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-khong", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระคง", "roman": "phra khong", "en": "Phra Khong (Lamphun cache tablet)", "aliases": {"th": ["พระคงลำพูน", "พระคง กรุวัดพระคงฤๅษี"], "roman": ["phra kong", "phra khong lamphun"], "en": ["Phra Kong amulet"]}}, "region": ["th-north"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_din"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "พระพิมพ์ดินเผาขนาดเล็ก ทรงเกือบสามเหลี่ยม ฐานกว้าง ยอดมน", "shape_en": "Small fired-earth tablet, roughly triangular with a broad base and rounded top; Haripunchai-style pressed image", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "เลี่ยมห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a frame", "obverse_th": "องค์พระประทับนั่งใต้ซุ้มใบโพธิ์", "obverse_en": "A seated Buddha beneath a canopy of bodhi leaves", "reverse_th": "เรียบ นูนเล็กน้อย บางองค์มีรอยนิ้ว", "reverse_en": "Plain, slightly convex; some carry a finger impression", "notes_en": "The bodhi-leaf canopy and the exact mould geometry are trade description (tradition); the wat article says only that the tablets are fired earth in black and red, found in quantity with พระบาง."}, "iconography": [{"th": "องค์พระนั่งสมาธิ", "en": "seated Buddha in meditation"}, {"th": "ซุ้มใบโพธิ์", "en": "bodhi-leaf canopy around the figure (trade description)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": "wat-phra-khong-ruesi", "wat_th": "วัดพระคงฤๅษี", "wat_en": "Wat Phra Khong Ruesi, Mueang Lamphun", "maker_th": "ตำนานยกให้ฤๅษีสมัยพระนางจามเทวี", "maker_en": "Legend assigns the tablets to the hermits (ฤๅษี) of Queen Chamadevi's Hariphunchai; no maker is named", "era_th": "หริภุญชัย (ตำนานว่าวัดสร้าง พ.ศ. 1200)", "era_en": "Hariphunchai period; the wat's founding legend gives B.E. 1200, which is legend, not a date for the tablets", "place_th": "ลำพูน", "place_en": "Lamphun", "first_attested": "", "wat_url": "https://wichaa.net/place/wat-phra-khong-ruesi/"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เนื้อดินเผา สีดำและสีแดง แบบหริภุญชัย", "en": "Fired-earth body in black or red, Haripunchai-style; a metal or powder body is another kind", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-phra-khong-ruesi", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "พบในกรุเจดีย์วัดพระคงฤๅษีคู่กับพระบาง", "en": "Cache-found in the wat's chedis together with พระบาง; the two share a body and are separated by mould", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-phra-khong-ruesi", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ทรงป้อมกว่าพระรอด ใบโพธิ์เป็นซุ้มรอบองค์", "en": "Stockier than a พระรอด, the bodhi leaves forming a canopy round the figure; the trade reads the leaf pattern first", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "คราบกรุและรอยตัดขอบตามอายุ — เนื้อดินไม่เกิดสนิม", "en": "Age reads as cache crust and edge wear, never rust: the fired-earth dating signal on the material axis", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-rot", "tell_th": "พระรอดเล็กกว่า เรียวกว่า จากกรุวัดมหาวัน · พระคงป้อมกว่า จากกรุวัดพระคงฤๅษี ทั้งคู่ดินเผาหริภุญชัย", "tell_en": "Same class, same fired-earth body, same city. A พระรอด is smaller and finer, from the Wat Mahawan cache; a พระคง is stockier, from the Wat Phra Khong Ruesi cache. Mould, not material, tells them apart."}, {"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "พระกรุคือหมวดใหญ่ของพระที่พบในกรุ พระคงเป็นสมาชิกหนึ่งที่มีชื่อเอง", "tell_en": "พระกรุ is the umbrella for any cache find; พระคง is one named member of it"}, {"id": "phra-sum-ko", "tell_th": "พระซุ้มกอเป็นดินเผากำแพงเพชร ซุ้มเป็นลายกนก ไม่ใช่ใบโพธิ์", "tell_en": "A พระซุ้มกอ is fired earth from Kamphaeng Phet with a kanok-scroll arch; the พระคง arch is bodhi leaves"}, {"id": "phra-nang-phaya", "tell_th": "พระนางพญาเป็นดินเผาพิษณุโลก ทรงสามเหลี่ยม ไม่มีซุ้ม", "tell_en": "A พระนางพญา is a Phitsanulok fired-earth triangle with no canopy at all"}], "market": {"search": ["พระคง"], "excludes": ["พระคงกระพัน", "พระคงทน"], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free Commons photograph of a พระคง was found (searches on พระคง, Phra Khong, Haripunchai votive tablet). Needed: obverse straight on showing the leaf canopy, reverse, and a side-by-side with a พระรอด at the same scale."}, "text": {"what_th": "พระพิมพ์ดินเผาหริภุญชัยจากกรุวัดพระคงฤๅษี ลำพูน คู่แฝดของพระรอด องค์พระนั่งใต้ซุ้มใบโพธิ์ ชื่อ “คง” ทำให้คนถือเป็นพระคงกระพัน", "what_en": "A Hariphunchai fired-earth tablet from the cache at Wat Phra Khong Ruesi in Lamphun, the stockier twin of the พระรอด: a seated Buddha under bodhi leaves. The name คง (endure) is why the trade reads it as a คงกระพัน amulet.", "story_th": "ตำนานวัดว่าพระนางจามเทวีสร้างวัดนี้ตรงที่ฤๅษีวาสุเทพใช้ไม้เท้าขีดผังเมือง มีเจดีย์ที่บรรจุพระคงและพระบางไว้จำนวนมาก การบูรณะเปิดกรุพบพระพิมพ์ดินเผาสีดำและแดง", "story_en": "The wat's legend has Queen Chamadevi build it where the hermit Vasudeva sketched the city plan with his staff, with hermit figures at the four gates. Its stupas held fired-earth tablets in black and red, and a restoration that opened the chedis turned up พระคง and พระบาง in quantity. The trade groups it with the other Lamphun cache finds and prices it well below the พระรอด.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง คำถามเรื่องที่มาคือแท้หรือไม่และราคา ไม่ใช่ความปลอดภัยทางวิญญาณ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home and nothing owed. The provenance question is authenticity and price, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-wat-phra-khong-ruesi", "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-phra-khong-ruesi"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-phra-khong-ruesi", "note": "the last sentence is tradition"}, "axes.class": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "from the name คง and trade usage; not attested in a source we hold"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-north", "th": "ล้านนา · ภาคเหนือ", "en": "Lanna / Northern Thailand"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 2, "priced": 2, "median_thb": 134.965, "typical_thb": [129.0, 140.93], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-kring", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระกริ่ง", "roman": "phra kring", "en": "Phra Kring (rattling cast Buddha)", "aliases": {"th": ["กริ่ง", "พระกริ่งปวเรศ", "พระกริ่งวัดสุทัศน์"], "roman": ["phra kring", "phra gring", "kring"], "en": ["Medicine Buddha amulet", "ringing Buddha"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nawaloha", "samrit", "thonglueang", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "พระพุทธรูปลอยองค์ขนาดเล็ก ประทับนั่งบนฐานบัวคว่ำ ภายในกลวงบรรจุเม็ดกริ่ง อุดก้นฐาน", "shape_en": "A small free-standing cast Buddha seated on an inverted-lotus base; the body is hollow, a metal pellet is sealed inside and the base is plugged", "size_mm": [20, 35, 15], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ หรือตั้งบูชา", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case, or set on the altar", "obverse_th": "ปางมารวิชัย มือซ้ายถือหม้อยาหรือผลไม้", "obverse_en": "Right hand in the earth-touching (Mara-subduing) gesture; the left rests in the lap holding a medicine pot or fruit", "reverse_th": "ด้านหลังและใต้ฐานมักมีรอยอุดก้น บางสำนักตอกโค้ด", "reverse_en": "Back is the figure itself; the underside carries the base plug and, in some lineages, a stamped code", "notes_en": "Size is a typical pendant piece; altar-size castings exist. The pellet is the defining feature — the kind is named for its sound."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ประทับนั่งบนฐานบัวคว่ำ", "en": "seated on an inverted-lotus base"}, {"th": "มือซ้ายถือหม้อยา — พระไภษัชยคุรุ", "en": "left hand holds a medicine pot: the Bhaisajyaguru (Medicine Buddha) reference"}, {"th": "เม็ดกริ่งในองค์พระ", "en": "a sealed pellet that chimes when shaken"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดบวรนิเวศวิหาร · วัดสุทัศนเทพวราราม", "wat_en": "Wat Bowonniwet (Phra Kring Pawaret line) and Wat Suthat (Somdet Phra Sangkharat Pae line), Bangkok", "maker_th": "สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้า กรมพระยาปวเรศวริยาลงกรณ์ · สมเด็จพระสังฆราช (แพ ติสฺสเทโว)", "maker_en": "Somdet Phra Maha Samana Chao Krom Phraya Pawaret Wariyalongkon (Wat Bowon); Somdet Phra Sangkharat Pae Tissadevo (Wat Suthat)", "era_th": "แบบทิเบต–จีน–เขมรมาก่อน ในไทยมีหลักฐานแต่สุโขทัย–อยุธยา ที่นิยมคือยุครัตนโกสินทร์", "era_en": "Tibetan, Chinese and Khmer forms precede it; Thai evidence from Sukhothai–Ayutthaya, the collected lineages are Rattanakosin", "place_th": "กรุงเทพฯ", "place_en": "Bangkok", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เขย่าแล้วมีเสียงกริ่ง — องค์กลวง มีเม็ดโลหะ อุดก้น", "en": "Shaken, it chimes: the body is hollow with a pellet, and the base is plugged. A silent piece is some other kind of cast Buddha", "source": "s:th-wiki-kring", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ฐานบัวคว่ำ มือขวาปางมารวิชัย มือซ้ายถือหม้อยา", "en": "Inverted-lotus base, right hand touching earth, left holding a pot or fruit", "source": "s:th-wiki-kring", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อนวโลหะหรือสัมฤทธิ์ หล่อ ไม่ใช่ปั๊ม — ดูรอยหล่อและผิวกลับดำตามอายุ", "en": "Cast in nawaloha or bronze, never struck; look for casting texture and the dark patina the trade calls กลับดำ on aged nawaloha", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "สายวัดสุทัศน์และวัดบวรฯ มักตอกโค้ดหรืออักขระใต้ฐาน", "en": "Wat Suthat and Wat Bowon lineage pieces usually carry a code or Khom letters under the base; a type mark, not a proof of anything", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "พระกริ่งเป็นองค์พระพุทธรูปมีเม็ดกริ่ง · รูปหล่อเป็นรูปพระสงฆ์ หัวโล้น ไม่มีอุษณีษะ", "tell_en": "A phra kring is a Buddha (ushnisha, lotus base, pellet inside); a rup lo is a cast monk, bald, in robes, and normally silent. Same class and material, different figure"}, {"id": "phra-pidta", "tell_th": "พระปิดตายกมือปิดหน้า · พระกริ่งมือขวาลงมารวิชัย มือซ้ายถือหม้อยา", "tell_en": "A pidta covers its face with its hands; a kring's hands are in the earth-touching pose with a pot. Both can be cast metal, so read the hands"}, {"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จเป็นแผ่นผงอัดพิมพ์ · พระกริ่งเป็นโลหะหล่อลอยองค์", "tell_en": "A somdej is a pressed powder tablet with the figure in relief; a kring is a free-standing metal casting"}], "market": {"search": ["พระกริ่ง"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Phra Kring"], "commons_files": ["File:Wat Suthat วัดสุทัศน์ - Phra Kring.jpg", "File:Phra Kring Wat Bowon 2395 - 2411.png", "File:พระกริ่ง 2395 - 2411.png", "File:2 x kring 1.png", "File:CHINAPUNCHON.jpg", "File:พระกริ่งปวเรศ Phra Kring Pawaret.png", "File:Pawaret พระกริ่งปวเรศ.png", "File:Phra Kring 2395 - 2411.png", "File:พระกริ่งปวเรศวัดบวรหน้า.jpg", "File:พระกริ่งปวเรศแต่งขอบ.jpg", "File:พระกริ่งปวเรศวัดบวรหลัง.jpg", "File:องค์ที่16 (statue).jpg"], "wanted_en": "Front, side and underside (the base plug) at matched scale; the FAL-licensed Wat Bowon รุ่น 1 front/back pair on Commons is not free and was left out"}, "images": [{"file": "phra-kring/phra-kring-wat-suthat-phra-kring-f2de3d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Suthat วัดสุทัศน์ - Phra Kring.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_Phra_Kring.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114652406", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระกริ่ง", "alt_en": "Phra Kring (rattling cast Buddha) — Phra Kring , Wat Suthat", "sha256": "93191c2b838b89a644b3dc294a21a4de1d3c2906291430a0972d20bd0ed3ca67", "width": 2291, "height": 3054, "primary": true}, {"file": "phra-kring/phra-kring-chinapunchon-a52360.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:CHINAPUNCHON.jpg", "url": 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%8816_%28statue%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96176389", "license": "FAL", "license_url": "http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en", "author": "Natachai", "credit": "Natachai", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระกริ่ง", "alt_en": "Phra Kring (rattling cast Buddha) — พระกริ่งปวเรศ เนื้อนวโลหะ พ.ศ.2434 ทดสอบด้วยเครื่อง XRF รุ่น EDX-720 พบโลหะธาตุ 9 ชนิดตามตำราของสมเด็จพระพนรัต วัดป่าแก้", "sha256": "98fc74cc3206aa500d1ffb14160f674e56c5cb1153bf3068c128638508b7c941", "width": 279, "height": 472}], "text": {"what_th": "พระพุทธรูปหล่อโลหะขนาดเล็ก ภายในกลวงบรรจุเม็ดกริ่ง เขย่าแล้วดัง สืบสายมาจากพระไภษัชยคุรุแบบจีน–ทิเบต หล่อด้วยนวโลหะหรือสัมฤทธิ์ พลังอยู่ที่ผู้สร้างและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "A small cast Buddha with a pellet sealed inside — shake it and it chimes. Cast in bronze or nawaloha in the Chinese-Tibetan medicine-Buddha line.", "story_th": "ต้นแบบคือพระไภษัชยคุรุของทิเบตและจีน ผ่านเขมรเข้ามาไทย ในไทยที่นับถือกันคือสายวัดบวรฯ ที่กรมพระยาปวเรศฯ ทรงหล่อ (พระกริ่งปวเรศ) และสายวัดสุทัศน์ของสมเด็จพระสังฆราชแพ นวโลหะคือโลหะเก้าชนิดผสมกัน วงการถือกันว่าเสียงกริ่งใช้ทำน้ำมนต์และเกี่ยวกับการรักษาโรค", "story_en": "The model is the Medicine Buddha of Tibet and China, reaching Siam by way of Khmer castings; Thai evidence runs from Sukhothai onward. The lineages the trade collects are Rattanakosin: Wat Bowon's Phra Kring Pawaret and Wat Suthat's castings under Somdet Phra Sangkharat Pae, with a Phitsanulok Wat Wang Chan group (the Naresuan series) alongside. Nawaloha is a nine-metal alloy — gold, silver, copper, bronze, tin, zinc, lead, mercury and pewter are the ones named. The trade holds that the chime is used when blessing water and links the kind to healing and vitality, which is the Bhaisajyaguru dedication carried into Thai practice.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้ตามปกติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang. Its only provenance question is authenticity and price."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:th-wiki-kring", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-kring"}, "form.obverse_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-kring"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "typical pendant casting; not measured on a reference piece"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-kring", "note": "chime-in-blessing-water and healing: s:amulet-reference card D·11, tradition"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nawaloha", "term": "นวโลหะ", "roman": "nawaloha", "en": "nine-metal alloy", "definition": "An alloy of nine metals cast to a prescribed recipe, each metal contributed for its own quality. Highly regarded, and the claim cannot be read off the finished object — which makes the record of the casting (which foundry, which ceremony, which year) the actual asset. A register entry is worth more here than a photograph."}, {"key": "samrit", "term": "สัมฤทธิ์", "roman": "samrit", "en": "bronze", "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 36, "priced": 36, "median_thb": 100.0, "typical_thb": [39.0, 1500.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-kring/phra-kring-wat-suthat-phra-kring-f2de3d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Suthat วัดสุทัศน์ - Phra Kring.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_Phra_Kring.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114652406", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระกริ่ง", "alt_en": "Phra Kring (rattling cast Buddha) — Phra Kring , Wat Suthat", "sha256": "93191c2b838b89a644b3dc294a21a4de1d3c2906291430a0972d20bd0ed3ca67", "width": 2291, "height": 3054, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-kru", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระกรุ", "roman": "phra kru", "en": "Phra Kru (cache-find amulet)", "aliases": {"th": ["กรุเก่า", "พระกรุเก่า", "พระพิมพ์กรุ"], "roman": ["phra kroo", "kru amulet"], "en": ["stupa-deposit amulet", "votive tablet from a cache"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_din", "nuea_chin", "sanim_daeng", "nuea_phong"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "พระพิมพ์ทุกทรง — ดินเผาหรือชินเป็นหลัก", "shape_en": "Any pressed-tablet form; fired earth or chin alloy far more often than powder", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case", "obverse_th": "องค์พระตามศิลปะยุคที่บรรจุ", "obverse_en": "A Buddha in the style of the period that sealed the cache", "reverse_th": "เรียบ มีคราบกรุ", "reverse_en": "Plain, carrying cache crust", "notes_en": "A category, not a mould. Form follows the named kind (Phra Rod, Nang Phaya, Sum Ko, Hu Yan and hundreds more); the shared marks are surface, not shape."}, "iconography": [{"th": "องค์พระพิมพ์ ศิลปะตามยุค (ทวารวดี ลพบุรี สุโขทัย อู่ทอง อยุธยา)", "en": "a votive Buddha in the art of its period: Dvaravati, Lopburi, Sukhothai, U Thong, Ayutthaya"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "ประเพณีบรรจุพระพิมพ์ในกรุเจดีย์เพื่อสืบพระศาสนา", "era_en": "The practice of sealing votive tablets in a stupa's chamber to carry the religion forward, per Thai Wikipedia; the tablets surface when the structure fails or is opened", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Throughout Thailand", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "คราบกรุ — คราบดิน ไคล และแร่บานบนผิว", "en": "Cache crust: earth, sediment and mineral bloom on the surface, the category's shared mark", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "เนื้อชินอ่านจากสนิม ชินเงิน ชินตะกั่ว สนิมแดง · เนื้อดินอ่านจากการหดตัว", "en": "Chin bodies read by patina (silvery, lead-heavy, red-rust); clay bodies read by shrinkage. Powder is the exception, not the rule, in a cache", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "สนิมแดงคือสภาพผิว ไม่ใช่คำตัดสินอายุ", "en": "Red rust is a surface state recorded as such, never a verdict on age", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "รูปทรงบอกชื่อกรุ ผิวบอกอายุ", "en": "Shape names the kind and cache; surface testifies to time. Ask both questions separately", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หมวดที่ผลิตเลียนแบบมาก คราบทำใหม่ได้", "en": "Heavily reproduced as a category; crust can be applied. A statement about the category, never about an object", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-rot", "tell_th": "พระรอดคือพระกรุที่มีชื่อ — ใบโพธิ์ล้อม ลำพูน", "tell_en": "Phra Rod is one named member of this category: bodhi-leaf ring, Lamphun. Say the name when you can; say phra kru when you cannot."}, {"id": "phra-hu-yan", "tell_th": "หูยานคือพระกรุเนื้อชินที่มีชื่อ ลพบุรี", "tell_en": "Hu Yan is a named chin-alloy member: ears to the shoulders, Lopburi."}, {"id": "phra-khanaen", "tell_th": "พระคะแนนคือองค์เล็กที่ใช้นับจำนวน มีทั้งในกรุและในรุ่นวัดสมัยใหม่", "tell_en": "A phra khanaen is an undersized counting piece; it may come from a cache or from a modern temple run, so size and purpose name it, not the crust."}, {"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จเป็นพระผงสมัยรัตนโกสินทร์ สร้างแจกไม่ได้บรรจุกรุเป็นหลัก · พระกรุเป็นดินหรือชินจากเจดีย์", "tell_en": "A somdej is Rattanakosin pressed powder made to give out; a phra kru is earth or chin sealed in a stupa and recovered. Some somdej were later deposited (the trade calls those กรุ too), which is why the material is the first gate."}], "market": {"search": ["พระกรุ", "กรุเก่า"], "excludes": ["พระกรุง"], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Amulets in the Ramkhamhaeng National Museum", "Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Terracotta Buddha Sealing, 14th-15th Cent., Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (47595440792).jpg", "File:Terracotta Buddha Sealings, 14th-15th Cent., Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (47595428712).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705814907).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705814617).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705814157).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705813697).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705813467).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705813167).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705812727).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705812417).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705812077).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705811667).jpg", "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (47648419761).jpg", "File:Terracotta Moulds, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (33770917578).jpg", "File:Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (47648415511).jpg", "File:กรุวัดกุฏีสูง.jpg", "File:กรุวัดกุฏีสูง เนื้อดินเผา.jpg", "File:พระนาคปรก กรุนาดูน.jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน.jpg", "File:ด้านหลัง พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน.jpg", "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุวัดป่ายาง.jpg"], "wanted_en": "The Ramkhamhaeng Museum set (public domain) shows Sukhothai terracotta tablets and moulds in cases; still wanted is a loupe-scale detail of cache crust on a chin piece and on a clay piece side by side."}, "images": [{"file": "phra-kru/phra-kru-terracotta-buddha-sealing-14th-15th-cent-4c65d9.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Terracotta Buddha Sealing, 14th-15th Cent., Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (47595440792).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Terracotta_Buddha_Sealing%2C_14th-15th_Cent.%2C_Ramkhamhaeng_Museum%2C_Sukhothai_%2847595440792%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109041518", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China", "credit": "Terracotta Buddha Sealing, 14th-15th Cent., Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระกรุ", "alt_en": "Phra Kru (cache-find amulet) — Museum of Sukhothai history, Sukhothai, Thailand. 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When the structure fails or is opened the tablets come out, which the trade calls a cache breaking (กรุแตก). Four of the Benjaphakhi five are cache-finds; the term พระเครื่อง itself, per the same article, only arrives in the reign of Rama IV and folds these older พระพิมพ์ into it.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "s:tradition", "s:holding-key", "s:th-wiki-chedi"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "inference", "note": "คุ้มครอง as the holding pen: the category makes no single function claim"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-chedi"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}, {"key": "nuea_chin", "term": "เนื้อชิน", "roman": "nuea chin", "en": "tin-lead alloy", "definition": "A tin-lead alloy cast or pressed into votive tablets, characteristic of pieces recovered from กรุ (stupa deposits). Conventionally divided by patina into ชินเงิน (silvery), ชินตะกั่ว (lead-heavy) and ชินสนิมแดง (red-rust)."}, {"key": "sanim_daeng", "term": "สนิมแดง", "roman": "sanim daeng", "en": "red rust patina", "definition": "The red lead-oxide crust that forms on ชิน over long burial. Named as a material in the market but functioning as an age claim — which is why it is both prized and reproduced. Recorded here as a surface state, not as a verdict on age."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 37, "priced": 37, "median_thb": 129.0, "typical_thb": [69.0, 257.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-kru/phra-kru-terracotta-buddha-sealing-14th-15th-cent-4c65d9.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Terracotta Buddha Sealing, 14th-15th Cent., Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (47595440792).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Terracotta_Buddha_Sealing%2C_14th-15th_Cent.%2C_Ramkhamhaeng_Museum%2C_Sukhothai_%2847595440792%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109041518", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China", "credit": "Terracotta Buddha Sealing, 14th-15th Cent., Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระกรุ", "alt_en": "Phra Kru (cache-find amulet) — Museum of Sukhothai history, Sukhothai, Thailand. 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{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-nang-phaya", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระนางพญา", "roman": "phra nang phaya", "en": "Phra Nang Phaya (Phitsanulok triangular tablet)", "aliases": {"th": ["นางพญา", "พระนางพญาพิษณุโลก", "ราชินีแห่งพระเครื่อง"], "roman": ["nang phaya", "phra nang phya", "nangphaya"], "en": ["Queen of Amulets"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_din"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "สามเหลี่ยมหน้าจั่ว เนื้อดินเผาหยาบ", "shape_en": "An isosceles triangle of coarse fired clay", "size_mm": [20, 28, 5], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case", "obverse_th": "องค์พระปางมารวิชัย อกนูน แขนเรียว", "obverse_en": "A Buddha in Maravijaya with a prominent chest and slender arms", "reverse_th": "เรียบ มักเห็นรอยนิ้วมือ", "reverse_en": "Plain; finger impressions are commonly visible", "notes_en": "Size per Thai Wikipedia: roughly 2 cm base by 2.8 cm high; moulds vary."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ปางมารวิชัย", "en": "Maravijaya (calling the earth to witness)"}, {"th": "อกนูน แขนเรียว — ที่มาของฉายาราชินี", "en": "full chest and slender arms, the source of the 'queen' epithet"}, {"th": "ทรงสามเหลี่ยม", "en": "triangular field with no arch"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดนางพญา พิษณุโลก", "wat_en": "Wat Nang Phaya, Phitsanulok", "maker_th": "ผูกกับรัชสมัยสมเด็จพระนเรศวร (วิกิพีเดียไทย) หรือพระวิสุทธิกษัตรีย์ (วิกิพีเดียอังกฤษ)", "maker_en": "Thai Wikipedia ties the making to King Naresuan's era; English Wikipedia credits Queen Wisutkasat. Treat the attribution as tradition.", "era_th": "สมัยอยุธยา กรุแตกครั้งแรกราว พ.ศ. ๒๔๔๔", "era_en": "Ayutthaya period; the cache first opened around 1901 (B.E. 2444), with later finds in B.E. 2512, 2530 and 2553 per Thai Wikipedia", "place_th": "พิษณุโลก", "place_en": "Phitsanulok", "first_attested": "กรุแตก พ.ศ. 2444 (th.wikipedia)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "พิมพ์หลักตามวิกิพีเดียไทย: พิมพ์ใหญ่ (อกนูนใหญ่) · เข่าโค้ง · เข่าตรง (ธรรมดา / มือตกเข่า) · สังฆาฏิ", "en": "Principal moulds per Thai Wikipedia: Phim Yai (large chest), Khao Khong (curved knee), Khao Trong (straight knee, plain or hand-on-knee), Sangkhati (small)", "source": "s:th-wiki-nang-phaya", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อดินหยาบที่สุดในเบญจภาคี มีเม็ดแร่และเม็ดสีปะปน", "en": "The coarsest body of the five: mineral grit and coloured inclusions visible to the eye", "source": "s:th-wiki-nang-phaya", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "สีผิวหลากหลาย แดงอิฐ เหลือง ดำ เขียว ตามไฟและกรุ", "en": "Surface colour ranges from brick red through yellow to black and green; it follows kiln and cache, not mould", "source": "s:th-wiki-nang-phaya", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ด้านหลังมักมีรอยนิ้วมือและไคลขี้กรุ", "en": "Reverse usually shows finger impressions and cache sediment (ไคลขี้กรุ)", "source": "s:th-wiki-nang-phaya", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "อายุอ่านจากการหดตัวของดิน ไม่ใช่สนิม", "en": "Age reads as shrinkage and crust, never patina: the clay axis's dating signal", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-phong-suphan", "tell_th": "ทั้งคู่สามเหลี่ยมดินเผาปางมารวิชัย · ผงสุพรรณเนื้อละเอียดกว่า สุพรรณบุรี · นางพญาเนื้อหยาบ พิษณุโลก", "tell_en": "Both are triangular fired-clay Maravijaya tablets. Phong Suphan has a finer body and comes from Suphan Buri; Nang Phaya is coarse and from Phitsanulok. Same class, nobody home in either."}, {"id": "phra-rot", "tell_th": "พระรอดทรงสูงมน นั่งสมาธิ มีใบโพธิ์ · นางพญาสามเหลี่ยม มารวิชัย", "tell_en": "Phra Rod is tall and rounded, in meditation with bodhi leaves; Nang Phaya is a triangle in Maravijaya."}, {"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "นางพญาคือพระกรุที่มีชื่อ กรุวัดนางพญา", "tell_en": "Nang Phaya is one named cache-find; phra kru is the category. The triangle, the coarse body and the Phitsanulok cache name this one."}], "market": {"search": ["นางพญา"], "excludes": ["นางพญาเสือโคร่ง"], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:พระนางพญาองค์โต หล่อจากปัญจโลหะ.jpg", "File:Benjapakee.png", "File:Benjapakee 2.png"], "wanted_en": "The only single-subject free file is a large cast replica at Wat Ratchaburana, Phitsanulok, not a tablet. Needed: a tablet obverse showing chest and arms, the reverse with finger impression, and an edge view of the coarse body."}, "images": [{"file": "phra-nang-phaya/phra-nang-phaya-jpg-923d4b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พระนางพญาองค์โต หล่อจากปัญจโลหะ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115850407", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระนางพญา", "alt_en": "Phra Nang Phaya (Phitsanulok triangular tablet) — พระนางพญา (Phra Nang Phaya) องค์จำลองขนาดใหญ่โต ตั้งชั่วคราวอยู่ที่วัดราชบูรณะ พิษณุโลก ก่อนย้ายไปประดิษฐานในจุดที่วางแผ", "sha256": "2aa6655d66c82e150e70be286cb066b21ba8c614773d26f27a8fc915d58e0dfb", "width": 3024, "height": 4032, "primary": true}, {"file": "phra-nang-phaya/phra-nang-phaya-benjapakee-39c238.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Benjapakee.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระนางพญา", "alt_en": "Phra Nang Phaya (Phitsanulok triangular tablet) — Benjapakee", "sha256": "37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e", "width": 1644, "height": 923}, {"file": "phra-nang-phaya/phra-nang-phaya-benjapakee-2-4e4d8b.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee 2.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Benjapakee_2.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102452146", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระนางพญา", "alt_en": "Phra Nang Phaya (Phitsanulok triangular tablet) — Benjapakee 2", "sha256": "ba6ab231dcb9f68b7436961e57c9d1b46ebc87e6a6fd0568a53df2ab820a2850", "width": 1647, "height": 917}], "text": {"what_th": "พระพิมพ์ดินเผาทรงสามเหลี่ยมจากกรุวัดนางพญา พิษณุโลก ปางมารวิชัย อกนูน แขนเรียว วงการเรียกราชินีแห่งพระเครื่อง เป็นหนึ่งในเบญจภาคี ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่", "what_en": "A triangular fired-clay tablet from the cache at Wat Nang Phaya, Phitsanulok: a Maravijaya Buddha with a full chest and slender arms, the queen of amulets and one of the Benjaphakhi five. Nobody is home.", "story_th": "วิกิพีเดียไทยว่าสร้างในสมัยอยุธยาเพื่อบำรุงขวัญทหาร กรุแตกครั้งแรกราว พ.ศ. ๒๔๔๔ ได้พระหลายหมื่นองค์ และมีกรุแตกซ้ำอีกหลายครั้งในภายหลัง มวลสารเป็นดินหยาบผสมเม็ดแร่ ว่าน และเกสรดอกไม้", "story_en": "Thai Wikipedia places the making in the Ayutthaya period, as morale for soldiers as much as merit, and dates the first opening of the cache to about 1901, when tens of thousands of tablets came out; further finds followed in 1969, 1987 and 2010. The body is coarse clay with mineral grit, herbs and flower pollen mixed in. The chest and arms earned it the queen's title, and Triyampavai's five of around 1947 fixed it there.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "s:tradition", "s:th-wiki-nang-phaya"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-nang-phaya"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "the trade's usual claim; not stated in the cited article"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-nang-phaya", "note": "approx. 20 x 28 mm per the article; depth is inference"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "two Wikipedias disagree; recorded as tradition"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search term chosen by this record; นางพญาเสือโคร่ง is the wild Himalayan cherry"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 41, "priced": 41, "median_thb": 121.4, "typical_thb": [66.86, 359.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-nang-phaya/phra-nang-phaya-jpg-923d4b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พระนางพญาองค์โต หล่อจากปัญจโลหะ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115850407", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระนางพญา", "alt_en": "Phra Nang Phaya (Phitsanulok triangular tablet) — พระนางพญา (Phra Nang Phaya) องค์จำลองขนาดใหญ่โต ตั้งชั่วคราวอยู่ที่วัดราชบูรณะ พิษณุโลก ก่อนย้ายไปประดิษฐานในจุดที่วางแผ", "sha256": "2aa6655d66c82e150e70be286cb066b21ba8c614773d26f27a8fc915d58e0dfb", "width": 3024, "height": 4032, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-phikkhanet", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระพิฆเนศ", "roman": "phra phikkhanet", "en": "Ganesha pendant", "aliases": {"th": ["พระพิฆเนศวร", "พระคเณศ", "องค์พิฆเนศ"], "roman": ["phra phikanet", "phra pikanet", "phra kanet"], "en": ["Ganesh amulet", "Phra Pikanet"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "kha_khai", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "nuea_phong"], "figures": ["deity"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปหล่อองค์เล็กหรือเหรียญ องค์เศียรช้างประทับนั่ง หลายกร", "shape_en": "Small cast figure or struck medallion of the elephant-headed god, seated, with several arms; larger cast images for desk and shrine", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ หรือตั้งบูชา", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case, or set on a shrine shelf", "obverse_th": "พระพิฆเนศ เศียรช้าง งาเดียว พุงพลุ้ย สี่กร มีหนูเป็นพาหนะ", "obverse_en": "Ganesha: elephant head, single (broken) tusk, round belly, four arms, the mouse as vehicle", "reverse_th": "ยันต์หรือชื่อวัดและรุ่น", "reverse_en": "Yantra, or the issuing wat and run", "notes_en": "Iconography per Thai Wikipedia; the pendant forms and their reverse are tradition."}, "iconography": [{"th": "เศียรช้าง งาหัก", "en": "elephant head with one broken tusk"}, {"th": "สี่กร", "en": "four arms"}, {"th": "หนู (มุสิกะ) พาหนะ", "en": "the mouse as vehicle"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "หลายวัดและสำนัก", "maker_en": "Issued by many wats and shrines; no single maker", "era_th": "ความนิยมยุคใหม่ต่อจากการที่กรมศิลปากรและมหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากรใช้เป็นตรา", "era_en": "Modern popularity follows the Fine Arts Department and Silpakorn University adopting Ganesha as emblem, itself inherited from King Vajiravudh's literary society", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ ศาลใหญ่ที่ราชประสงค์และห้วยขวาง", "place_en": "Nationwide; major Bangkok shrines at Ratchaprasong (CentralWorld) and Huai Khwang", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เศียรช้าง งาเดียว สี่กร มักถือขนม บ่วง ขอช้าง งาหัก", "en": "Elephant head, one tusk, four arms; the hands usually hold a sweet, a noose, an elephant goad and the broken tusk", "source": "s:th-wiki-phikkhanet", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หนูอยู่ที่ฐาน", "en": "A mouse at the base marks the vehicle; its absence is common on small pendants", "source": "s:th-wiki-phikkhanet", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "รูปหล่อโลหะมีรอยตะไบใต้ฐานและรอยอุดกริ่งบ้าง เหรียญมีขอบตัด", "en": "Cast figures show file marks under the base; medallions show a struck edge — the material axis is the first gate", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "รูปแบบไทยตามแบบฮินดู ไม่มีรูปแบบพิเศษของไทยที่แยกได้ด้วยตา", "en": "Thai renderings follow the Hindu standard; there is no distinct Thai type the eye can separate, so the run and wat on the reverse carry the identity", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-phrom", "tell_th": "พระพรหมสี่หน้า ไม่ใช่เศียรช้าง · พระพิฆเนศเศียรช้าง ทั้งคู่ชั้นเทพ บูชาไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "tell_en": "Both are deva-tier pendants kept by veneration. Brahma has four human faces; Ganesha has an elephant head. Different god, same class."}, {"id": "thao-wessuwan", "tell_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณเป็นยักษ์ถือกระบอง ไม่ใช่ช้าง", "tell_en": "Wessuwan is a club-bearing giant; Ganesha is the elephant-headed god. Same class, different figure"}, {"id": "phaya-khrut", "tell_th": "ครุฑเป็นครึ่งนกครึ่งคน กางปีก", "tell_en": "Garuda is a winged bird-man, usually shown wings out; Ganesha sits with an elephant's head"}], "market": {"search": ["พิฆเนศ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Ganesha in Thailand", "Category:Sculptures of Ganesha in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:พระพิฆเนศ.JPG", "File:พระพิฆเนศ Ganesha.jpg", "File:Bkknattheatr0205b.jpg", "File:Fine Arts Department - Seal - 001.jpg", "File:Khon Mask Phikanet.JPG", "File:Ganesh Shrine at Huai Khwang, Bangkok ศาลพระพิฆเนศ สี่แยกห้วยขวาง (April2021) 01.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Free files show Thai shrine statues, the Fine Arts Department seal and a khon mask, not a pendant. Needed: a cast Ganesha pendant obverse and reverse in the hand for scale."}, "text": {"what_th": "จี้หรือรูปหล่อพระพิฆเนศ เทพเศียรช้างผู้ขจัดอุปสรรค เจ้าแห่งศิลปวิทยา บูชากันในไทยทั้งในกรอบพุทธและพราหมณ์", "what_en": "A pendant or small cast image of Ganesha, the elephant-headed remover of obstacles and patron of the arts, venerated in Thailand inside Buddhist practice as much as Hindu.", "story_th": "ความเป็นเทพแห่งศิลปะในไทยมาจากรัชกาลที่ 6 ทรงตั้งเทวาลัยคเณศที่พระราชวังสนามจันทร์และใช้เป็นตราวรรณคดีสโมสร กรมศิลปากรรับตรานี้ต่อ มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากรก็ใช้ ศาลใหญ่กลางกรุงที่ราชประสงค์และห้วยขวางทำให้เป็นเทพยอดนิยมของคนทำงานศิลปะ ค้าขาย และนักเรียน", "story_en": "Thailand's Ganesha is the god of the arts because King Vajiravudh built a Ganesha shrine at Sanam Chan Palace and made him the emblem of his literary society; the Fine Arts Department inherited the seal and Silpakorn University uses it still. Big city shrines at Ratchaprasong and Huai Khwang made him the everyday god of artists, traders and students, and the pendant trade followed the shrines.", "keeping_th": "บูชาด้วยดอกไม้ ผลไม้ ขนม และความเคารพ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยงอย่างกุมาร ไม่ใช่ผี", "keeping_en": "Kept by veneration: flowers, fruit, sweets and respect. Not fed like a kuman and not a ghost; the cleanest resident class."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-phikkhanet", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition", "s:commons-amulets-th"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phikkhanet"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phikkhanet"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phikkhanet", "note": "the last clause on the pendant trade is tradition"}, "axes.class": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "phra-phikkhanet/phra-phikkhanet-jpg-ae0fdc.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พระพิฆเนศ.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43849377", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Odinz thegod49", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพิฆเนศ", "alt_en": "Ganesha pendant — This is a photo of a monument in Thailand identified by the ID", "sha256": "32f9350843a2c5247f5c0f01ccd8ecc4ca3b842ece22cf4e842a7cb2c1b835e9", "width": 5093, "height": 3400, "primary": true}, {"file": "phra-phikkhanet/phra-phikkhanet-bkknattheatr0205b-036cfb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bkknattheatr0205b.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Bkknattheatr0205b.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3602937", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org)", "credit": "Self-photographed", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพิฆเนศ", "alt_en": "Ganesha pendant — Statue of Ganesha at National Theatre in Bangkok, Thailand", "sha256": "c7b1949e54095569c79fa128a71a625721886ee5db7daf2d6217000686a36425", "width": 1394, "height": 768}, {"file": "phra-phikkhanet/phra-phikkhanet-satitdhava-ade7b2.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Satitdhava.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Satitdhava.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5773555", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Zenwave", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพิฆเนศ", "alt_en": "Ganesha pendant — Shrine for Ganesha, guardian deity of the arts at \"The Demonstration School of Silpakorn University\", Nakhon Pathom", "sha256": "f285db777c954dd7352f45b3c9689c413013ec77fb3cfcd78fe736cbfb99e889", "width": 3648, "height": 2736}, {"file": "phra-phikkhanet/phra-phikkhanet-khon-mask-phikanet-1f65a9.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Khon Mask Phikanet.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Khon_Mask_Phikanet.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11398001", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Saerin", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพิฆเนศ", "alt_en": "Ganesha pendant — ภาพถ่ายหัวโขนฝ่ายเทวดา หน้าพระพิฆเนศ ถ่ายจากงาน \"กรุงเทพฯ ถนนวัฒนธรรม\" ของดีเขตบางพลัด ระหว่างวันที่ 1-5 กันยายน 2553", "sha256": "8d55acc5b86cf0819b8e2f68c8d70a3f50818b605e745a3b0cb843eed0a95a39", "width": 2736, "height": 3648}, {"file": "phra-phikkhanet/phra-phikkhanet-fine-arts-department-seal-001-dfa247.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Fine Arts Department - Seal - 001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Fine_Arts_Department_-_Seal_-_001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17475966", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าจิตรเจริญ กรมพระยานริศรานุวัดติวงศ์. \nPrince Narisara Nuvadtivongs.", "credit": "เจ้าฟ้าธรรมธิเบศรไชยเชษฐสุริยวงศ์ กรมขุนเสนาพิทักษ์. (๒๔๙๑). พระมาลัยคำหลวง. พระนครฯ: โรงพิมพ์อุดม.\nThammathibet Chaiyachetsuriyawong Krommakhun Senaphithak. (1948). Phra Malai Kham Luang. Bangkok: Udom Publishing House.", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพิฆเนศ", "alt_en": "Ganesha pendant — The Seal of the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, depicting Ganesha on the clouds.", "sha256": "180ef6be6c71a6977e3320ab5a2cf6bede3c8bbe1d11b72717da93b5e8ed0ccd", "width": 2426, "height": 2429}, {"file": "phra-phikkhanet/phra-phikkhanet-joe-louis-puppet-theatre-tha-lande-70502-b8cf7a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Joe Louis Puppet Theatre (Thaïlande) (7050258713).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Joe_Louis_Puppet_Theatre_%28Tha%C3%AFlande%29_%287050258713%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24666736", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France", "credit": "Joe Louis Puppet Theatre (Thaïlande)", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพิฆเนศ", 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the Wayback Machine", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพิฆเนศ", "alt_en": "Ganesha pendant — Thailand, Prakhon Chai District, 8th century\nSculpture\nCopper alloy\nPurchased with funds provided by Christian Humann an", "sha256": "51aa47be144a9873cf04888e511d750f0c210bc7e8ae2780d88605b59193e598", "width": 1573, "height": 2100}, {"file": "phra-phikkhanet/phra-phikkhanet-the-hindu-god-shiva-flanked-by-ganesha-a-ee489d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:The Hindu God Shiva Flanked by Ganesha and Durga LACMA M.86.120 (2 of 2).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/The_Hindu_God_Shiva_Flanked_by_Ganesha_and_Durga_LACMA_M.86.120_%282_of_2%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27349215", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "", "credit": "Image: 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The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 101, "priced": 101, "median_thb": 89.0, "typical_thb": [29.0, 259.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-phikkhanet/phra-phikkhanet-jpg-ae0fdc.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:พระพิฆเนศ.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43849377", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Odinz thegod49", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพิฆเนศ", "alt_en": "Ganesha pendant — This is a photo of a monument in Thailand identified by the ID", "sha256": "32f9350843a2c5247f5c0f01ccd8ecc4ca3b842ece22cf4e842a7cb2c1b835e9", "width": 5093, "height": 3400, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-phong-bai-lan", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระผงใบลาน", "roman": "phra phong bai lan", "en": "Palm-leaf-ash tablet", "aliases": {"th": ["ผงใบลาน", "เนื้อผงใบลาน", "ใบลานเผา"], "roman": ["phong bai lan", "pong bai lan", "nuea phong bai lan"], "en": ["burnt-manuscript-ash amulet", "scripture-ash amulet"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["phong_bai_lan", "nuea_phong"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "พระพิมพ์เนื้อผงสีดำถึงเทา พิมพ์ทรงตามวัดที่สร้าง ตำรายังให้ปั้นเป็นลูกประคำ", "shape_en": "A pressed tablet with a black-to-grey body, in whatever mould the issuing temple uses; the treatise also rolls the same paste into prayer-beads", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn cased at the neck", "obverse_th": "องค์พระตามพิมพ์ของวัด", "obverse_en": "A Buddha in the issuing temple's mould", "reverse_th": "เรียบ หรือประทับยันต์", "reverse_en": "Plain or yantra-stamped", "notes_en": "The material is the identity, not the mould: any Buddha tablet whose body is burnt palm-leaf ash belongs here."}, "iconography": [{"th": "องค์พระ", "en": "a Buddha image; the material, not the icon, defines the kind"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) ให้สูตรใบลานเผาผสมขี้รัก", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, gives the palm-leaf-ash-and-lac formula; tablets are issued by many temples", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise; the tablet form is a temple issue of many eras", "place_th": "", "place_en": "", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เนื้อดำถึงเทาเข้ม ไม่ใช่ขาวอย่างผงพุทธคุณ", "en": "Black to dark-grey body, never the white-to-cream of phong phutthakhun", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราให้เผาใบลานที่ลงคาถาเป็นสมุก ผสมขี้รัก — เนื้อจึงมันด้านและเหนียว", "en": "The treatise burns inscribed palm leaves to a black ash and binds it with lac scrapings, so the body reads matte-dark with a slight resinous sheen", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "อายุอ่านจากคราบผิว ไม่ใช่สนิม", "en": "Age reads as a surface crust, never rust: the powder family's dating signal", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ส่องเห็นเกล็ดใบลานไหม้เล็กๆ ในเนื้อ", "en": "Under a loupe the trade expects fine charred leaf flecks in the paste", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ถ้ารายการอ้างว่าใบลานมาจากคัมภีร์หรือวัดใด นั่นเป็นคำอ้างประวัติแยกต่างหาก", "en": "A listing that names which manuscript or temple the leaves came from is making a separate provenance claim, worth recording on its own", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จเนื้อขาว · ผงใบลานเนื้อดำเทา", "tell_en": "A somdet body is white to cream; a palm-leaf-ash body is black-grey. Same class, same keeping, different material"}, {"id": "phra-pidta", "tell_th": "พระปิดตามักเนื้อผงคลุกรักสีดำเช่นกัน แต่รูปพระปิดหน้าปิดตา", "tell_en": "A pidta is often a dark lacquer-mixed powder too, but the figure covers its eyes; a bai lan tablet shows an ordinary Buddha and the dark comes from ash, not lacquer alone"}, {"id": "khun-phaen", "tell_th": "ขุนแผนบางองค์เนื้อดำจากมวลสารอื่น ไม่ใช่ใบลาน ถามว่าอะไรทำให้ดำ", "tell_en": "Some khun phaen are dark from other material rather than ash; the colour is shared, the provenance question is not — ask what made it black"}], "market": {"search": ["ผงใบลาน"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches for 'bai lan' and 'palm leaf ash' amulet return nothing). Needed: a dark tablet obverse and a loupe detail of the ash body beside a white phong tablet at matched scale."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "พระพิมพ์อัดจากเถ้าใบลานเผา — ใบลานชุดเดียวกับที่คลังนี้จัดหมวดเป็นคัมภีร์ ในช่วงชีวิตถัดไป ตำราให้สูตรตรง: ลงคาถาใบลาน ๕ ใบ เผาเป็นสมุก ผสมขี้รัก ปั้น", "what_en": "Pressed from the ash of burnt palm-leaf manuscripts — the same leaves this archive catalogues, at a later moment of their life. A treatise here gives the recipe outright: inscribe five leaves with katha, burn, mix with lacquer, roll.", "story_th": "ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ (หน้า ๙๗) ให้สูตรเพื่อเมตตามหานิยมต่อขุนนางท้าวพระยาและสมณะพราหมณ์: ลงใบลาน ๕ ใบ ใบละคาถา เผาเป็นสมุก ผสมขี้รัก ปั้นเป็นลูกประคำ ๕ ลูก ลงนะโมพุทธายะลูกละอักขระ เสก ๑๐๘ คาบ ผูกเอวเมื่อไปหาขุนนาง สูตรนี้เป็นประคำ ไม่ใช่พระพิมพ์ แต่เนื้อคือเนื้อเดียวกัน คำศัพท์วัสดุของคลังเรียกผงใบลานว่าตะเข็บระหว่างสองคลัง — คัมภีร์ที่ถูกเผาแล้วกลับมาเป็นวัตถุบูชา", "story_en": "Manuscript 6983 (p. 97) gives the material its recipe, for favour before nobles, commanders, monks and brahmins: inscribe five palm leaves, one stanza per leaf, burn them to a black ash, mix with lac scrapings and roll into five prayer-beads; inscribe one syllable of Namo Phutthaya on each and empower it 108 times; tie the beads at the waist when going before a lord. That is a bead recipe, not a tablet, but the paste is the same paste. The vault's material axis calls phong bai lan the seam between the two corpora made literal — scripture consumed and re-embodied as an object of veneration. The tablet form is a temple issue; which temples, and when, this record cannot name.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ คำถามคือของแท้และราคา", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; the provenance question is authenticity, and, if a listing names the manuscript, whether that claim holds."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:ms6983", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.materials": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-materials"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "popularity before nobles, invulnerability, protection on journeys — the bead recipe's own claims"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 3615–3640 (printed p. 97, ประคำ ๕ ลูก แบบที่ ๒)"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "inference", "note": "mould varies by issuing temple; the colour is the vault's material description"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "phong_bai_lan", "term": "ผงใบลาน", "roman": "phong bai lan", "en": "burnt palm-leaf manuscript ash", "definition": "Paste incorporating the ash of burnt palm-leaf manuscripts — scripture that has been consumed and re-embodied as an object of veneration. This is the seam between the two corpora made literal: the same ใบลาน this archive catalogues as text appears in the market as material. Where a listing names a specific manuscript or temple source, that is a provenance claim worth recording separately."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 20, "priced": 20, "median_thb": 299.0, "typical_thb": [86.04, 599.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-phong-suphan", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระผงสุพรรณ", "roman": "phra phong suphan", "en": "Phra Phong Suphan (Suphan Buri triangular tablet)", "aliases": {"th": ["ผงสุพรรณ", "พระผงสุพรรณบุรี"], "roman": ["phra pong suphan", "pong suphan", "phong suphan"], "en": ["Phra Pong Suphan"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["nuea_din"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "สามเหลี่ยม เนื้อดินเผาละเอียด", "shape_en": "A triangular tablet of fine fired clay", "size_mm": [20, 30, 5], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case", "obverse_th": "องค์พระปางมารวิชัย ศิลปะอู่ทอง", "obverse_en": "A Maravijaya Buddha in U Thong style", "reverse_th": "เรียบ มักมีรอยนิ้วมือ", "reverse_en": "Plain; finger impressions are usual", "notes_en": "Named ผง (powder) but the body is fired earth, a naming trap the material axis flags. The three face-types (หน้าแก่ หน้ากลาง หน้าหนุ่ม) are trade names, recorded as tradition."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ปางมารวิชัย", "en": "Maravijaya posture"}, {"th": "พระพักตร์แบบอู่ทอง — หน้าแก่ หน้ากลาง หน้าหนุ่ม", "en": "U Thong face, sorted by the trade into old, middle and young face-types"}, {"th": "ทรงสามเหลี่ยม", "en": "triangular field"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ สุพรรณบุรี", "wat_en": "Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Suphan Buri", "maker_th": "ลานทองจารึกกล่าวถึงฤๅษีผู้สร้าง (ตามที่วงการเล่า)", "maker_en": "An inscribed gold plate from the prang is said to credit hermits with the making; the plate's text is not cited here", "era_th": "สมัยอู่ทอง เปิดกรุพระปรางค์ พ.ศ. ๒๔๕๖ พบลานทองจารึกภาษามคธอักษรขอม", "era_en": "U Thong period; the prang was opened in 1913 (B.E. 2456) and yielded a gold plate inscribed in Pali in Khom script, per Thai Wikipedia", "place_th": "สุพรรณบุรี", "place_en": "Suphan Buri", "first_attested": "เปิดกรุ พ.ศ. 2456 (th.wikipedia, วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ชื่อว่าผงแต่เนื้อเป็นดินเผา — กับดักชื่อที่แกนวัสดุเตือนไว้", "en": "Called phong but fired earth: the name is a trap the material axis names outright", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ทรงสามเหลี่ยม ปางมารวิชัย ศิลปะอู่ทอง", "en": "Triangular field, Maravijaya, U Thong facial style", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "เนื้อละเอียดกว่านางพญา สีหลากตามไฟ", "en": "Finer body than Nang Phaya; colour varies with the firing", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "อายุอ่านจากการหดตัวและคราบกรุ ไม่ใช่สนิม", "en": "Age reads as shrinkage and cache crust, never patina", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ด้านหลังมักมีรอยนิ้ว", "en": "Reverse usually carries a finger impression from pressing", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-nang-phaya", "tell_th": "สามเหลี่ยมดินเผาเหมือนกัน · นางพญาเนื้อหยาบ พิษณุโลก · ผงสุพรรณเนื้อละเอียด หน้าอู่ทอง สุพรรณบุรี", "tell_en": "Both are triangular fired-clay Maravijaya tablets. Nang Phaya is coarse and from Phitsanulok; Phong Suphan is finer, U Thong-faced, from Suphan Buri."}, {"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จเนื้อผงขาวจริง สี่เหลี่ยม มีซุ้ม · ผงสุพรรณชื่อผงแต่เป็นดินเผา สามเหลี่ยม", "tell_en": "A somdej is real white powder in a rectangle with an arch; Phong Suphan is fired clay in a triangle despite its name."}, {"id": "phra-phong-bai-lan", "tell_th": "ผงใบลานเป็นผงเผาใบลานสีดำเทา · ผงสุพรรณเป็นดินเผา", "tell_en": "Palm-leaf-ash tablets are black-grey pressed powder; Phong Suphan is fired earth. Only the word ผง links them."}], "market": {"search": ["ผงสุพรรณ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Phra Pong Suphan.png", "File:Pong Suphan.png", "File:Benjapakee.png", "File:Benjapakee 2.png"], "wanted_en": "The two single-subject files are uploader images with no reverse or scale. Needed: obverse, reverse with finger impression, edge, and a face-type comparison at matched scale."}, "images": [{"file": "phra-phong-suphan/phra-phong-suphan-phra-pong-suphan-02c3b5.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Pong Suphan.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Phra_Pong_Suphan.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99810806", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระผงสุพรรณ", "alt_en": "Phra Phong Suphan (Suphan Buri triangular tablet) — Phra Pong Suphan", "sha256": "6632940d6969bacdb571a63ed05fe586df0d851e8f2dd9fecb2d6a7081208f86", "width": 1684, "height": 877, "primary": true}, {"file": "phra-phong-suphan/phra-phong-suphan-pong-suphan-6e8a3c.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pong Suphan.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Pong_Suphan.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99811226", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระผงสุพรรณ", "alt_en": "Phra Phong Suphan (Suphan Buri triangular tablet) — Phra Pong Suphan", "sha256": "a9808783285b3f4ff4db7f80ecc8b3c25e901b76cd8e7426215d8bfc3f1aefe2", "width": 1679, "height": 875}, {"file": "phra-phong-suphan/phra-phong-suphan-benjapakee-39c238.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Benjapakee.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระผงสุพรรณ", "alt_en": "Phra Phong Suphan (Suphan Buri triangular tablet) — Benjapakee", "sha256": "37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e", "width": 1644, "height": 923}, {"file": "phra-phong-suphan/phra-phong-suphan-benjapakee-2-4e4d8b.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee 2.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Benjapakee_2.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102452146", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระผงสุพรรณ", "alt_en": "Phra Phong Suphan (Suphan Buri triangular tablet) — Benjapakee 2", "sha256": "ba6ab231dcb9f68b7436961e57c9d1b46ebc87e6a6fd0568a53df2ab820a2850", "width": 1647, "height": 917}], "text": {"what_th": "พระพิมพ์ดินเผาทรงสามเหลี่ยมจากกรุพระปรางค์วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ สุพรรณบุรี ปางมารวิชัยศิลปะอู่ทอง ชื่อว่าผงแต่เป็นดินเผา หนึ่งในเบญจภาคี ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่", "what_en": "A triangular fired-clay tablet from the prang cache at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Suphan Buri: a Maravijaya Buddha with a U Thong face. Called powder, made of earth. One of the Benjaphakhi five; nobody is home.", "story_th": "พ.ศ. ๒๔๕๖ เปิดกรุพระปรางค์ พบลานทองจารึกภาษามคธอักษรขอมพร้อมพระพิมพ์ วงการเล่าว่าจารึกกล่าวถึงฤๅษีผู้สร้างและอานุภาพ ตรียัมปวายจัดเข้าชุดเบญจภาคีราว พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๐", "story_en": "In 1913 the prang at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat was opened and a gold plate inscribed in Pali in Khom script came out with the tablets; the trade holds that the inscription names hermits as makers and promises protection, but that text is not cited here. Thai Wikipedia dates the tablets to the U Thong period. Triyampavai's set of around 1947 placed it among the five.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "s:tradition", "s:th-wiki-wat-mahathat-suphan"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.materials": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-materials"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-mahathat-suphan"}, "origin.wat_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "typical range, not measured"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search term chosen by this record"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 7, "priced": 7, "median_thb": 105.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 299.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-phong-suphan/phra-phong-suphan-phra-pong-suphan-02c3b5.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Pong Suphan.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Phra_Pong_Suphan.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99810806", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระผงสุพรรณ", "alt_en": "Phra Phong Suphan (Suphan Buri triangular tablet) — Phra Pong Suphan", "sha256": "6632940d6969bacdb571a63ed05fe586df0d851e8f2dd9fecb2d6a7081208f86", "width": 1684, "height": 877, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-phrom", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระพรหม", "roman": "phra phrom", "en": "Four-faced Brahma pendant", "aliases": {"th": ["ท้าวมหาพรหม", "พรหมสี่หน้า", "พระพรหมเอราวัณ"], "roman": ["thao maha phrom", "phra prom", "phrom si na"], "en": ["Phra Phrom", "Erawan Brahma", "Four-Face Buddha (Chinese-market misnomer)"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "chok_lap", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "nuea_phong"], "figures": ["deity"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปหล่อสี่หน้าแปดกรประทับนั่ง หรือเหรียญ", "shape_en": "Cast figure with four faces and eight arms, seated; also struck medallions showing the four faces", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ หรือตั้งบูชา", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case, or set on a shrine", "obverse_th": "สี่พักตร์ แปดกร ถือคัมภีร์ ลูกประคำ หม้อน้ำ ดอกบัว เป็นต้น", "obverse_en": "Four faces, eight arms holding scripture, rosary, water vessel, lotus and the rest of the standard set", "reverse_th": "ยันต์หรือชื่อวัด", "reverse_en": "Yantra or issuing wat", "notes_en": "The four-faced Erawan image became the template most Thai Brahma pendants copy (Thai Wikipedia)."}, "iconography": [{"th": "สี่พักตร์", "en": "four faces, one to each direction"}, {"th": "แปดกร ถือคัมภีร์ ลูกประคำ หม้อน้ำ ดอกบัว", "en": "eight arms with scripture, rosary, water vessel and lotus among the attributes"}, {"th": "หงส์ พาหนะ", "en": "the swan (hong) as vehicle, on larger images"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "รูปต้นแบบ: กรมศิลปากร (ช่างปั้น จิตร พิมพ์โกวิท) สร้างให้ศาลท้าวมหาพรหม โรงแรมเอราวัณ พ.ศ. 2499", "maker_en": "The template image was made by the Fine Arts Department (sculptor Chit Phimkowit) for the Erawan Hotel shrine, installed 9 November 1956; pendants are issued by many wats", "era_th": "ศาลตั้ง พ.ศ. 2499 ความนิยมทั่วประเทศตามมา", "era_en": "Shrine founded 1956 after construction troubles at the hotel; nationwide popularity follows it", "place_th": "แยกราชประสงค์ กรุงเทพฯ", "place_en": "Ratchaprasong intersection, Bangkok", "first_attested": "1956 — the Erawan shrine image (en/th Wikipedia)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "สี่หน้า แปดกร — หน้าเดียวคือเทพองค์อื่น", "en": "Four faces and eight arms; a single-faced seated deity is another god", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-phrom", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "รูปแบบเอราวัณ: ประทับนั่ง มงกุฎยอดแหลม", "en": "Erawan-pattern: seated, tall pointed crown — the shape most pendants copy", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-phrom", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชื่อ “พระพรหม” ชนกับสมณศักดิ์ (พระพรหมมุนี พระพรหมวชิร...) ในรายการขาย", "en": "The word พระพรหม also begins many monastic titles (พระพรหมมุนี, พระพรหมวชิร…); a listing with a monk's name after it is a monk medallion, not Brahma", "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "inference"}, {"th": "ตลาดจีนเรียก “สี่หน้าพุทธ” ทั้งที่เป็นพรหม", "en": "Sold to Chinese-speaking buyers as 'Four-Face Buddha'; the object is Brahma regardless of the label", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-phikkhanet", "tell_th": "พระพิฆเนศเศียรช้าง · พระพรหมสี่หน้าคน", "tell_en": "Ganesha has an elephant head; Brahma has four human faces. Same class, same keeping."}, {"id": "thao-wessuwan", "tell_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณหน้ายักษ์ถือกระบอง ยืน · พระพรหมสี่หน้านั่ง", "tell_en": "Wessuwan is a standing giant with a club; Brahma sits with four faces"}, {"id": "phra-kring", "tell_th": "พระกริ่งเป็นพระพุทธรูปเล็กมีเม็ดกริ่งข้างใน หน้าเดียว", "tell_en": "A phra kring is a small Buddha with a rattle inside, one face, class phra_khrueang — nobody home"}], "market": {"search": ["พระพรหม", "ท้าวมหาพรหม"], "excludes": ["พระพรหมมุนี", "พระพรหมวชิร", "พระพรหมวัชร", "พระพรหมคุณาภรณ์", "พระพรหมบัณฑิต", "พระพรหมมังคลาจารย์", "พระพรหมโมลี", "พระพรหมเวที", "พระพรหมสิทธิ", "พระพรหมจริยาจารย์"], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Erawan Shrine"], "commons_files": ["File:เทวรูป พระพรหม Brahma.jpg", "File:Lord Brahma Shrine of Erawan Hotel (13).jpg", "File:Lord Brahma Shrine of Erawan Hotel (48).jpg", "File:Bangkok ErawanShrine1.jpg", "File:Erawan-Schrein top.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Free files show the Erawan image and shrine. Needed: a Brahma pendant obverse showing all four faces, and its reverse."}, "text": {"what_th": "จี้หรือรูปหล่อพระพรหมสี่หน้า เทพผู้ลิขิตชะตาและประทานพร รูปแบบที่ทั้งประเทศทำตามคือองค์ท้าวมหาพรหมที่ศาลโรงแรมเอราวัณ", "what_en": "A pendant or small cast image of four-faced Brahma, the god Thais credit with writing destiny and granting wishes. The template nearly every pendant copies is the Erawan Hotel shrine image at Ratchaprasong.", "story_th": "โรงแรมเอราวัณสร้างไม่ราบรื่น พลเรือตรีหลวงสุวิชานแพทย์แนะให้ตั้งศาลพระพรหม กรมศิลปากรปั้นองค์ปูนปลาสเตอร์ปิดทอง ประดิษฐาน 9 พฤศจิกายน 2499 ศาลถูกทุบด้วยค้อนปี 2549 และโดนระเบิดปี 2558 แต่กลับมาเปิดในสองวัน คนแก้บนด้วยละครรำและช้างไม้", "story_en": "The Erawan Hotel's construction went badly until an astrologer-admiral advised a Brahma shrine; the Fine Arts Department made a gilded plaster image, installed 9 November 1956. A man smashed it with a hammer in 2006 and a replacement went in that May; a bomb killed twenty at the shrine in August 2015 and it reopened in two days. Worshippers pay vows with hired dancers and wooden elephants, and the pendant trade copies that seated four-faced form.", "keeping_th": "บูชาด้วยดอกไม้ ธูป และการแก้บน ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ไม่ใช่ผี", "keeping_en": "Kept by veneration: flowers, incense, a vow kept. Not fed, not a ghost; offerings and respect are the whole relationship."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-phra-phrom", "s:th-wiki-erawan-shrine", "s:en-wiki-erawan-shrine", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-erawan-shrine"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-phrom"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-erawan-shrine", "note": "dates and events; the last clause is tradition"}, "axes.class": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "excludes are monastic titles beginning พระพรหม, seen colliding on Commons and in listings"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "phra-phrom/phra-phrom-brahma-e36d00.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:เทวรูป พระพรหม Brahma.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1_Brahma.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35441487", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพรหม", "alt_en": "Four-faced Brahma pendant — This is a photo of a monument in Thailand identified by the ID", "sha256": "e797e226e93485d2ce542581db2dbcf0c84a86418c3b68c3ee62e33329c08664", "width": 720, "height": 960, "primary": true}, {"file": "phra-phrom/phra-phrom-erawan-schrein-top-6af8a4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Erawan-Schrein top.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Erawan-Schrein_top.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=651851", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Fles", "credit": "German Wikipedia", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพรหม", "alt_en": "Four-faced Brahma pendant — Erawan shrine in Bangkok, Thailand; view from entrance to the SkyTrain station. 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"page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=105621983", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพรหม", "alt_en": "Four-faced Brahma pendant — Erawan Shrine", "sha256": "7301bbd251babd8ce81ffe0cfe3cb8758d7c3b1854db465a1d48fee05e481552", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}, {"file": "phra-phrom/phra-phrom-lord-brahma-shrine-of-erawan-hotel-1-ddf64b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Lord Brahma Shrine of Erawan Hotel (1).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Lord_Brahma_Shrine_of_Erawan_Hotel_%281%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147249263", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพรหม", "alt_en": "Four-faced Brahma pendant", "sha256": "fc956da0b695e341309a5755ec22f0bf777630611150fca70ab4a3f738fdf70b", "width": 3216, "height": 4288}, {"file": "phra-phrom/phra-phrom-lord-brahma-shrine-of-erawan-hotel-2-ec4b6f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Lord Brahma Shrine of Erawan Hotel (2).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Lord_Brahma_Shrine_of_Erawan_Hotel_%282%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=147249265", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพรหม", "alt_en": "Four-faced Brahma pendant", "sha256": "d1da4b3c0ac62da1c9090fb290067e7c1e12726b29415dd6c6d8f780b4adf2eb", "width": 3216, "height": 4288}], "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 19, "priced": 19, "median_thb": 99.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 289.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-phrom/phra-phrom-brahma-e36d00.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:เทวรูป พระพรหม Brahma.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1_Brahma.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35441487", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระพรหม", "alt_en": "Four-faced Brahma pendant — This is a photo of a monument in Thailand identified by the ID", "sha256": "e797e226e93485d2ce542581db2dbcf0c84a86418c3b68c3ee62e33329c08664", "width": 720, "height": 960, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-pidta", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระปิดตา", "roman": "phra pidta", "en": "Phra Pidta (eyes-covered Buddha)", "aliases": {"th": ["ปิดตา", "พระภควัม", "พระภควัมบดี", "ปิดทวารทั้งเก้า", "พระปิดตามหาอุตม์"], "roman": ["phra pid ta", "pidta", "phakawam", "phra pakawam"], "en": ["closed-eyes Buddha", "Phra Pakawam"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["kambang", "khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "maha_ut", "chok_lap"], "materials": ["nuea_phong", "nuea_loha", "takua"], "figures": ["buddha", "human"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปนั่งขัดสมาธิ ยกมือทั้งสองปิดหน้า บางแบบมีหลายมือปิดหู ปิดทวาร (ปิดทวารทั้งเก้า) เนื้อผงคลุกรักหรือโลหะหล่อ", "shape_en": "A seated cross-legged figure lifting both hands over its face; the nine-gate variant adds arms that cover the ears and the lower body. Pressed powder (often lacquer-bound) or cast metal; older treatise pieces are carved", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ ตำราให้อมไว้ในปากเมื่อออกเดินทาง", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case; the treatise has the bearer hold it in the cheek when travelling", "obverse_th": "รูปนั่ง มือปิดตา ไม่เห็นใบหน้า", "obverse_en": "The seated figure with hands over the eyes; no face is shown", "reverse_th": "เรียบ หรือลงยันต์ บางองค์อุดผงหรือตะกรุดที่ก้น", "reverse_en": "Plain or inscribed with a yantra; some carry a filled cavity or a takrut in the base", "notes_en": "No single size: pendant pieces run from thumbnail to matchbox. The treatise fixes carved pieces at one angkuli (finger-joint) tall."}, "iconography": [{"th": "มือปิดตา / ปิดหน้า", "en": "hands covering the eyes or the whole face"}, {"th": "ปิดทวารทั้งเก้า — มือหลายคู่ปิดตา หู จมูก ปาก และทวารล่าง", "en": "nine gates closed: several pairs of arms sealing eyes, ears, nose, mouth and the lower openings"}, {"th": "รูปพระสังกัจจายน์ อ้วน ท้องพลุ้ย", "en": "the stout, pot-bellied body of Phra Sangkachai (Mahakaccayana), whom the figure is held to depict"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ตำราสร้างพระภควัมบดี ๙ แบบ) · สำนักที่วงการยกให้ เช่น หลวงพ่อแก้ว วัดเครือวัลย์", "maker_en": "The amulet-making treatise gives nine Phakawambodi recipes; the trade's named lineages include Luang Pho Kaeo of Wat Khruea Wan (Chachoengsao) and Luang Pho To of Wat Thong, early Rattanakosin", "era_th": "ยุคต้นเป็นโลหะหล่อ ยุคหลังเป็นเนื้อผง", "era_en": "Early pieces cast metal, later ones pressed powder", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "มือปิดตาหรือปิดหน้า ไม่มีใบหน้าให้เห็น — คือลักษณะจำแนก", "en": "The hands over the face are the kind's whole identity; a figure with a visible face is not a pidta", "source": "s:th-wiki-pidta", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "แบบปิดทวารทั้งเก้ามีแขนมากกว่าสองข้าง", "en": "The nine-gate type has more than two arms; count them", "source": "s:th-wiki-pidta", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อผงมักคลุกรัก สีดำหรือน้ำตาลเข้ม ต่างจากผงขาวของพระสมเด็จ", "en": "Powder bodies are usually lacquer-bound and dark brown to black, unlike the white somdej powder; metal ones are cast lead, bronze or alloy", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ตำราให้ล้วงก้นบรรจุยันต์และยา อุดด้วยชันโรง แล้วลงรักปิดทอง — ดูรอยอุดใต้ฐาน", "en": "The treatise hollows the base, packs in a yantra and ground medicine, seals it with stingless-bee resin and lacquers and gilds the piece; a plugged base and gilt-over-lacquer are the marks of that recipe", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำรากำหนดสูงหนึ่งองคุลี", "en": "Carved treatise pieces are one finger-joint tall", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จเห็นหน้า นั่งในซุ้ม เนื้อผงขาว · พระปิดตาไม่เห็นหน้า เนื้อผงดำหรือโลหะ", "tell_en": "A somdej shows its face inside an arch on a white tablet; a pidta hides its face and is usually a dark lacquered powder or a metal casting"}, {"id": "phra-kring", "tell_th": "พระกริ่งมือลงมารวิชัย มีเม็ดกริ่ง · พระปิดตามือปิดหน้า", "tell_en": "A kring's hands are in the earth-touching pose and it chimes; a pidta's hands are over its face"}, {"id": "rup-lersi", "tell_th": "ฤๅษีมีหนวดเครา สวมหนังเสือ หน้าเปิด · พระปิดตาปิดหน้า", "tell_en": "A lersi has a beard, a topknot or tiger skin and an open face; a pidta has none of these and covers its face"}], "market": {"search": ["ปิดตา"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:ปิดตาไก่.jpg"], "wanted_en": "One free file only (a powder pidta). Needed: a nine-gate metal piece front and side showing the extra arms, and a base view of a plugged cavity"}, "images": [{"file": "phra-pidta/phra-pidta-jpg-9e842a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ปิดตาไก่.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57309281", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "หลวงปู่วิเวียร", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระปิดตา", "alt_en": "Phra Pidta (eyes-covered Buddha) — พระผงปิดตา", "sha256": "c24e2c3cc05df5b19fb1a264368e0f7f6b36dfdd98daaef969cc82ff69fe7b90", "width": 671, "height": 894, "primary": true}], "text": {"what_th": "รูปนั่งยกมือปิดตาหรือปิดหน้า — ปิดทวารไม่ให้กิเลสและอันตรายเข้า ถือกันว่าเป็นพระสังกัจจายน์ เนื้อผงคลุกรักหรือโลหะหล่อ ใช้ทางกำบัง คงกระพัน และโชคลาภที่มาเงียบๆ", "what_en": "A figure with hands over its eyes — the shut-away senses. Pressed powder or cast metal; worked for warding and for wealth that slips past notice.", "story_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลังเรียกว่าพระภควัมบดี ให้ไว้เก้าแบบ วัสดุคือเขี้ยวหมูตัน รากรักซ้อน กาฝากโพธิ์ กาฝากชุมแสง และวัสดุอื่นที่ไม่นำมาลงที่นี่ แกะสูงหนึ่งองคุลี ล้วงก้นใส่ยันต์กับยาบด อุดชันโรง ลงรักปิดทอง บางแบบห่อด้วยตะกั่วลงคาถา แช่น้ำมันหอมในขันสัมฤทธิ์เสกจนพระลุกขึ้นนั่ง ใช้ทางกำบัง คงกระพัน แคล้วคลาด และปิดปากคน", "story_en": "The treatise calls it Phra Phakawambodi and gives nine recipes. The figure is carved from a solid pig's tusk, from the root of the rak-son vine on the east side, from mistletoe of a Bodhi or chumsaeng tree, or from a material not reproduced here, one finger-joint tall; the base is hollowed, a yantra and ground 'sleeping-leaf' medicine go in, stingless-bee resin seals it, and the piece is lacquered and gilded. One version wraps three figures — eyes, ears, mouth each covered — in thin lead inscribed nga-ya-na-ma; another lays the figure in fragrant oil in a bronze bowl and recites until it 'rises up and sits'. Uses named are concealment, invulnerability, evasion, and shutting the mouths of those who see you. Wikipedia's account is the gentler one: the figure is Phra Sangkachai entering cessation, the nine gates closed against defilement, later pressed in powder by named Rattanakosin masters.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง — วัสดุตามตำราเป็นวัสดุ ไม่ใช่ผู้อยู่", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed: a phra khrueang. Whatever the treatise carves it from is material, not a resident; the vault keeps the kind in the Buddha-amulet class."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-pidta", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 1600–1765 (printed pp. 28–33), ตำราสร้างพระภควัมบดี แบบที่ ๑–๙"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-pidta"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-pidta", "note": "treatise recipes: s:ms6983"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "kambang / khong_kraphan / khlaeo_khlat from the treatise; maha_ut and chok_lap are trade attributions"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "kambang", "term": "กำบัง", "roman": "kambang", "en": "concealment, going unseen", "definition": "Not being perceived — passed over rather than literally transparent. In ms 6983 the same Hanuman, steeped in scented oil, makes a household unable to see, hear or speak to the bearer."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "maha_ut", "term": "มหาอุด", "roman": "maha ut", "en": "stopping projectiles / misfire", "definition": "Literally \"greatly stopped-up\". The gun jams, misfires, or the shot does not penetrate. The efficacy is located in the weapon, not the body."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "takua", "term": "ตะกั่ว", "roman": "takua", "en": "lead", "definition": "Lead, used both as an alloy component in ชิน and on its own — most visibly as the sheet rolled into ตะกรุด. Soft enough to take an inscription with a stylus, which is the whole reason it is used for rolled amulets."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 163, "priced": 163, "median_thb": 107.91, "typical_thb": [59.0, 500.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-pidta/phra-pidta-jpg-9e842a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ปิดตาไก่.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57309281", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "หลวงปู่วิเวียร", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระปิดตา", "alt_en": "Phra Pidta (eyes-covered Buddha) — พระผงปิดตา", "sha256": "c24e2c3cc05df5b19fb1a264368e0f7f6b36dfdd98daaef969cc82ff69fe7b90", "width": 671, "height": 894, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-rahu", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระราหู", "roman": "phra rahu", "en": "Phra Rahu (the eclipse-swallower)", "aliases": {"th": ["ราหู", "ราหูอมจันทร์", "ราหูอมอาทิตย์", "ราหูกะลาตาเดียว"], "roman": ["rahu", "phra rahoo", "rahu om chan"], "en": ["Rahu amulet", "Rahu swallowing the moon", "eclipse demon"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["khlaeo_khlat", "chok_lap", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["kala", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["deity", "natural"]}, "form": {"type": "natural", "shape_th": "หัวราหูอ้าปากอมดวงจันทร์หรือดวงอาทิตย์ แกะจากกะลามะพร้าวตาเดียว มีแบบหล่อโลหะและเหรียญด้วย", "shape_en": "A Rahu head, mouth open around a moon or sun disc, carved into one-eyed coconut shell; cast-metal figures and medallions carry the same image", "size_mm": [40, 45, 8], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในกรอบ หรือพกติดตัว", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a frame, or carried", "obverse_th": "หัวราหู มือสองข้างจับดวงที่อม อกลงยันต์", "obverse_en": "Rahu's head and hands gripping the disc he swallows; the treatise puts a 4×4 numeral yantra on the chest", "reverse_th": "ยันต์วงกลมแบ่ง ๖ ช่อง หรือชื่อวัด", "reverse_en": "In the treatise, a circular yantra of six sectors; on temple issues, the temple and run", "notes_en": "The treatise makes a pair: Rahu swallowing the sun bears the Suriyaprapha yantra, Rahu swallowing the moon the Chanthaprapha yantra. Size is an inference for the shell-carved type, which follows the shell."}, "iconography": [{"th": "หัวไม่มีตัว อ้าปากอมดวง", "en": "a bodiless head, mouth open around a disc"}, {"th": "ราหูอมจันทร์ · ราหูอมอาทิตย์", "en": "swallowing the moon or the sun, made as a pair in the treatise"}, {"th": "ยันต์สุริยประภา จันทรประภา", "en": "the Suriyaprapha (solar) and Chanthaprapha (lunar) yantras"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง)", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, for the yantra pair; temple issues are many and uncredited here", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เนื้อกะลา — ผิวดำมัน เห็นเสี้ยนกะลา ตาเดียวคือกะลาที่มีตาเดียว", "en": "Shell body: dark, oily surface with the coconut's own grain; 'one-eyed' means a shell showing a single germination eye", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หัวอย่างเดียว ไม่มีตัว — ต่างจากเทพองค์อื่น", "en": "Head only, no body: the one deva in the market with no torso", "source": "s:en-wiki-rahu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตำราลงยันต์ตาราง ๔×๔ ที่อก และยันต์กลม ๖ ช่องด้านหลัง", "en": "Treatise pieces carry a 4×4 numeral square on the chest and a six-sector circle on the back", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "แบบโลหะและเหรียญมีมาก — เนื้อไม่ใช่ตัวตัดสิน ภาพราหูอมดวงต่างหาก", "en": "Metal and medallion types are common; the image, not the material, names the kind", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "kala-ta-diao", "tell_th": "กะลาตาเดียวเปล่าๆ เป็นของธรรมชาติ ไม่มีผู้อยู่ · แกะเป็นราหูแล้วจึงเป็นเทพที่บูชา", "tell_en": "A plain one-eyed coconut shell is a natural talisman, nobody home; once carved into Rahu and inscribed it becomes a deva object. Same shell, different class."}, {"id": "khot-kala", "tell_th": "คดกะลาเป็นก้อนแข็งที่เกิดในกะลา ไม่แกะรูป · ราหูเป็นรูปแกะ", "tell_en": "A khot kala is a natural concretion found inside a shell, uncarved; Rahu is a carved image."}, {"id": "jatukham", "tell_th": "จตุคามมีราหู ๘ ตนล้อมรอบเทพนั่งกลาง เป็นเหรียญกลมใหญ่ · ราหูเดี่ยวเป็นหัวเดียวอมดวง", "tell_en": "A Jatukham disc rings its seated deva with eight small Rahu heads; a Rahu amulet is one head, one disc, and no one in the middle."}, {"id": "phaya-khrut", "tell_th": "ครุฑเต็มตัวกางปีก · ราหูเป็นหัวอย่างเดียว", "tell_en": "The garuda is a whole winged figure; Rahu is a head alone."}], "market": {"search": ["ราหู"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Rahu in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Phra Rahu.gif", "File:Prarahu.jpg", "File:Pharahu in Thailand.JPG", "File:Wat Pangla - 049 Rahu swallowing the Moon (10684670235).jpg", "File:Wiki Loves Folklore 2020 in Thailand 20.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Commons has statues and murals, not the shell amulet. 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2_%28March_2022%29_-_img_11.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115851613", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระราหู", "alt_en": "Phra Rahu (the eclipse-swallower) — Wat Ta Pa Khao Hai", "sha256": "a2552a0095847c5e69feb9f18abfa83bb67be6ec7cdc33106598a60492d4764f", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}, {"file": "phra-rahu/phra-rahu-temple-wat-si-sawai-5-439d28.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Temple Wat Si Sawai 5.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Temple_Wat_Si_Sawai_5.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=160580528", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Welcome to Thailand", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระราหู", "alt_en": "Phra Rahu (the eclipse-swallower) — Détail du prang recouvert de stuc  avec Kala (Rahu) au-dessus d'un bas-relief de Bouddha", "sha256": "7ff782699b16b300a10051f2f2e0e6cd220ba499261776782d1cf5f1f8671efa", "width": 4945, "height": 3297}], "text": {"what_th": "ราหูอมจันทร์ แกะจากกะลามะพร้าวตาเดียวเป็นหลัก — เครื่องแก้เคล็ดทางโหราศาสตร์ของผู้ที่อยู่ในช่วงพระราหูเสวยอายุ เป็นเทพที่บูชา ไม่ใช่ผีที่เลี้ยง", "what_en": "Rahu swallowing the moon, classically carved into a one-eyed coconut shell — the astrological remedy worn by those in a Rahu period. This site's almanac pages keep the sky half of the story.", "story_th": "ตำราเล่าว่าฤๅษีสองตนบนเขายุคุนธรเห็นว่ามนุษย์ในกาลหน้าจะยากจน จึงสร้างยันต์สุริยประภาและจันทรประภา ผู้จะทำให้หากะลามะพร้าวตาเดียว แกะเป็นราหูอมพระจันทร์อันหนึ่ง ราหูอมพระอาทิตย์อันหนึ่ง ลงยันต์สุริยประภาที่องค์อมอาทิตย์ จันทรประภาที่องค์อมจันทร์ ตำรายกว่าค่าเทียบสมบัติจักรพรรดิและแก้วมณีโชติ", "story_en": "In the myth Rahu's head was cut off by Vishnu's discus after he drank the amrita, so when he swallows the sun or moon it passes out through his throat: the eclipse. Manuscript 6983 gives the amulet as a pair. Two hermits on Mount Yugandhara, foreseeing a poor age, made the Suriyaprapha (solar) and Chanthaprapha (lunar) yantras; the maker finds a one-eyed coconut shell, carves one Rahu swallowing the moon and one swallowing the sun, and inscribes the solar yantra on the sun-figure and the lunar on the moon-figure, with homage verses to each. The treatise sells it for wealth; the modern trade sells it as the remedy for a Rahu period in the horoscope, and the Buddhist protective verses against Rahu from the Candima and Suriya suttas sit behind both.", "keeping_th": "เทพสถิตในความหมายของการบูชา ถวายเครื่องสักการะและความเคารพ ไม่เลี้ยง วางลงได้ ธรรมเนียมถวายของดำเป็นของประเพณี ตำรานี้ไม่ได้กล่าว", "keeping_en": "Deva tier: veneration, not feeding; can be set down. The trade's rule of offering black things to Rahu is tradition, not in this treatise."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:ms6983", "s:en-wiki-rahu", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 2255–2390 (printed pp. 52–55); eclipse myth and sutta verses from s:en-wiki-rahu"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.obverse_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983"}, "form.reverse_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "typical shell-carved pendant; follows the shell, not measured"}, "origin": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "kala", "term": "กะลา", "roman": "kala", "en": "coconut shell", "definition": "Coconut shell, most often the single-eyed shell (กะลาตาเดียว) carved and inscribed. High occurrence in the corpus. Note that many กะลา hits are the carved ปลัดขิก form — cross-check the class axis, which deliberately leaves ปลัดขิก unassigned."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 371, "priced": 371, "median_thb": 129.0, "typical_thb": [49.0, 439.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-rahu/phra-rahu-phra-rahu-3bad80.gif", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Rahu.gif", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Phra_Rahu.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18658408", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "1900 Album of Photography in Siam", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระราหู", "alt_en": "Phra Rahu (the eclipse-swallower) — Phra Rahu riding Krat (garuda) holding a mallet a Brahminical diety to whom offerings are made in Siam", "sha256": "656695f3703f2a60ae25e3b280b6e5cb291d4564c1bed4704461f4661c955cfe", "width": 1311, "height": 1685, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-rot", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระรอด", "roman": "phra rot", "en": "Phra Rod (Lamphun votive tablet)", "aliases": {"th": ["พระรอดลำพูน", "พระรอดมหาวัน", "พระรอดวัดมหาวัน"], "roman": ["phra rod", "phra rod lamphun", "phra rot mahawan"], "en": ["Phra Rod Lamphun", "the surviving one"]}}, "region": ["th-north"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khlaeo_khlat", "khong_kraphan", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["nuea_din"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "พระพิมพ์ดินเผาองค์เล็ก ทรงสูงมน ปลายบนแหลม", "shape_en": "A small fired-clay tablet, tall and rounded with a pointed top; small enough to close in a fist", "size_mm": [15, 25, 6], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case", "obverse_th": "องค์พระนั่งสมาธิบนฐาน มีใบโพธิ์ล้อมรอบ", "obverse_en": "A seated Buddha in meditation on a base, ringed by bodhi leaves", "reverse_th": "เรียบ นูนเล็กน้อย บางองค์มีรอยนิ้ว", "reverse_en": "Plain and slightly convex; some carry a finger impression", "notes_en": "Trade mould names (พิมพ์ใหญ่ กลาง เล็ก ต้อ ตื้น) are tradition, not cited here; size is a typical range, not measured."}, "iconography": [{"th": "องค์พระนั่งสมาธิ", "en": "seated Buddha in meditation posture"}, {"th": "ใบโพธิ์ล้อมองค์พระ", "en": "bodhi-leaf field surrounding the figure"}, {"th": "ศิลปะหริภุญชัย / ทวารวดีตอนปลาย", "en": "Hariphunchai / late Dvaravati style"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": "wat-mahawan-wanaram-phra-rod", "wat_th": "วัดมหาวันวนาราม ลำพูน", "wat_en": "Wat Mahawan Wanaram, Lamphun", "maker_th": "ตำนานผูกกับพระนางจามเทวีและฤๅษีผู้สร้างเมือง", "maker_en": "Legend ties the tablets to Queen Chamadevi and the hermits who founded Hariphunchai; no maker is documented", "era_th": "สมัยหริภุญชัย (ทวารวดีตอนปลาย) — เก่าที่สุดในชุดเบญจภาคี", "era_en": "Hariphunchai period, late Dvaravati; the oldest of the Benjaphakhi five per Thai Wikipedia", "place_th": "ลำพูน", "place_en": "Lamphun", "first_attested": "", "wat_url": "https://wichaa.net/place/wat-mahawan-wanaram-phra-rod/"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เนื้อดินเผาละเอียด แกร่ง สีหลากหลายตามไฟ (เขียว พิกุล แดง ขาว)", "en": "Fine, hard-fired clay; colour varies with the firing (green, pikun-yellow, red, white), so colour alone settles nothing", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ใบโพธิ์รอบองค์พระเป็นเอกลักษณ์ของพิมพ์", "en": "The bodhi-leaf field around the figure is the type's signature; count and spacing follow the mould", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "องค์เล็กกว่าพระเบญจภาคีองค์อื่น", "en": "Smaller than the other four Benjaphakhi kinds; fits inside a closed hand", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "อายุอ่านจากการหดตัวของดินและคราบกรุ ไม่ใช่สนิม", "en": "Age reads as shrinkage and cache crust (คราบกรุ), never as patina: the clay body's dating signal on the material axis", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "เป็นของโบราณควบคุม ของแท้แทบไม่ออกตลาดเปิด", "en": "A controlled antiquity; the open retail market carries reproductions and temple re-issues of the form, which is a statement about the category", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "พระรอดคือพระกรุชนิดหนึ่ง — กรุวัดมหาวัน ลำพูน เนื้อดินเผา มีใบโพธิ์ล้อม", "tell_en": "Phra Rod is one named cache-find; phra kru is the whole category. Same class, same fired clay; the bodhi-leaf field and the Lamphun provenance name this one."}, {"id": "phra-sum-ko", "tell_th": "ซุ้มกอมีซุ้มโค้งรูปตัว ก ศิลปะสุโขทัย กำแพงเพชร · พระรอดมีใบโพธิ์ ศิลปะหริภุญชัย", "tell_en": "Sum Ko sits under an arch shaped like the letter ก in Sukhothai style from Kamphaeng Phet; Phra Rod is ringed by bodhi leaves in Hariphunchai style. Both fired clay, both nobody home."}, {"id": "phra-nang-phaya", "tell_th": "นางพญาเป็นสามเหลี่ยม ปางมารวิชัย เนื้อหยาบ · พระรอดทรงสูงมน นั่งสมาธิ เนื้อละเอียด", "tell_en": "Nang Phaya is a triangle in Maravijaya with a coarse body; Phra Rod is tall and rounded, in meditation, with a fine body."}], "market": {"search": ["พระรอด"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Benjapakee.png", "File:Benjapakee 2.png", "File:Jinakāla Mālī Pakaraṇa (1958) - Mae Phra Rot, Wat Maha Wan, Lamphun.png"], "wanted_en": "No free photograph of a Phra Rod on its own found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02; the two Benjapakee group images are the only free files that include one. Needed: obverse straight on showing the bodhi-leaf field, reverse, and a side view for thickness, at matched scale beside a Sum Ko."}, "images": [{"file": "phra-rot/phra-rot-benjapakee-39c238.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Benjapakee.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระรอด", "alt_en": "Phra Rod (Lamphun votive tablet) — Benjapakee", "sha256": "37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e", "width": 1644, "height": 923, "primary": true}, {"file": "phra-rot/phra-rot-benjapakee-2-4e4d8b.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee 2.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Benjapakee_2.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102452146", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระรอด", "alt_en": "Phra Rod (Lamphun votive tablet) — Benjapakee 2", "sha256": "ba6ab231dcb9f68b7436961e57c9d1b46ebc87e6a6fd0568a53df2ab820a2850", "width": 1647, "height": 917}, {"file": "phra-rot/phra-rot-jinak-la-m-l-pakara-a-1958-mae-phra-rot-064aa9.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Jinakāla Mālī Pakaraṇa (1958) - Mae Phra Rot, Wat Maha Wan, Lamphun.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Jinak%C4%81la_M%C4%81l%C4%AB_Pakara%E1%B9%87a_%281958%29_-_Mae_Phra_Rot%2C_Wat_Maha_Wan%2C_Lamphun.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=197017930", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Fine Arts Department", "credit": "ชินกาลมาลีปกรณ์ (พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๑)", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระรอด", "alt_en": "Phra Rod (Lamphun votive tablet) — \"Mae Phra Rot\", Wat Maha Wan, Lamphun - image from \"Jinakāla Mālī Pakaraṇa\" (Fine Arts Department edition, published 195", "sha256": "6735a767acce1a0a8f40c557d4424b4d2b5532e4f6bf6225a8d482e6384684d8", "width": 580, "height": 1346}], "text": {"what_th": "พระพิมพ์ดินเผาองค์เล็กจากกรุวัดมหาวัน ลำพูน องค์พระนั่งสมาธิในวงใบโพธิ์ เก่าที่สุดในชุดเบญจภาคี ชื่อ “รอด” คือรอดพ้นภัย ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่ในองค์พระ", "what_en": "A small fired-clay tablet from the cache at Wat Mahawan, Lamphun: a seated Buddha inside a ring of bodhi leaves, the oldest of the Benjaphakhi five. The name means the one who escapes harm. Nobody is home.", "story_th": "ตำนานเล่าว่าสร้างในสมัยหริภุญชัยผูกกับพระนางจามเทวี เจดีย์วัดมหาวันเป็นที่บรรจุ วงการนับเป็นหนึ่งในเบญจภาคีตั้งแต่ตรียัมปวายจัดชุดราว พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๐ เชื่อกันว่าให้แคล้วคลาดและคงกระพัน", "story_en": "The temple's own account ties the tablets to Queen Chamadevi and the Hariphunchai founding; the Wat Mahawan chedi is where they were deposited, and Thai Wikipedia places the making in the late Dvaravati period, older than anything else in the set. Triyampavai's Benjaphakhi of around 1947 put it beside the Somdej, and the trade has read the name as a promise ever since: escape from harm, safe passage, a body that cannot be cut. Genuine pieces are a controlled antiquity; what circulates openly is mostly the form re-pressed.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "s:tradition", "s:th-wiki-wat-mahawan-lamphun", "s:amulet-reference"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-mahawan-lamphun", "note": "แคล้วคลาด and เมตตามหานิยม per the temple article; คงกระพัน per the reference card"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-wat-mahawan-lamphun"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "typical range from handling descriptions, not measured on a reference piece"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search term chosen by this record, not from holding_key"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-north", "th": "ล้านนา · ภาคเหนือ", "en": "Lanna / Northern Thailand"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 27, "priced": 27, "median_thb": 100.0, "typical_thb": [55.93, 150.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-rot/phra-rot-benjapakee-39c238.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Benjapakee.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระรอด", "alt_en": "Phra Rod (Lamphun votive tablet) — Benjapakee", "sha256": "37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e", "width": 1644, "height": 923, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-siwali", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระสีวลี", "roman": "phra siwali", "en": "Phra Siwali (the never-hungry monk)", "aliases": {"th": ["พระสิวลี", "พระฉิมพลี", "สีวลีเถระ"], "roman": ["phra sivali", "phra siwalee", "phra chimphali"], "en": ["Sivali", "Sivali Thera", "foremost in receiving offerings"]}}, "region": ["th", "mm", "la"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["chok_lap", "kha_khai", "khlaeo_khlat", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "nuea_phong"], "figures": ["monk"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "พระภิกษุยืน แบกกลดและไม้เท้า สะพายย่าม ถือกาน้ำหรือบาตร — รูปหล่อตั้งบูชาและจี้ มีแบบเหรียญและผงด้วย", "shape_en": "A standing monk with umbrella and staff over the shoulder, a bag across the body, a kettle or alms-bowl in hand; cast shelf figure and pendant, also medallion and powder tablet", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "จี้ห้อยคอ หรือรูปตั้ง", "wearable_en": "Worn as a pendant or stood on a shelf", "obverse_th": "พระสีวลียืนเดินธุดงค์ ครองจีวร", "obverse_en": "Sivali standing in walking-pilgrim kit, robed", "reverse_th": "ยันต์ ชื่อวัด", "reverse_en": "Yantra or temple name", "notes_en": "The treatise's Phra Chimphali is a different body: a Phakawambodi (closed-face) figure carved from rak-son root, one finger-length and half an inch high, hollowed and filled — see story. The standing-monk type is the modern trade form."}, "iconography": [{"th": "กลดและไม้เท้าพาดบ่า", "en": "umbrella (klot) and staff over the shoulder"}, {"th": "ย่ามสะพาย", "en": "a monk's bag slung across the body"}, {"th": "กาน้ำหรือบาตร พัด", "en": "a kettle or alms-bowl, sometimes a fan"}, {"th": "ยืน ครองจีวร", "en": "standing, in robes"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) — ตำราพระฉิมพลี", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, the Phra Chimphali manual, which traces its own lineage to King Naresuan's time", "era_th": "ตำราอ้างสืบมาแต่ครั้งพระนเรศวรและพระนารายณ์ (คำอ้างของตำราเอง)", "era_en": "The treatise claims descent from the reigns of Naresuan and Narai — its own claim, not a dated attestation", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ และพม่า ลาว", "place_en": "Nationwide; also Myanmar, Laos and Sri Lanka", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "พระภิกษุยืน มีกลด ไม้เท้า ย่าม — ไม่ใช่พระพุทธรูป ไม่ใช่พระเกจิรูปเหมือน", "en": "A standing monk with umbrella, staff and bag: not a Buddha, and not the portrait of a named modern monk", "source": "s:en-wiki-sivali", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หมวดพระเครื่อง ไม่มีผู้อยู่ — ต่างจากเทพและผี", "en": "Class phra khrueang: nobody home, unlike the deva and spirit kinds it is sold beside", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราพระฉิมพลีแกะรากรักซ้อนเป็นรูปภควัมบดี เจาะกลวง บรรจุพระธาตุห่อยันต์ อุดด้วยชันโรง", "en": "The treatise type is a closed-face figure in rak-son root, hollowed, charged with relics wrapped in two yantras and sealed with stingless-bee resin — a cavity and a resin plug are its marks", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "รูปหล่อทองเหลืองและจี้โลหะเป็นของตลาดปัจจุบัน", "en": "Brass shelf figures and metal pendants are the current retail form", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "luang-pu-thuat", "tell_th": "หลวงปู่ทวดเป็นพระเกจิรูปเหมือน นั่ง ไม่มีกลด · พระสีวลียืน แบกกลด", "tell_en": "Luang Pu Thuat is a portrait of a named monk, usually seated, no umbrella; Siwali stands under his umbrella with a staff."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อพระเกจิเป็นรูปเหมือนของพระอาจารย์ที่มีชื่อ · พระสีวลีเป็นพระอรหันต์สมัยพุทธกาล มีเครื่องธุดงค์", "tell_en": "A rup lo is the likeness of a known teacher; Siwali is an arahant of the Buddha's time, marked by his pilgrim kit."}, {"id": "phra-pidta", "tell_th": "ตำราพระฉิมพลีใช้รูปภควัมบดีปิดหน้า จึงเป็นปิดตาที่บรรจุพระธาตุพระสีวลี · ปิดตาทั่วไปไม่มีการบรรจุนี้", "tell_en": "The treatise's Chimphali is itself a closed-face Phakawambodi figure charged with Sivali's relic, so an old wooden pidta with a resin-sealed cavity may be one; an ordinary pidta is pressed or cast and unfilled."}, {"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักเป็นหญิงนั่งกวักมือ · พระสีวลีเป็นภิกษุยืน ตำนานว่าท่านให้พรนางกวัก", "tell_en": "Nang Kwak is a seated woman beckoning; Siwali is a standing monk. The legend links them — he blessed her — and her money bag may bear his name."}], "market": {"search": ["สีวลี"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Sīvali"], "commons_files": ["File:Phra Sivali Thera พระสิวลีเถระ Wat Ratcha Singkhon วัดราชสิงขร 01.jpg", "File:Wat Tham Khao Rup Chang - 061 Phra Sivali (14662679584).jpg", "File:Wat Tham Khao Rup Chang - 062 Phra Sivali (14663035644).jpg", "File:Statue of Sivali Thera.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Commons has temple statues showing the kit. Needed: a pendant obverse and reverse, and a carved closed-face treatise-type figure if one survives"}, "images": [{"file": "phra-siwali/phra-siwali-phra-sivali-thera-wat-ratcha-singkhon-01-cd07b1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Sivali Thera พระสิวลีเถระ Wat Ratcha Singkhon วัดราชสิงขร 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Phra_Sivali_Thera_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_Wat_Ratcha_Singkhon_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87826394", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระสีวลี", "alt_en": "Phra Siwali (the never-hungry monk) — Sīvalī Thera", "sha256": "20fb0498434acaeaffc4c7e954a4dea6e8a03ec3cb03ac4e24aa601cfed751c0", "width": 3024, "height": 4032, "primary": true}, {"file": "phra-siwali/phra-siwali-statue-of-sivali-thera-9b3266.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Statue of Sivali Thera.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Statue_of_Sivali_Thera.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16000683", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "User:Millevache", "credit": "File:Wat Phra That Doi Suthep7.JPG", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระสีวลี", "alt_en": "Phra Siwali (the never-hungry monk) — Statue of Sivali Thera, one of arhat and disciple of Gautama Buddha. 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"File:Nakhon Nayok - Wat Maniwong Temple วัดมณีวงศ์ จังหวัดนครนายก ภาพ 03.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Nakhon_Nayok_-_Wat_Maniwong_Temple_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_03.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=148738339", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระสีวลี", "alt_en": "Phra Siwali (the never-hungry monk) — Wat Maniwong (Wat Maneewong) in Nakhon Nayok Province", "sha256": "45800b00f032c13eda49575535cb3f0ce9f537e121029565da1493eccdb9ffcb", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}], "text": {"what_th": "พระสีวลี พระอรหันต์ผู้เลิศทางลาภ — แบกไม้เท้า กลด และกาน้ำ — บูชาเพื่อให้ปัจจัยมาถึงทันเวลา รูปหล่อและจี้ บูชาอย่างพระเครื่องทั่วไป ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "The arahant who never lacked — staff over shoulder, umbrella and kettle — carried for provision that arrives on time. Statue and pendant, venerated as an ordinary amulet.", "story_th": "พระสีวลีเป็นเอตทัคคะทางผู้มีลาภมาก อยู่ในครรภ์พระนางสุปปวาสาเจ็ดปีเจ็ดเดือนเจ็ดวัน ตำราในชุดนี้เรียกท่านว่าพระฉิมพลี ให้เอารากรักซ้อนแกะเป็นรูปภควัมบดีสูงหนึ่งองคุลีกึ่งนิ้ว เจาะกลวง บดยอดรักซ้อน ยอดสวาด ยอดกาหลง เอายันต์ห่อพระธาตุพระสารีบุตรและพระธาตุพระฉิมพลีบรรจุ อุดด้วยชันโรงใต้ดิน ตั้งบายศรี เป็ด ไก่ แหวนทองแหวนเงิน ทำขวัญ ๓ วัน บูชาทุกค่ำเช้า จุดเทียนถวายทุกค่ำกันโจรภัย อัคคีภัย อุทกภัย มีคาถาไหว้ก่อนขอลาภ", "story_en": "Sivali was foremost among the Buddha's disciples in receiving offerings; his mother Suppavasa carried him seven years, seven months and seven days. Manuscript 6983 knows him as Phra Chimphali and opens its whole collection with him, claiming a lineage back through King Narai to Naresuan. Carve a closed-face Phakawambodi figure from rak-son root, one finger-length and half an inch tall, hollow it, grind shoots of rak-son, sawat and ka-long, wrap the relics of Sariputta and of Chimphali in two yantras and seal them inside with underground stingless-bee resin; then a bai-si, a duck, a chicken, gold and silver rings on the bai-si's peak, and a three-day tham-khwan. Honour it morning and evening; a candle each dusk guards against thieves, fire and flood, and the text gives a katha of homage to be said before any katha asking for gain. The standing monk with umbrella and kettle is what the shops sell now; the treatise's Chimphali looks nothing like him.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ ตำราให้บูชาค่ำเช้า แต่นั่นคือความศรัทธา ไม่ใช่การเลี้ยงผี", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; the treatise's morning-and-evening honours are devotion, not upkeep a resident demands."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:en-wiki-sivali", "s:th-wiki-nang-kwak", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 1304–1470 (printed pp. 16–23); birth and etadagga from s:en-wiki-sivali"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-sivali"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-sivali"}, "origin": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "lineage claim is the treatise's own"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "region": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-sivali"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "mm", "th": "พม่า · เมียนมา", "en": "Myanmar"}, {"key": "la", "th": "ลาว", "en": "Laos"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 39, "priced": 39, "median_thb": 89.0, "typical_thb": [12.0, 399.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-siwali/phra-siwali-phra-sivali-thera-wat-ratcha-singkhon-01-cd07b1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Sivali Thera พระสิวลีเถระ Wat Ratcha Singkhon วัดราชสิงขร 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Phra_Sivali_Thera_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_Wat_Ratcha_Singkhon_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87826394", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระสีวลี", "alt_en": "Phra Siwali (the never-hungry monk) — Sīvalī Thera", "sha256": "20fb0498434acaeaffc4c7e954a4dea6e8a03ec3cb03ac4e24aa601cfed751c0", "width": 3024, "height": 4032, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-somdet", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระสมเด็จ", "roman": "phra somdet", "en": "Phra Somdej", "aliases": {"th": ["สมเด็จ", "พระสมเด็จวัดระฆัง", "สมเด็จวัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม"], "roman": ["phra somdej", "somdej", "somdet wat rakhang"], "en": ["Somdej amulet", "King of Amulets", "Somdej Wat Rakang"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "khlaeo_khlat", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_phong", "phong_phuttakhun"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "แผ่นสี่เหลี่ยมผืนผ้า ขอบตัดตรง ด้านหน้ามีซุ้มครอบแก้ว", "shape_en": "Rectangular pressed tablet with straight cut edges; the obverse carries an arched bell-glass frame (ซุ้มครอบแก้ว)", "size_mm": [24, 36, 5], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับหรือกรอบ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case or frame", "obverse_th": "องค์พระประทับนั่งสมาธิบนฐานเป็นชั้น ภายในซุ้มครอบแก้ว", "obverse_en": "A seated Buddha in meditation on a tiered base, inside the arch", "reverse_th": "เรียบ อาจมีคราบหรือรอยนิ้ว", "reverse_en": "Plain; may carry surface crust or a finger impression", "notes_en": "Size given is a typical range for the Wat Rakhang form, not a rule; runs and moulds vary."}, "iconography": [{"th": "องค์พระนั่งสมาธิ", "en": "seated Buddha in meditation posture"}, {"th": "ซุ้มครอบแก้ว", "en": "bell-glass arch framing the figure"}, {"th": "ฐานสามชั้น", "en": "three-tier base (พิมพ์ใหญ่ and most moulds)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม", "wat_en": "Wat Rakhang Kositaram, Thonburi side of Bangkok", "maker_th": "สมเด็จพระพุฒาจารย์ (โต พฺรหฺมรํสี)", "maker_en": "Somdet Phra Phutthachan (To Phromrangsi), 'Somdej To'", "era_th": "สร้างในช่วง พ.ศ. ๒๓๕๕–๒๔๑๕ (แบ่งเป็น ๓ ยุค ตามวิกิพีเดียไทย)", "era_en": "Made across roughly 1812–1872, in three periods per Thai Wikipedia; the famous runs fall in the 1860s", "place_th": "กรุงเทพฯ ฝั่งธนบุรี", "place_en": "Bangkok", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "พิมพ์ทรงของวัดระฆังตามวิกิพีเดียไทย ๖ พิมพ์: พิมพ์ทรงพระประธาน (พิมพ์ใหญ่) · ทรงเจดีย์ · ฐานแซม · เกศบัวตูม · ปรกโพธิ์ · เศียรบาตรอกครุฑ", "en": "Six Wat Rakhang mould-types per Thai Wikipedia: Phra Prathan / Phim Yai (large), Chedi, Than Saem, Ket Bua Tum, Prok Pho, Sian Bat Ok Khrut. The trade usually counts five, folding the last into the others", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-rakhang", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "มวลสารหลักคือปูนขาวเปลือกหอย ผสมข้าวสุก กล้วย น้ำมัน ทราย ผงวิเศษ ๕ ประการ และว่านยา ๑๐๘", "en": "Body is calcined shell-lime bound with cooked rice, banana, oil and sand, carrying the five sacred powders (ผงวิเศษ ๕ ประการ) and 108 herbal ingredients", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-rakhang", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อผงขาวอมเหลือง มีมวลสารเป็นเม็ดหลากสี", "en": "Off-white to yellowish powder body flecked with coloured inclusions; the material is the first gate, the mould the second", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ผิวมีคราบ (surface crust) ตามอายุ — เนื้อผงไม่เกิดสนิม", "en": "Age reads as a surface crust, never as rust: the powder body's dating signal per the material axis", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หมวดเนื้อผงเป็นหมวดที่ถูกทำเลียนแบบมากที่สุด จึงเป็นหมวดที่ต้องส่องให้ถ้วนถี่", "en": "The most reproduced material category in the trade; a careful eye is the norm here, which is a statement about the category, never about an object", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "hun-phayon", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จเป็นองค์พระในซุ้ม ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง · หุ่นพยนต์เป็นรูปคนหรือหุ่นฟาง มีสิ่งที่ถูกปลุกให้อยู่ ต้องเซ่นทุกวัน", "tell_en": "A somdej is a Buddha in an arch with nobody home and nothing owed; a hun payon is a man-shaped figure of earth, straw or cloth that has been animated and is fed daily. Different class, different keeping, different provenance question."}, {"id": "khun-phaen", "tell_th": "ขุนแผนเป็นพิมพ์ทรงห้าเหลี่ยม/ซุ้มเรือนแก้วแบบอยุธยา", "tell_en": "Khun Phaen tablets use an Ayutthaya-style pentagonal or ruean-kaeo arch; the somdej form is a straight-edged rectangle with a bell-glass arch"}, {"id": "phra-phong-bai-lan", "tell_th": "ผงใบลานเนื้อดำเทาจากใบลานเผา ส่วนพระสมเด็จเนื้อขาว", "tell_en": "Palm-leaf-ash tablets are black-grey; the somdej body is white to cream"}], "market": {"search": ["สมเด็จ"], "excludes": ["องค์สมเด็จ", "บาทสมเด็จ"], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Phra Somdet"], "commons_files": ["File:Somdej.jpg", "File:พระสมเด็จหลวงภาษาจีน 2411 Somdej Wat Rakang 2411.jpg", "File:03.Black Jade Phra Somdej with Green Translucency (Carved with Chinabanchorn Mantra) – Nephrite.jpg", "File:พระสมเด็จ 22.1.jpg", "File:พระสมเด็จ 21.1.jpg", "File:พระสมเด็จ 19.1.jpg", "File:พระสมเด็จ 19.2.jpg", "File:พระสมเด็จ 5.1.jpg", "File:พระสมเด็จ 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เป็นพระเครื่องที่ถูกสร้างตามและสะสมมากที่สุด พลังอยู่ที่บารมีของผู้สร้างและการปลุกเสก ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่ในองค์พระ", "what_en": "A rectangular pressed tablet of sacred powder bearing a seated Buddha in an arch — the most copied, most collected amulet form there is. Power is the maker's barami and the consecration; nobody is home.", "story_th": "สมเด็จโต วัดระฆัง สร้างพระผงในช่วงปลายรัชกาลที่ ๔ ถึงต้นรัชกาลที่ ๕ วงการยกให้เป็น “จักรพรรดิแห่งพระเครื่อง” และเป็นหนึ่งในชุดเบญจภาคี", "story_en": "Somdej To of Wat Rakhang pressed these tablets in the last years of Rama IV and the first of Rama V. The trade calls the Wat Rakhang pieces the emperor of amulets and counts them among the Benjaphakhi, the canonical five. Almost every temple issue since borrows the form, which is why the form alone tells you little and the material tells you more.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is price and authenticity, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-somdet-rakhang", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "typical range, not measured on a reference piece"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-rakhang"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "phong_phuttakhun", "term": "ผงพุทธคุณ", "roman": "phong phuttakhun", "en": "powder of the Buddha's qualities", "definition": "Powder produced by writing and erasing sacred formulae on a slate, the chalk dust collected and re-written many times. The named powders — ปถมัง, อิทธิเจ, ตรีนิสิงเห, มหาราช, พุทธคุณ — are distinguished by which formula was written. A listing that says only \"ผงพุทธคุณ\" is naming a family, not a recipe."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 399, "priced": 399, "median_thb": 149.0, "typical_thb": [47.48, 399.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-somdet/phra-somdet-somdej-jpg-166702.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Somdej.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Somdej.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74781400", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Supachai9", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระสมเด็จ", "alt_en": "Phra Somdej — This is  Somdej  of  Phrawimondhammaphan", "sha256": "75ddae261e813a7f8cbcf68f4c569c7e7f8d4663a418c937a714d3e09e0e8487", "width": 656, "height": 960, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "phra-sum-ko", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "พระซุ้มกอ", "roman": "phra sum ko", "en": "Phra Sum Ko (Kamphaeng Phet arched tablet)", "aliases": {"th": ["พระกำแพงซุ้มกอ", "ซุ้มกอ", "กำแพงซุ้มกอ"], "roman": ["phra somkor", "phra sum kor", "kamphaeng sum ko"], "en": ["Phra Somkor", "Phra Kamphaeng Sum Kor"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["chok_lap", "metta_maha_niyom", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_din", "nuea_waan"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "แผ่นดินเผาโค้งมนบน ซุ้มรอบองค์พระโค้งคล้ายตัว ก", "shape_en": "A fired-clay tablet with a rounded top; the arch framing the figure curves like the Thai letter ก, which names the kind", "size_mm": [20, 28, 5], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case", "obverse_th": "องค์พระนั่งสมาธิในซุ้ม บางพิมพ์มีลายกนกข้างซุ้ม", "obverse_en": "A seated Buddha in meditation within the arch; some moulds carry kanok scrollwork beside it", "reverse_th": "เรียบ", "reverse_en": "Plain", "notes_en": "Trade mould names (พิมพ์ใหญ่มีกนก / ไม่มีกนก, กลาง, เล็ก, ขนมเปี๊ยะ) are tradition; size is a typical range."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ซุ้มโค้งรูปตัว ก", "en": "arch shaped like the letter ก"}, {"th": "องค์พระนั่งสมาธิ ศิลปะสุโขทัย", "en": "seated Buddha in meditation, Sukhothai style"}, {"th": "ลายกนกข้างซุ้ม (บางพิมพ์)", "en": "kanok flame-scroll flanking the arch on some moulds"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "กรุทุ่งเศรษฐี นครชุม กำแพงเพชร (วัดพระบรมธาตุ วัดพิกุล และกรุใกล้เคียง)", "wat_en": "The Thung Setthi caches at Nakhon Chum, Kamphaeng Phet (Wat Phra Borommathat, Wat Phikun and neighbouring sites)", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "สมัยสุโขทัย พบที่วัดพระบรมธาตุนครชุม พ.ศ. ๒๓๙๒", "era_en": "Sukhothai period; English Wikipedia dates the find at Wat Phra Borommathat Nakhon Chum to 1849, the year Thai Wikipedia gives for Somdej To's visit to the temple", "place_th": "กำแพงเพชร", "place_en": "Kamphaeng Phet", "first_attested": "พ.ศ. 2392 (en.wikipedia; th.wikipedia วัดพระบรมธาตุ names the year for the relic find, not the tablets)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ซุ้มโค้งรูปตัว ก คือชื่อและเอกลักษณ์", "en": "The ก-shaped arch is both the name and the first mark to check", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "เนื้อดินเผาผสมว่าน มักละเอียดนุ่ม", "en": "Fired clay carrying herb (ว่าน) material; the trade describes the body as fine and soft-looking", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "พิมพ์ที่มีกนกกับไม่มีกนกแยกด้วยลายข้างซุ้ม", "en": "The with-kanok and without-kanok moulds separate on the scrollwork beside the arch", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "หายากที่สุดในเบญจภาคี ของที่เห็นในตลาดส่วนใหญ่คือรูปแบบที่สร้างใหม่", "en": "The rarest of the five to encounter per Thai Wikipedia; what the open market shows is mostly the form re-issued, a statement about the category", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "อายุอ่านจากการหดตัวและคราบกรุ ไม่ใช่สนิม", "en": "Age reads as shrinkage and cache crust, never patina", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-rot", "tell_th": "พระรอดมีใบโพธิ์ล้อม ศิลปะหริภุญชัย ลำพูน · ซุ้มกอมีซุ้มตัว ก ศิลปะสุโขทัย กำแพงเพชร", "tell_en": "Phra Rod is ringed by bodhi leaves in Hariphunchai style from Lamphun; Sum Ko sits under a ก-shaped arch in Sukhothai style from Kamphaeng Phet. Both fired clay, both nobody home."}, {"id": "khun-phaen", "tell_th": "ขุนแผนซุ้มเรือนแก้วห้าเหลี่ยมแบบอยุธยา มวลสารเป็นเรื่องของรุ่น · ซุ้มกอซุ้มโค้งมน เนื้อดินผสมว่าน", "tell_en": "Khun Phaen uses an Ayutthaya pentagonal ruean-kaeo arch and its material story belongs to the line; Sum Ko's arch is round-topped and the body is clay and herb. Class can differ; here it does not."}, {"id": "phra-kru", "tell_th": "ซุ้มกอคือพระกรุที่มีชื่อ กรุทุ่งเศรษฐี", "tell_en": "Sum Ko is one named cache-find; phra kru is the category. The arch and the Kamphaeng Phet provenance name this one."}], "market": {"search": ["ซุ้มกอ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Somkor.png", "File:Somkor ancient.jpg", "File:Benjapakee.png", "File:Benjapakee 2.png"], "wanted_en": "The two single-subject files are uploader images without reverse or scale. Needed: obverse showing the ก arch and any kanok, reverse, edge, and a with-kanok beside a without-kanok at matched scale."}, "images": [{"file": "phra-sum-ko/phra-sum-ko-somkor-eeeb28.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Somkor.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Somkor.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99852842", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระซุ้มกอ", "alt_en": "Phra Sum Ko (Kamphaeng Phet arched tablet) — Phra Somkor", "sha256": "116caea2e2a4e6a162b9d24c92c08dc0250f2441f324db6eceebebba4116af77", "width": 1088, "height": 616, "primary": true}, {"file": "phra-sum-ko/phra-sum-ko-somkor-ancient-cb2e6c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Somkor ancient.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Somkor_ancient.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99852813", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระซุ้มกอ", "alt_en": "Phra Sum Ko (Kamphaeng Phet arched tablet) — Ancient Somkor", "sha256": "896bf9b931f3e65105cd2dc33cac9e0842cac3582116b8d11e84d795d3bd54ab", "width": 5312, "height": 2988}, {"file": "phra-sum-ko/phra-sum-ko-benjapakee-39c238.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Benjapakee.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102451956", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระซุ้มกอ", "alt_en": "Phra Sum Ko (Kamphaeng Phet arched tablet) — Benjapakee", "sha256": "37d56a6ad13fc672512bdc311f05baf0cfcc860703a74fcadffef7e7210e486e", "width": 1644, "height": 923}, {"file": "phra-sum-ko/phra-sum-ko-benjapakee-2-4e4d8b.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Benjapakee 2.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Benjapakee_2.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102452146", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระซุ้มกอ", "alt_en": "Phra Sum Ko (Kamphaeng Phet arched tablet) — Benjapakee 2", "sha256": "ba6ab231dcb9f68b7436961e57c9d1b46ebc87e6a6fd0568a53df2ab820a2850", "width": 1647, "height": 917}], "text": {"what_th": "พระพิมพ์ดินเผาจากกรุทุ่งเศรษฐี กำแพงเพชร องค์พระนั่งสมาธิในซุ้มโค้งรูปตัว ก ศิลปะสุโขทัย หายากที่สุดในเบญจภาคี วงการพูดว่า “มีกูไม่จน” ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่", "what_en": "A fired-clay tablet from the Thung Setthi caches at Kamphaeng Phet: a seated Buddha under an arch curved like the letter ก, in Sukhothai style. The rarest of the Benjaphakhi five. The trade's saying for it is 'have me and you will not be poor'. Nobody is home.", "story_th": "วิกิพีเดียอังกฤษว่าพบที่วัดพระบรมธาตุนครชุม พ.ศ. ๒๓๙๒ ปีเดียวกับที่สมเด็จโตมาพบพระบรมธาตุที่วัดนั้น วงการเล่าต่อว่าจารึกที่พบพร้อมกันบอกอานุภาพและที่มาของคำว่ามีกูไม่จน ตรียัมปวายจัดเข้าเบญจภาคีราว พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๐", "story_en": "English Wikipedia dates the find to 1849 at Wat Phra Borommathat, Nakhon Chum, the same year Thai Wikipedia gives for Somdej To's discovery of relics in that temple's chedis. The trade adds an inscription found with the tablets and reads from it the promise that the keeper will not be poor; that text is tradition here, not cited. The Sukhothai-style figure under its ก-shaped arch went into Triyampavai's five around 1947, and of the five it is the one least seen.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang", "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet", "s:tradition", "s:th-wiki-wat-phra-borommathat-kamphaeng"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "โชคลาภ from the มีกูไม่จน saying; the rest the trade's usual claim"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet"}, "origin.place_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "typical range, not measured"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search term chosen by this record"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}, {"key": "nuea_waan", "term": "เนื้อว่าน", "roman": "nuea waan", "en": "sacred-herb paste", "definition": "Paste of ว่าน — the sacred tubers and herbs gathered under prescribed conditions. Northern practice is particularly rich here. Ages by drying and shrinking rather than by patina. The manuscripts carry ว่าน heavily — คาถาเสกว่าน, formulae for consecrating the herb — so this term joins the two corpora directly, once the กว่าน collision is excluded."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 12, "priced": 12, "median_thb": 137.54500000000002, "typical_thb": [63.08, 229.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "phra-sum-ko/phra-sum-ko-somkor-eeeb28.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Somkor.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Somkor.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99852842", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Somdej.watrakang", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระซุ้มกอ", "alt_en": "Phra Sum Ko (Kamphaeng Phet arched tablet) — Phra Somkor", "sha256": "116caea2e2a4e6a162b9d24c92c08dc0250f2441f324db6eceebebba4116af77", "width": 1088, "height": 616, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "pixiu", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ปี่เซียะ", "roman": "pixiu", "en": "Pixiu (wealth beast) pendant", "aliases": {"th": ["ปี่เซี๊ยะ", "ปี่เซี้ย", "ผีซิว", "เผ่ย์เย้า", "เทียนลู่", "เทียงลก"], "roman": ["pi xiu", "pei yao", "tianlu", "bixie", "tỳ hưu"], "en": ["pi yao", "wealth beast", "heavenly deer"]}, "other_scripts": {"zh": "貔貅 · 天祿 · 辟邪", "vi": "tỳ hưu"}}, "region": ["diaspora", "th", "vn"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["chok_lap", "kha_khai", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["thonglueang", "thongdaeng"], "figures": ["animal"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "สัตว์ในตำนานหัวมังกร ตัวสิงโต มีปีก เขาหนึ่งหรือสอง ท่าหมอบ ทำเป็นจี้ กำไล แหวน หรือรูปตั้งคู่", "shape_en": "A crouching mythical beast with a dragon's head, a lion's body, wings, and one or two horns; made as a pendant, a bracelet bead, a ring, or a pair of desk and doorway figures", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "จี้ห้อยคอ ลูกปัดกำไล แหวน หรือตั้งบูชาเป็นคู่หันหน้าออกประตู", "wearable_en": "Worn as a pendant, bracelet bead or ring, or set as a pair facing the door; the trade says one per wrist so they do not fight", "obverse_th": "หัวมังกร อ้าปาก มักคาบเหรียญหรือเหยียบก้อนทอง", "obverse_en": "Dragon head with open mouth, often biting a coin or standing on an ingot", "reverse_th": "ก้นไม่มีรู — ตามคติ กินทองแล้วไม่ถ่าย", "reverse_en": "No anus, by belief: it eats gold and cannot pass it", "notes_en": "Jade, glass, obsidian, wood and ceramic dominate retail and have no vault key; brass and copper are the metal forms and are named on the axis."}, "iconography": [{"th": "หัวมังกร ตัวสิงโต ปีก", "en": "Dragon head, lion body, wings"}, {"th": "เขาเดียว = เทียนลู่ (ทรัพย์) เขาคู่ = ปี้เสีย (ไล่ร้าย)", "en": "One horn tianlu for wealth, two horns bixie to ward off evil"}, {"th": "คาบเหรียญ เหยียบก้อนทอง", "en": "Coin in the mouth, ingot underfoot"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "โรงงานหยกและโลหะ ร้านฮวงจุ้ย บางชิ้นผ่านพิธีเบิกเนตรที่ศาลเจ้า", "maker_en": "Jade and metal workshops and feng shui shops; some pieces are put through an eye-opening rite at a shrine, which the trade holds", "era_th": "ปรากฏในคัมภีร์จีนโบราณ (ซั่งซู สื่อจี้) เป็นสัตว์รบ รูปหินเฝ้าสุสานสมัยฮั่น การใส่เป็นจี้เป็นเรื่องสมัยใหม่", "era_en": "Named in the Shangshu and the Shiji as a beast of war; Han-era stone tomb guardians survive; the pendant is modern", "place_th": "จีน แพร่ในไทย เวียดนาม และชุมชนจีนโพ้นทะเล", "place_en": "China; Thailand, Vietnam and the overseas Chinese trade", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "หัวมังกร ตัวสิงโต มีปีก — นับเขา: หนึ่ง (เทียนลู่) หรือสอง (ปี้เสีย)", "en": "Dragon head on a lion body with wings; count the horns, one for tianlu, two for bixie. English Wikipedia says modern pieces are mostly one-horned, Chinese Wikipedia says two-horned now predominates: the two articles disagree, so look rather than assume", "source": "s:en-wiki-pixiu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ไม่มีรูทวาร ตามคติกินทองแล้วไม่ถ่าย", "en": "No anus by belief, so wealth enters and never leaves; the folk logic behind the whole class", "source": "s:zh-wiki-pixiu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "วัสดุ: หยก แก้ว ไม้ เซรามิก ทองแดง ผ้า เลือกตามธาตุประจำตัว", "en": "Jade, glass, wood, ceramic, copper and cloth; the trade matches material to the owner's five-element chart", "source": "s:zh-wiki-pixiu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตั้งเป็นคู่ท่าหมอบ ใส่ข้อมือข้างละตัว", "en": "Set as a crouching pair, or worn one per wrist; a single figure facing into the room is what the trade warns against", "source": "s:th-wiki-pixiu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชื่อไทยหลายแบบ ปี่เซียะ ผีซิว เผ่ย์เย้า เทียนลู่ — ค้นให้ครบ", "en": "Thai spellings vary, ปี่เซียะ / ผีซิว / เผ่ย์เย้า / เทียนลู่; Lazada Thailand titles use ปี่เซียะ", "source": "s:th-wiki-pixiu", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phaya-khrut", "tell_th": "ครุฑเป็นนกครึ่งคน ปี่เซียะเป็นสัตว์สี่ขาหัวมังกร ทั้งคู่มีปีก", "tell_en": "Garuda is a bird-man, upright, with a beak; the pixiu is a four-legged dragon-headed beast. Both have wings, which is where the confusion starts on a small pendant."}, {"id": "bat-quai", "tell_th": "กระจกแปดทิศเป็นของแขวนหน้าบ้าน ไม่ใช่รูปสัตว์", "tell_en": "The bagua mirror guards the same door but is a diagram, not a beast, and nobody feeds it."}], "market": {"search": ["ปี่เซียะ", "ปี่เซี๊ยะ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Pixiu"], "commons_files": ["File:Pixiu monster - Wat Hiranyawat - Chiang Rai - 2017-01-02 - 001.jpg", "File:Pixiu monster - Wat Hiranyawat - Chiang Rai - 2017-01-02 - 003.jpg", "File:Gfp-chinese-pixiu.jpg", "File:Tỳ hưu Đài Loan tại Cửa hàng Thần Thú Tỳ Hưu Đài Bắc-Bảo tàng Phong Thủy Ngũ Hành Tỳ Hưu năm 2017 (1).jpg", "File:Tỳ hưu Đài Loan tại Cửa hàng Thần Thú Tỳ Hưu Đài Bắc-Bảo tàng Phong Thủy Ngũ Hành Tỳ Hưu năm 2017 (2).jpg", "File:Pixiu.jpg"], "wanted_en": "A jade pendant pixiu on a cord, side view so the horn count and the sealed rear are visible; the Commons files are mostly statues."}, "text": {"what_th": "สัตว์ในตำนานจีน หัวมังกร ตัวสิงโต มีปีก เชื่อว่ากินทองแล้วไม่ถ่ายเพราะไม่มีรูทวาร จึงเป็นเครื่องรางเรียกทรัพย์และกันร้าย ทำเป็นจี้หยก กำไล แหวน และรูปตั้งคู่ ขายมากในตลาดไทย-จีน วิกิพีเดียไทยเรียก ปี่เซียะ ผีซิว เผ่ย์เย้า", "what_en": "The Chinese wealth beast: dragon head, lion body, wings, and no anus, so gold goes in and never out. Worn as a jade pendant, bracelet or ring, or set as a pair at a shop door, it is one of the biggest sellers in Thai-Chinese retail under ปี่เซียะ. The vault's class vocabulary does not place it.", "story_th": "คัมภีร์จีนโบราณเรียกเป็นสัตว์รบ ฮ่องเต้เหลืองฝึกใช้ในสงคราม สมัยฮั่นเป็นรูปหินเฝ้าสุสาน เขาเดียวชื่อเทียนลู่ เขาคู่ชื่อปี้เสีย นักพนันในมาเก๊าฮ่องกงบูชา ปัจจุบันขายเป็นจี้หยก 'ปลุกเสกแล้วจากฮ่องกง' และ 'ปี่เซียะเหยียบก้อนทอง เนื้อทองเหลือง' บนลาซาด้าไทย", "story_en": "Classical texts list it among the fierce beasts the Yellow Emperor drove into battle; the Han carved it in stone to guard tombs. The one-horned form is tianlu, the two-horned bixie, and the two names still label the two jobs, wealth and warding. Gamblers in Macau and Hong Kong venerate it. Thai listings sell it as a colour-changing pendant 'blessed in Hong Kong', a brass figure standing on an ingot, a silver ring, and a bracelet 'for the birth day', which grafts the Thai weekday system onto a Chinese beast.", "keeping_th": "หมวดหมู่ของคลังยังไม่วางไว้: ฮวงจุ้ยจีนถือเป็นเครื่องมือ ไม่มีผู้อยู่ แต่ร้านไทย-จีนให้เบิกเนตร บูชา และถวายน้ำ ต้องรอผู้รู้ชี้", "keeping_en": "The vault leaves this unplaced, on purpose. In Chinese feng shui logic it is an instrument with nobody home; in Thai-Chinese retail it gets an eye-opening rite, is spoken of as บูชา, and some keepers offer it water and touch it daily. That is the veneration upkeep of a resident class wearing an impersonal object's form, and a knower must draw the line. Until then: treat an unknown one as impersonal, and a rite-opened one as owed regard."}, "sources": ["s:en-wiki-pixiu", "s:zh-wiki-pixiu", "s:th-wiki-pixiu", "s:vi-wiki-ty-huu", "s:catalog-db", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-pixiu"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "null: the class vocabulary does not place it; see keeping_en"}, "axes.materials": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "brass named in a Lazada title; jade has no vault key"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:zh-wiki-pixiu"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "inference", "note": "vault refusal plus observed Thai-Chinese practice"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "13 titles on ปี่เซียะ as of 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "pixiu/pixiu-pixiu-monster-wat-hiranyawat-chiang-rai-c21164.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pixiu monster - 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Thú Tỳ Hưu Đài Bắc-Bảo tàng Phong Thủy Ngũ Hành Tỳ Hưu năm 2017", "sha256": "2c4911ce89df8f6ef596b5a32dbba604787ec40f622a638079cf79ecd0838f3a", "width": 2537, "height": 2937}, {"file": "pixiu/pixiu-lucky-chinatown-binondo-manila-14-b38479.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Lucky Chinatown Binondo Manila 14.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Lucky_Chinatown_Binondo_Manila_14.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=126542428", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "SwarmCheng", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปี่เซียะ", "alt_en": "Pixiu (wealth beast) pendant — Lucky Chinatown", "sha256": "02ae22e48f4f47509079fa1c50fe66a3e9ebfa1ed4fbca0632465174102503a4", "width": 4630, "height": 3351}, {"file": "pixiu/pixiu-pixiu-gulou-nanjing-b0c0ee.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pixiu (Gulou, Nanjing).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Pixiu_%28Gulou%2C_Nanjing%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=129100653", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Leiem", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปี่เซียะ", "alt_en": "Pixiu (wealth beast) pendant — ​貔貅的石像（南洋劝业会遗迹，南京市鼓楼区文物）。", "sha256": "bb587dc68d6cf74e2be7911a947e2b764ad0426b15d6e499d5db825edfd33334", "width": 4624, "height": 3472}], "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "thongdaeng", "term": "ทองแดง", "roman": "thongdaeng", "en": "copper", "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "diaspora", "th": "ชุมชนไทยโพ้นทะเล", "en": "Overseas Thai / Chinese-Thai collector communities"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "vn", "th": "เวียดนาม", "en": "Vietnam"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 13, "priced": 13, "median_thb": 92.54, "typical_thb": [28.0, 249.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "pixiu/pixiu-pixiu-monster-wat-hiranyawat-chiang-rai-c21164.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pixiu monster - Wat Hiranyawat - Chiang Rai - 2017-01-02 - 001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Pixiu_monster_-_Wat_Hiranyawat_-_Chiang_Rai_-_2017-01-02_-_001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54689922", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปี่เซียะ", "alt_en": "Pixiu (wealth beast) pendant — * A statue of the Chinese monster Pixiu at Wat Hiranyawat (วัดหิรัญญาวาส), a Buddhist temple I passed by during my aimle", "sha256": "649a1c329033aa852c6ad663f176c11ca84221fc986ab65c56f2a54fe42c6bb4", "width": 3024, "height": 4032, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "pla-taphian", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ปลาตะเพียน", "roman": "pla taphian", "en": "Pla taphian (carp charm)", "aliases": {"th": ["ปลาตะเพียนเงินปลาตะเพียนทอง", "ปลาตะเพียนสาน", "ตะเพียนทอง"], "roman": ["pla tapian", "pla ta pian", "taphian thong"], "en": ["silver-and-gold carp", "woven palm-leaf fish", "barb-fish charm"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["kha_khai", "chok_lap", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": ["thongdaeng", "ngoen", "thongkham", "naak"], "figures": ["animal"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "แผ่นทองแดง เงิน ทองคำ หรือนาก แผ่บาง ตัดเป็นรูปปลาตะเพียนคู่ ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย ลงยันต์ แขวนบูชา หรือปลาสานใบลานแขวนเหนือเปล", "shape_en": "A pair of fish, male and female, cut from thin copper, silver, gold or nak sheet and inscribed, hung up rather than worn — or, in the older craft, fish woven from palm-leaf strips and hung as a mobile over a cradle", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "แขวนไว้ที่ร้านหรือบ้าน ไม่ห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Hung in the shop or house; not worn. The market also frames small metal fish as pendants.", "obverse_th": "ยันต์อักขระในตัวปลา ตัว อิ อุ และ นะ ตามบท", "obverse_en": "Khom syllables inside the fish body — i, u and a central na per verse", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Two objects share the name: the inscribed metal fish of the treatise and the woven palm-leaf mobile of Ayutthaya craft. The metal one is this class; the woven one is a cradle charm with no inscription."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ปลาตะเพียนคู่ ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย", "en": "a male-and-female pair of carp"}, {"th": "ยันต์สี่เหลี่ยมมีข้าวหลามตัด มุมสวัสดิกะ", "en": "square yantra enclosing a diamond, swastikas in the corners, for the silver-and-gold pair"}, {"th": "ปลาสานใบลานล้อมแม่ปลา ๙ ๑๒ หรือ ๑๕ ตัว", "en": "woven mobile: 9, 12 or 15 small fish around one mother fish"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง)", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี ปลาสานใบลานปรากฏในคำให้การพรรณนาภูมิสถานพระนครศรีอยุธยาว่าขายที่ตลาดต้น", "era_en": "Undated treatise. English Wikipedia places the woven form in Ayutthaya, citing the Description of the Topography of Ayutthaya's mention of woven pla taphian sold on Ton Market street", "place_th": "อยุธยาและภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Ayutthaya and Central Thailand", "first_attested": "Woven form: Description of the Topography of Ayutthaya (Ayutthaya-period text) per English Wikipedia; date of the document not verified here"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "โลหะแผ่นบางตัดเป็นรูปปลา ไม่ใช่หล่อหนา", "en": "Flat sheet metal cut to a fish outline, not a thick casting", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "มาเป็นคู่ ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย เงินและทอง", "en": "Comes as a pair — male and female, or one 'silver' and one 'gold'", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "มีอักขระในตัวปลา ปลาสานใบลานไม่มี", "en": "Syllables inside the body mark the inscribed kind; the woven palm-leaf fish carries none", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ทำไว้แขวน ไม่มีห่วงห้อยคอในตำรา", "en": "Made to hang; the treatise gives it no pendant loop", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุด ๓ ดอกค้าขายลงยันต์ปลาแล้วม้วน ปลาตะเพียนตัดเป็นรูปปลาแบน", "tell_en": "The trade takrut in the same treatise inscribes the same fish yantra and rolls it; the pla taphian stays flat and fish-shaped."}, {"id": "phaya-tao-ruean", "tell_th": "เต่าเรือนเป็นสัตว์ค้าขายอีกชนิด หล่อหนา ห้อยคอ ปลาตะเพียนแผ่นบาง แขวน", "tell_en": "The house-turtle is the other trade animal: a thick cast pendant, where the fish is thin sheet made to hang."}, {"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักเป็นเทพที่บูชา ปลาตะเพียนเป็นแผ่นลงยันต์ แต่ตำราให้เสกข้าวเลี้ยงทุกวัน", "tell_en": "Nang Kwak is a deva venerated with offerings; the fish is an inscribed sheet — though the treatise does feed it consecrated rice daily, which blurs the line this record keeps."}], "market": {"search": ["ปลาตะเพียน"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Pla taphian"], "commons_files": ["File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 1.jpg", "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 2.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Free files show only the woven palm-leaf craft. Needed: an inscribed metal pair flat, syllables legible, and one hanging in a shop."}, "images": [{"file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-ayutthaya-palm-leave-fish-weaving-group-e93434.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Ayutthaya_Palm-Leave_Fish_Weaving_Group_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38176557", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr", "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน", "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — The group is located in PhuKhao Thong sub-district, Phra Nakorn Si Ayutthaya district. It was founded by a group of hous", "sha256": "2313a07871fa1989ea73d564dd1a3eba691cb5dc5f05c3acc5a8cd1f20fd63fc", "width": 3140, "height": 2090, "primary": true}, {"file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-ayutthaya-palm-leave-fish-weaving-group-bcfb60.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 2.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Ayutthaya_Palm-Leave_Fish_Weaving_Group_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38176556", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr", "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน", "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — The group is located in PhuKhao Thong sub-district, Phra Nakorn Si Ayutthaya district. It was founded by a group of hous", "sha256": "df3aa74cbe84182660b2736a0601d5f3eeec75e9bcd518d7f87e1e11859d93d6", "width": 933, "height": 626}, {"file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-ayutthaya-studies-institute-1-9cc10b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ayutthaya Studies Institute 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Ayutthaya_Studies_Institute_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38176674", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr", "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน", "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — Located in Pratu Chaisubdistrict, PhraNakhon SiAyutthaya district, the Ayutthaya Studies Institute, PhraNakhon SiAyuttha", "sha256": "8efba825d3c048d3d456f7b11d3802396e4ddbfa35feee6f4daaae0b2e38b853", "width": 1665, "height": 2503}, {"file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-pla-taphian-ayutthaya-studies-institute-ffbcd0.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pla taphian, Ayutthaya Studies Institute.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Pla_taphian%2C_Ayutthaya_Studies_Institute.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85993935", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr", "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน", "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — Located in Pratu Chaisubdistrict, PhraNakhon SiAyutthaya district, the Ayutthaya Studies Institute, PhraNakhon SiAyuttha", "sha256": "97ccd8dbe2fa8b50411029083b5592c6dc09acbf13e3ad056a84e1d739e1e92d", "width": 648, "height": 962}], "text": {"what_th": "ปลาตะเพียนคู่ตัดจากแผ่นโลหะบางลงยันต์ แขวนบูชาให้ซื้อง่ายขายดี ชื่อเดียวกับปลาสานใบลานที่แขวนเหนือเปลเด็กในงานฝีมืออยุธยา", "what_en": "A pair of carp cut from thin metal sheet and inscribed, hung up so that buying is easy and selling brisk — sharing its name with the woven palm-leaf fish mobile hung over Ayutthaya cradles.", "story_th": "ตำราให้แผ่ทองแดงหรือเงินให้บาง ตัดเป็นรูปปลาตะเพียน สมมติตัวหนึ่งเป็นเงินตัวหนึ่งเป็นทอง ลงตัว อิ อุ และ นะ ด้วยบทเมตตามหาลาภ ชมวดละจบ อีกตำรับใช้ทองคำ นาก เงิน หรือทองแดง ทำสองตัวคู่ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย ตั้งเครื่องบูชาครู เทียนหนัก ๑ บาท เทียนธรรมดา ๕ เล่ม ดอกไม้ขาว ๕ ดอก แล้วแขวนไว้บูชา มีคาถาบูชาปลา และคาถาเสกข้าวให้ปลากินทุกวัน", "story_en": "The treatise beats copper or silver thin, cuts it into a carp, names one fish silver and one gold, and inscribes the syllables i, u and a central na with three metta-and-gain verses, one recitation per blowing. A second recipe allows gold, nak, silver or copper, makes the pair male and female, and sets out offerings for the teacher — a one-baht candle, five ordinary candles, five white flowers — before hanging them up. Two further kathas follow: one to worship the fish, one to consecrate rice fed to the fish every day. English Wikipedia's woven fish is a different object with the same name: palm-leaf strips woven into a mobile of nine, twelve or fifteen fish round a mother fish, hung over cradles in Ayutthaya and Thonburi.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยงตามหมวด แต่ตำราให้เสกข้าวให้ปลากินทุกวัน", "keeping_en": "Nobody home by class, nothing owed — with the treatise's own wrinkle: it feeds the fish consecrated rice daily. Read that as the trade's courtesy to a luck-object, not as a resident; a knower may rule otherwise."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:en-wiki-pla-taphian", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 4246–4277 (printed pp. 122–123)"}, "fields": {"axes.class": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "inscribed object; the daily rice-feeding is noted, not weighed"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-pla-taphian"}, "origin.first_attested": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-pla-taphian"}, "iconography": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "woven-mobile counts: s:en-wiki-pla-taphian"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search term is this record's, not holding_key's"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "thongdaeng", "term": "ทองแดง", "roman": "thongdaeng", "en": "copper", "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}, {"key": "thongkham", "term": "เนื้อทองคำ", "roman": "nuea thongkham", "en": "gold", "definition": "Gold. Thin in this corpus — 93 of 13,020 listings, and most of those name it for a frame or a plating rather than for the body of the piece. Gold issues are not rare in the tradition; they do not circulate on an open retail platform. That thinness measures what this corpus can and cannot see, and is among the clearest arguments for seeding the register from competition and association records rather than from listings. **Correction of record:** an earlier draft put this at 1 occurrence, having searched only the compound เนื้อทองคำ. The bare term is the one the market uses."}, {"key": "naak", "term": "เนื้อนาค", "roman": "nuea naak", "en": "copper-gold alloy (rose gold)", "definition": "A copper-and-gold alloy of reddish cast, ranked in the treatises alongside gold and silver as one of the sheets a yantra may be inscribed on — the corpus phrase is แผ่นทอง แผ่นเงิน แผ่นนาค. Added to this axis *because of* that passage, not from the market: the compound forms return zero listings, so this is a material the treatises name and the retail corpus does not carry. **Carried only in unambiguous compounds.** Bare นาค returns 553 pages and 132 listings, but nearly all of those are the naga serpent — a being, not an alloy — which belongs to the class and motif axes. Scanning the bare term here would import a bestiary into a materials list."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 4, "priced": 4, "median_thb": 244.5, "typical_thb": [19.0, 359.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-ayutthaya-palm-leave-fish-weaving-group-e93434.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Ayutthaya_Palm-Leave_Fish_Weaving_Group_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38176557", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr", "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน", "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — The group is located in PhuKhao Thong sub-district, Phra Nakorn Si Ayutthaya district. It was founded by a group of hous", "sha256": "2313a07871fa1989ea73d564dd1a3eba691cb5dc5f05c3acc5a8cd1f20fd63fc", "width": 3140, "height": 2090, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "prachiat", "names": {"th": "ผ้าประเจียด", "roman": "pha prachiat", "en": "Prachiat (yantra head-cloth / armband)", "aliases": {"th": ["ประเจียด", "ผ้าประเจียดแขน", "มงคล (ผ้าโพกหัวนักมวย)"], "roman": ["pra jiad", "prajiad", "prajead", "mongkhon", "mongkol"], "en": ["yantra armband", "muay thai armband", "war head-cloth"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "metta_maha_niyom", "kan_phi"], "materials": ["pha_yan"], "figures": ["object"]}, "form": {"type": "cloth", "shape_th": "ผ้าลงเลขยันต์ผืนสี่เหลี่ยมผืนผ้าหรือจัตุรัส ขาว แดง เหลือง เขียนด้วยหมึกดำหรือดินสอ ม้วนหรือพับเป็นแถบ พันศีรษะ คอ หรือต้นแขน ใส่กระเป๋าก็ได้", "shape_en": "An inscribed cloth, rectangular or square, white, red or yellow, drawn in black ink or pencil, rolled or folded into a band and tied round the head, neck or upper arm, or carried in a pocket. The boxer's armband is this; the boxer's head-ring (มงคล) is its cousin.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "พันหัว พันแขน ห้อยคอ", "wearable_en": "Tied on the head or upper arm, or hung at the neck; muay thai fighters wear the armband through the bout and the head-ring only for the wai khru", "obverse_th": "ยันต์และอักขระ เช่น ตรีนิสิงเห ปิโย", "obverse_en": "The yantra: th.wikipedia names ตรีนิสิงเห (against spirits) and ปิโย (favour and trade) as examples", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Ms 6983 names it twice without a recipe: a carved figure held in the mouth 'as a prachiat' (line 2901), and 'ผ้าประเจียดและมงคล' among the things the waking chant rouses 'to endure and evade' (line 2932). en.wikipedia's Pra Jiad and Mongkhon articles give the boxing form and the origin story of a mother's sarong."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ยันต์ตรีนิสิงเห", "en": "Trinisinghe yantra (against spirits)"}, {"th": "ยันต์ปิโย", "en": "Piyo yantra (favour, trade)"}, {"th": "ผืนแดง ขาว เหลือง", "en": "red, white or yellow ground"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "แจกโดยพระเจ้าตากสิน (พ.ศ. ๒๓๑๒) และ ร.๑ (พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๘) แก่แม่ทัพนายกองและทหาร ตามวิกิพีเดีย; ครูอาจารย์ทำให้ศิษย์", "maker_en": "th.wikipedia records prachiat given by King Taksin (B.E. 2312) to commanders and by Rama I (B.E. 2328) to soldiers; later made by teachers for pupils and by monks", "era_th": "กรุงธนบุรี–รัตนโกสินทร์", "era_en": "Thonburi and early Bangkok periods by the cited dates; the practice is older than the record", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Thailand", "first_attested": "B.E. 2312 (King Taksin's distribution, as recorded on th.wikipedia ประเจียด)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นแถบผ้าพันได้ ไม่ใช่ผืนกางแขวน — ยาวกว่ากว้างมาก หรือพับจากผืนเล็ก", "en": "A band that ties: much longer than wide, or a small square folded to a strip; a large hanging sheet is a pha yan", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หมึกดำหรือดินสอบนผ้าขาว แดง เหลือง", "en": "Black ink or pencil on white, red or yellow cloth", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ของนักมวยเป็นแถบต้นแขน ปลายผูกเป็นพู่ มงคลเป็นวงแข็งสวมหัว", "en": "The boxing armband is a soft tied band, ends left as tassels; the mongkhon is a stiff hoop for the head, removed after the wai khru", "source": "s:en-wiki-mongkhon", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "บางค่ายใช้สีแถบบอกชั้น — เป็นธรรมเนียมค่าย ไม่ใช่ของขลัง", "en": "Some gyms colour-code armbands for rank; that is gym custom, not consecration", "source": "s:en-wiki-pra-jiad", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ผืนกาง ประเจียดพันตัว หมวดเดียวกัน", "tell_en": "A pha yan is a sheet to hang or fold; a prachiat is a band to tie on. Same class, same keeping; the name follows the use."}, {"id": "suea-yan", "tell_th": "เสื้อยันต์คือประเจียดหลายผืนเย็บเป็นเสื้อ", "tell_en": "A suea yan is prachiat cloths sewn into a shirt (th.wikipedia's own definition)."}, {"id": "sai-sin", "tell_th": "สายสิญจน์เป็นด้ายเปล่าผูกข้อมือ ไม่ลงยันต์", "tell_en": "Sai sin is bare thread at the wrist with no inscription."}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดม้วนแผ่นโลหะ ประเจียดเป็นผ้า — ตำราให้สวมตะกรุดที่ศีรษะเหมือนกัน", "tell_en": "A takrut is a rolled metal sheet; the treatise also puts a takrut on the head for the same errands, so the place on the body does not tell them apart — the material does."}], "market": {"search": ["ประเจียด", "ผ้าประเจียด"], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Mongkhon"], "commons_files": ["File:Wai khru ram muay 1-head.jpg", "File:Mongkhon in Singapore (1).jpg", "File:Mongkhon in Singapore (2).jpg", "File:Muay Thai boxer.jpg", "File:Young Thai Boxer, Thailand.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Free files show the boxing mongkhon and boxers who may be wearing armbands; none shows an inscribed prachiat unrolled. Needed: a hand-drawn band flat, one tied on an upper arm, and one worn as a head-cloth outside the ring."}, "images": [{"file": "prachiat/prachiat-wai-khru-ram-muay-1-head-023862.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wai khru ram muay 1-head.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Wai_khru_ram_muay_1-head.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44561792", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "selbst", "credit": "Bildausschnitt aus File:Wai khru ram muay 1.jpg von B20180", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้าประเจียด", "alt_en": "Prachiat (yantra head-cloth / armband) — Muay Thai Kämpfer mit Mongkon", "sha256": "2b45c1e2ece03142d69f15527e62de929346da9cabf09505a2c5c79311b367a0", "width": 772, "height": 520, "primary": true}, {"file": "prachiat/prachiat-bangkok-1965-043-hg-2c62c6.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bangkok-1965-043 hg.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Bangkok-1965-043_hg.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12467295", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "H. Grobe", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้าประเจียด", "alt_en": "Prachiat (yantra head-cloth / armband) — Bangkok, Thailand", "sha256": "a90c84a14445a07faab63b87a23d0057efd751aa89545333522dc6afa5dd33ab", "width": 3631, "height": 2282}, {"file": "prachiat/prachiat-bangkok-1965-044-hg-826722.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bangkok-1965-044 hg.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Bangkok-1965-044_hg.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12467300", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "H. 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(๒๕๔๐). จินตวรรณคดีไทย. กรุงเทพฯ: ไทยวัฒนาพานิช. 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Power in the inscription; nobody home.", "story_th": "วิกิพีเดียไทย: ผ้าลงเลขยันต์ถือกันว่ากันอันตรายได้ พระเจ้าตากสินแจกแม่ทัพนายกอง พ.ศ. ๒๓๑๒ ร.๑ แจกทหาร พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๘ ครูอาจารย์ทำให้ศิษย์ ผืนเล็กเย็บเป็นเสื้อยันต์ นักมวยและมวยกระจับใส่เพื่อกำลังใจ วิกิพีเดียอังกฤษเล่าว่าทหารได้ผ้านุ่งของแม่ฉีกผูกแขนก่อนออกรบ กลายเป็นประเจียดนักมวย ส่วนมงคลบนหัวครูถอดออกหลังไหว้ครูแล้ววางไว้มุมเวที ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ ให้เอารูปแกะอมในปาก 'เป็นประเจียด' และนับผ้าประเจียดกับมงคลในของที่ปลุกให้คงทนแคล้วคลาด", "story_en": "th.wikipedia has the cloth as a recognised protection: King Taksin gave it to his commanders in B.E. 2312, Rama I to soldiers in 2328, teachers to pupils after; small pieces were sewn into shirts, and boxers took it up for morale. en.wikipedia adds the origin story told in the gyms — a strip of a mother's sarong tied on the arm before battle — and the ring rule that the head-ring comes off after the wai khru while the armbands stay on. Ms 6983 knows the word as the generic worn charm: a carved figure held in the mouth serves 'as a prachiat', and the waking chant rouses 'the prachiat cloths and mongkhon, to endure and evade'.", "keeping_th": "ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เก็บไว้สูง ถอดก่อนทำสิ่งไม่งาม", "keeping_en": "Nothing to feed. Kept high and clean like a pha yan; a boxer's is the gym's to bless and hand over, and en.wikipedia says the trainer keeps the mongkhon."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-prachiat", "s:en-wiki-pra-jiad", "s:en-wiki-mongkhon", "s:ms6983", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:commons-amulets-th"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "functions: th.wiki names ตรีนิสิงเห/ปิโย; คงกระพัน แคล้วคลาด from ms6983 line 2932"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-mongkhon"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "lines 2901, 2932"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-pra-jiad", "note": "มงคล is a cousin object folded in here because the boxing sources treat the pair together"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th", "note": "licences checked 2026-09-02: CC BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 4.0 ×3, CC BY 3.0; boxer photos may not show the armband"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "pha_yan", "term": "ผ้ายันต์", "roman": "pha yan", "en": "inscribed cloth", "definition": "Cloth bearing a drawn or stamped yantra. Strictly a form rather than a material, kept on this axis because the market names it in the material slot and a reader looking for \"what is it made of\" will look here. Cross-reference the motif axis for the yantra itself."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 1, "priced": 1, "median_thb": 199.0, "typical_thb": [199.0, 199.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "prachiat/prachiat-wai-khru-ram-muay-1-head-023862.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wai khru ram muay 1-head.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Wai_khru_ram_muay_1-head.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44561792", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "selbst", "credit": "Bildausschnitt aus File:Wai khru ram muay 1.jpg von B20180", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ผ้าประเจียด", "alt_en": "Prachiat (yantra head-cloth / armband) — Muay Thai Kämpfer mit Mongkon", "sha256": "2b45c1e2ece03142d69f15527e62de929346da9cabf09505a2c5c79311b367a0", "width": 772, "height": 520, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "rajah", "names": {"th": "ราจาห์", "roman": "rajah", "en": "Rajah (Javanese-Malay written talisman)", "aliases": {"th": ["ยันต์ชวา", "อักขระราจาห์"], "roman": ["rajah jawa", "wafak", "wifiq", "isim"], "en": ["Javanese yantra", "Islamic-Javanese magic diagram"]}, "other_scripts": {"id": "rajah", "ms": "راجه · rajah", "jv": "ꦫꦗꦃ · rajah"}}, "region": ["id", "my"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khong_kraphan", "maha_saneh", "kha_khai"], "materials": [], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "ตัวเขียน: อักษรอาหรับ ตัวเลข ตารางวะฟัก สัญลักษณ์ เขียนบนกระดาษ ผ้า หนังสัตว์ แผ่นโลหะ หรือสักบนตัว", "shape_en": "Writing: Arabic letters, numerals, a wafaq grid, symbols known to the writer — on paper, cloth, animal skin or a metal sheet, or tattooed on the body (the Indonesian word rajah also means tattoo).", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "พับใส่ซองเป็นจิมัต เย็บเป็นเสื้อ (baju rajah) หรืออยู่บนผิวหนัง", "wearable_en": "Folded into a pouch as a jimat, sewn as a whole shirt (baju rajah), or on the skin.", "obverse_th": "ตัวเขียนเต็มหน้า ไม่มีรูปคน", "obverse_en": "Text and diagram over the whole face; no figure.", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Rajah is the formula; jimat is the carried object. Indonesian usage lets the two words swap in speech, and the id.wikipedia definition — marks on skin or another medium believed to carry occult power — is the only on-wiki line on it."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ตารางวะฟัก ๓×๓ ขึ้นไป", "en": "a wafaq square, 3×3 and larger"}, {"th": "อักษรโดด (huruf) และตัวเลขอับญัด", "en": "isolated letters and abjad numerals"}, {"th": "ตราสุลัยมาน ดาวหกแฉก", "en": "the Seal of Solomon star"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "กียาอี ดุกุน หรือผู้รู้ ilmu hikmah", "maker_en": "A kyai, a dukun, or anyone credited with ilmu hikmah; the Javanese primbon and Arabic manuals (Syamsul Ma'arif, al-Aufaq) are the trade's named books", "era_th": "ชวาอิสลาม สืบผ่านปอเนาะและปรีมบน", "era_en": "Islamic Java, carried through pesantren and the primbon almanacs", "place_th": "ชวา แพร่ทั่วอินโดนีเซียและมาเลเซีย", "place_en": "Java; used across Indonesia and Malaysia", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นตัวเขียนล้วน: อักษรอาหรับ เลข ตาราง สัญลักษณ์ ไม่มีรูปพระหรือฤๅษี", "en": "Pure writing — Arabic letters, numerals, grids, symbols; never a Buddha, hermit or animal figure", "source": "s:id-wiki-tato", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตารางเลขที่ผลรวมแถวเท่ากัน (วะฟัก) คือแกนของราจาห์แบบตาราง", "en": "A grid whose rows sum alike — the wafq — is the core of grid-type rajah, in occult use since the 13th century", "source": "s:en-wiki-magic-square", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "สื่อบอกที่มา: กระดาษ = ปอเนาะ/กียาอี · หนัง/โลหะ = ดุกุน · ผิวหนัง = สัก", "en": "The medium hints the maker: paper from a pesantren hand, skin or metal from a dukun, and on the body it is a tattoo — the same word in Indonesian", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ราจาห์เต็มผืนบนเสื้อ = baju rajah", "en": "Written over a whole shirt it is a baju rajah; the Commons example is one", "source": "s:id-wiki-jimat", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "jimat", "tell_th": "ราจาห์คือสูตรที่เขียน จิมัตคือของที่พก — ราจาห์อยู่ในจิมัตได้ แต่จิมัตไม่จำเป็นต้องมีราจาห์", "tell_en": "Rajah is the written formula, jimat the carried object: a rajah can sit inside a jimat, and a jimat need not contain one."}, {"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ไทยมีรูปและอักขระขอม · ราจาห์เป็นอาหรับ ไม่มีรูป", "tell_en": "A Thai pha yan carries figures and Khom letters; a rajah is Arabic and aniconic."}, {"id": "yan-lanna", "tell_th": "ยันต์ล้านนาเขียนอักษรธรรมในตารางพุทธ · ราจาห์เขียนอาหรับในตารางอิสลาม", "tell_en": "A Lanna yan is Tham script in a Buddhist grid; a rajah is Arabic in an Islamic one. Same squared logic, different scripture."}, {"id": "in-yantra", "tell_th": "อินพม่าอักษรพม่า สายวิชา weikza · ราจาห์อักษรอาหรับ สาย ilmu hikmah", "tell_en": "A Burmese in is a weikza-lineage grid in Burmese letters; a rajah is an ilmu-hikmah grid in Arabic."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg"], "wanted_en": "Only the Baju Rajah shirt (CC BY-SA 4.0) is free on Commons as of 2026-09-02; 'rajah' searches return butterflies. Needed: a paper rajah flat under raking light showing the wafaq grid, and a manuscript page from a primbon with a drawn rajah."}, "images": [{"file": "rajah/rajah-baju-rajah-syirik-e81a39.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Baju_Rajah_%28Syirik%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156701516", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Muhamad Izzul Fiqih", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ราจาห์", "alt_en": "Rajah (Javanese-Malay written talisman) — Baju Rajah ini milik Ibrahim bin Abdul Gani dengan sebutan Datuk Ahim. Ia seorang Panglima Selempang Merah dari Desa Par", "sha256": "708d408beae22908cfd4dafb34e554dfa61cbe33e83a09895abe1d5173f148bb", "width": 3994, "height": 6643, "primary": true}], "text": {"what_th": "สูตรเขียนของชวา-มลายู: อักษรอาหรับ ตัวเลข ตารางวะฟัก และสัญลักษณ์ที่ผู้เขียนรู้ความหมาย ลงบนกระดาษ ผ้า หนัง โลหะ หรือผิวหนัง พลังอยู่ที่ตัวเขียนและผู้เขียน คือคู่ขนานของ “ยันต์” ในโลกอิสลาม", "what_en": "The Javanese-Malay written formula: Arabic letters, numerals, a wafaq square and symbols meaningful to the writer, set on paper, cloth, skin, metal or the body. Power sits in the writing and the writer — the Islamic-world counterpart of the Thai yan, and the thing a jimat usually carries.", "story_th": "ในความคิดชวา ราจาห์คือจิมัตที่มีพลัง ใช้รักษาคนป่วย กันภัย ทำให้คงกระพัน ให้เสน่ห์ หรือเรียกลูกค้า ผู้เขียนคือผู้มี ilmu hikmah — มักเป็นกียาอีหรือดุกุน — และตำราที่อ้างคือ Syamsul Ma'arif, al-Aufaq และปรีมบนชวา คำว่า rajah ในภาษาอินโดนีเซียยังแปลว่ารอยสักด้วย ซึ่งบอกว่าผิวหนังคือสื่อหนึ่งมาแต่เดิม ทางศาสนาถือเป็นชิริกถ้าเชื่อว่าตัวเขียนเองมีอำนาจ", "story_en": "In Javanese thinking a rajah is a jimat with power in it: used to treat the sick, to ward, to make the body kebal, to draw love or custom. The writer is someone with ilmu hikmah — a kyai or a dukun — and the books the trade names are the Syamsul Ma'arif, the al-Aufaq and the Javanese primbon. That the Indonesian word also means tattoo says the skin was always one of its media. Religious opinion calls it shirk when the writing itself is believed to act. Everything here beyond the id.wikipedia one-liner is trade knowledge and is hedged accordingly.", "keeping_th": "หมวด yantra_wattu: ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ให้เกียรติตัวเขียน — ไม่ให้เปียก ไม่เหยียบ ไม่พาเข้าที่สกปรก", "keeping_en": "Filed with yantra_wattu: impersonal, nothing fed, nothing owed. The writing is treated as scripture — kept dry, never stepped over, kept out of unclean places."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:id-wiki-tato", "s:id-wiki-jimat", "s:en-wiki-magic-square", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "no Wikipedia article on the talisman exists in id/ms/en as of 2026-09-02; ms 'Rajah' is about diagrams"}, "fields": {"form.shape_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:id-wiki-tato"}, "axes.class": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "names.th": {"tier": "inference", "note": "transliteration; Thai has no term"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:id-wiki-jimat", "note": "licence checked 2026-09-02: CC BY-SA 4.0"}}}, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "id", "th": "อินโดนีเซีย", "en": "Indonesia"}, {"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "rajah/rajah-baju-rajah-syirik-e81a39.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Baju_Rajah_%28Syirik%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156701516", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Muhamad Izzul Fiqih", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ราจาห์", "alt_en": "Rajah (Javanese-Malay written talisman) — Baju Rajah ini milik Ibrahim bin Abdul Gani dengan sebutan Datuk Ahim. Ia seorang Panglima Selempang Merah dari Desa Par", "sha256": "708d408beae22908cfd4dafb34e554dfa61cbe33e83a09895abe1d5173f148bb", "width": 3994, "height": 6643, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "rian-kechi", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "เหรียญพระเกจิ", "roman": "rian phra kechi", "en": "monk medallion", "aliases": {"th": ["เหรียญหลวงพ่อ", "เหรียญหลวงปู่", "เหรียญรุ่นแรก", "เหรียญปั๊ม", "เหรียญเสมา"], "roman": ["rian", "rian luang pho", "rian roon raek"], "en": ["monk coin", "guru monk medal", "first-batch medal"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "khlaeo_khlat", "khum_khrong"], "materials": ["thongdaeng", "thonglueang", "ngoen", "thongkham", "naak", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["monk"]}, "form": {"type": "medallion", "shape_th": "เหรียญปั๊มโลหะ กลม รูปไข่ หรือทรงเสมา มีหูห่วงด้านบน", "shape_en": "A die-struck metal medallion, round, oval or sema-leaf shaped, with a loop at the top", "size_mm": [25, 35, 2], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอโดยตรงหรือเลี่ยมกรอบ", "wearable_en": "Hung directly from a chain by its loop, or framed", "obverse_th": "รูปเหมือนพระเกจิครึ่งองค์หรือเต็มองค์ ชื่อ วัด", "obverse_en": "Bust or full seated portrait of the monk, with his name and temple", "reverse_th": "ยันต์ อักขระขอม ปี พ.ศ. ชื่อรุ่น", "reverse_en": "A yantra or Khom letters, the year in BE, and often the batch name", "notes_en": "Size is a common range; commemorative pieces run larger. The shape names (กลม, รูปไข่, เสมา) are trade terms for the blank."}, "iconography": [{"th": "รูปเหมือนพระเกจิ", "en": "portrait of a named monk"}, {"th": "อักษรบอกชื่อ วัด และ พ.ศ.", "en": "lettering naming monk, temple and year"}, {"th": "ยันต์ด้านหลัง", "en": "a yantra on the reverse"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "วัดและสำนักทั่วประเทศ ออกเป็นรุ่น", "maker_en": "Issued by temples nationwide in named batches (รุ่น)", "era_th": "ยุครัตนโกสินทร์ตอนกลางถึงปัจจุบัน", "era_en": "Mid-Rattanakosin to the present; the trade dates the struck-portrait form to the reign of Rama V", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Nationwide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ปั๊ม ไม่ใช่หล่อ — ขอบคม ลายละเอียด ด้านหลังแบน", "en": "Struck, not cast: crisp edges, fine relief, a flat back. Casting texture points to a rup lo or a cast copy", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตัวหนังสือบอกชื่อ วัด ปี — เหรียญบอกอายุตัวเอง", "en": "The lettering names the monk, temple and BE year; the most datable of forms, the coin itself says when", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หูห่วงเชื่อมหรือปั๊มในตัว ขอบมีรอยตัด", "en": "A loop, either struck integral or soldered, and a cut or milled rim", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "เนื้อทองแดง ทองเหลือง เงิน นาค ทองคำ หรือกะไหล่ — เนื้อบอกลำดับราคาในรุ่นเดียวกัน", "en": "Copper, brass, silver, naak, gold, or gilt (กะไหล่) over base metal; within one batch the metal orders the price", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "เหรียญแบน ปั๊ม มีหู · รูปหล่อลอยองค์ สามมิติ", "tell_en": "A medallion is flat and struck with a loop; a rup lo is a three-dimensional casting of the same monk"}, {"id": "locket", "tell_th": "ล็อกเก็ตเป็นรูปถ่ายใต้กระจกหรือเรซิน หลังอุดผง · เหรียญเป็นโลหะปั๊มทั้งชิ้น", "tell_en": "A locket carries a photograph under glass or resin with material packed behind it; a medallion is solid struck metal front to back"}, {"id": "luang-pu-thuat", "tell_th": "หลวงปู่ทวดมีเหรียญของตัวเอง แต่รุ่นต้นเป็นเนื้อว่านและหลังเตารีดหล่อ", "tell_en": "Luang Pu Thuat pieces include medallions, but the canonical early runs are pressed wan tablets and cast 'flat-iron back' figures; a medallion of him is a rian kechi of one monk"}, {"id": "jatukham", "tell_th": "จตุคามเป็นเหรียญเทพ ขนาดใหญ่ · เหรียญเกจิเป็นรูปพระสงฆ์", "tell_en": "A Jatukham is a large deity medallion; a rian kechi shows a monk"}], "market": {"search": ["เหรียญหลวง", "เหรียญรุ่น"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:หลวงพ่อแฉ่งรุ่น1 1.jpg", "File:หลวงพ่อแฉ่งรุ่น1 2.jpg", "File:หลวงพ่อแฉ่งรุ่น2.jpg", "File:พระครูญาณสาคร 2.jpg", "File:เหรียญ หลวงพ่อสุด วัดกาหลง ยันต์ตะกร้อ.jpg", "File:หลวงปู่หลิว วัดไร่แตงทอง เหรียญ รุ่นสบายใจ.jpg", "File:เหรียญ-รุ่นแรก-หลวงปู่อ่ำ-ปญฺญาวุฑฺโฒ.jpg", "File:Budd1177.jpg", "File:เหรียญเสมาเงินลงยารุ่นแรก.jpg", "File:เหรียญเสมาเนื้อเงินลงยารุ่นแรก.jpg"], "wanted_en": "An obverse/reverse pair of one medallion with the loop and rim in view. 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2048}, {"file": "rian-kechi/rian-kechi-jpg-93bd52.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:เหรียญเสมาเนื้อเงินลงยารุ่นแรก.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116666521", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Arminuae", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เหรียญพระเกจิ", "alt_en": "monk medallion — เหรียญเสมารุ่นแรก", "sha256": "cc04ed5753bac2975059dc5f9d351ae6d63fd22713b8b93c5821eff01c7caa55", "width": 1536, "height": 2048}], "text": {"what_th": "เหรียญโลหะปั๊มรูปเหมือนพระเกจิ มีชื่อ วัด และปีที่สร้าง ออกเป็นรุ่น เป็นพระเครื่องที่บอกอายุตัวเองชัดที่สุด ไม่มีผู้อยู่ พลังอยู่ที่บารมีของท่านและการปลุกเสก", "what_en": "A struck coin-form medallion carrying a revered monk's portrait, name and temple, usually dated to the batch (รุ่น). The most datable of all forms — the coin itself says when.", "story_th": "วัดออกเหรียญเป็นรุ่นในวาระต่างๆ เช่น งานทำบุญอายุ งานฉลอง หรือรุ่นแรกของหลวงพ่อ วงการนับรุ่นแรกเป็นรุ่นที่แพงที่สุด และเรียงราคาตามเนื้อ ทองคำ เงิน นาค ทองแดง ในรุ่นเดียวกัน", "story_en": "Temples strike medallions in batches for an occasion — a birthday merit-making, a consecration, a building fund — and the first batch of a monk (รุ่นแรก) is the one the trade prices highest. Within a batch the metal sets the order: gold, silver, naak, then copper or gilt. One free Commons piece is a 2506 silver reverse struck for an abbot's 84th birthday; another is a Wat Kalong medallion with the takraw-ball yantra. The form gives the market its clearest dating, which is why so many copies are of medallions.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang. Provenance question is authenticity and batch."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:commons-amulets-th", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "common pendant range; commemoratives larger"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "Rama V dating is trade lore, not cited"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "the two named Commons pieces: s:commons-amulets-th file descriptions"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "thongdaeng", "term": "ทองแดง", "roman": "thongdaeng", "en": "copper", "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}, {"key": "thongkham", "term": "เนื้อทองคำ", "roman": "nuea thongkham", "en": "gold", "definition": "Gold. Thin in this corpus — 93 of 13,020 listings, and most of those name it for a frame or a plating rather than for the body of the piece. Gold issues are not rare in the tradition; they do not circulate on an open retail platform. That thinness measures what this corpus can and cannot see, and is among the clearest arguments for seeding the register from competition and association records rather than from listings. **Correction of record:** an earlier draft put this at 1 occurrence, having searched only the compound เนื้อทองคำ. The bare term is the one the market uses."}, {"key": "naak", "term": "เนื้อนาค", "roman": "nuea naak", "en": "copper-gold alloy (rose gold)", "definition": "A copper-and-gold alloy of reddish cast, ranked in the treatises alongside gold and silver as one of the sheets a yantra may be inscribed on — the corpus phrase is แผ่นทอง แผ่นเงิน แผ่นนาค. Added to this axis *because of* that passage, not from the market: the compound forms return zero listings, so this is a material the treatises name and the retail corpus does not carry. **Carried only in unambiguous compounds.** Bare นาค returns 553 pages and 132 listings, but nearly all of those are the naga serpent — a being, not an alloy — which belongs to the class and motif axes. Scanning the bare term here would import a bestiary into a materials list."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 161, "priced": 161, "median_thb": 89.0, "typical_thb": [49.0, 249.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "rian-kechi/rian-kechi-1-1-d60a67.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:หลวงพ่อแฉ่งรุ่น1 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%89%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%991_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20327911", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Vesh P.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เหรียญพระเกจิ", "alt_en": "monk medallion — เหรียญหลวงพ่อแฉ่ง สำเภาเงิน รุ่น 1 พ.ศ.2494 ด้านหน้า", "sha256": "25ade87edec6f5e573549aadb1758faa4816b16aa81c4270dcbbef23c231376c", "width": 1441, "height": 2161, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "rup-lersi", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "รูปพระฤๅษี", "roman": "rup phra ruesi", "en": "Phra Lersi figure (the hermit-teacher)", "aliases": {"th": ["ฤๅษี", "ฤาษี", "พระฤๅษี", "พ่อแก่", "ปู่ฤๅษี"], "roman": ["lersi", "ruesi", "reusi", "pho kae"], "en": ["hermit sage", "rishi figure", "Por Gae"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["khum_khrong"], "materials": ["nuea_din", "nuea_loha", "thonglueang"], "figures": ["human"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "ฤๅษีนั่งขัดสมาธิ ชฎาสูง หนวดเครา ห่มหนังเสือ มือขวาถือลูกประคำ — รูปปั้นดิน รูปหล่อ และหน้ากากพ่อแก่", "shape_en": "A bearded hermit seated cross-legged in a tall chignon-crown, tiger-skin over the shoulder, a rosary in the right hand; moulded earth, cast metal, and the mask-head type (พ่อแก่) used on teacher-shrines", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "รูปตั้งบูชาบนหิ้งครูเป็นหลัก มีจี้และล็อกเก็ตด้วย", "wearable_en": "Chiefly a shelf figure on the teacher's altar; pendants and lockets exist", "obverse_th": "ฤๅษีนั่ง มือซ้ายตั้งบนตัก มือขวาถือลูกประคำ ตามตำราแบบที่ ๓", "obverse_en": "Seated hermit, left hand on the lap, right hand holding a rosary (treatise method 3)", "reverse_th": "เรียบ หรือลงเลขยันต์", "reverse_en": "Plain, or numeral yantra", "notes_en": "Method 3 places numerals on the body: 1 at the crown, 9 on both upper arms, 2 on both knees, 7 at the front of the base. No function key fits 'mastery of healing and mantra'; khum_khrong stands for method 2's claim that the katha wards off every danger."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ห่มหนังเสือ", "en": "tiger-skin worn over the shoulder"}, {"th": "ชฎาสูง หนวดเครายาว", "en": "tall chignon-crown and long beard"}, {"th": "ลูกประคำในมือขวา", "en": "a rosary in the right hand"}, {"th": "เลข ๑ ๙ ๒ ๗ ตามร่าง", "en": "treatise numerals 1, 9, 2, 7 at crown, arms, knees and base"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) ให้ ๓ วิธี", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983, three moulding methods", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "รูปคน ไม่ใช่องค์พระ ไม่ใช่พระเกจิ — ฤๅษีมีชฎา หนวด และหนังเสือ พระภิกษุมีจีวรและศีรษะโล้น", "en": "A human figure, not a Buddha and not a monk: the hermit has a chignon-crown, beard and tiger-skin where a monk has robes and a shaven head", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราปั้นจากดินยอดปลวก ๗ แห่ง — เนื้อดินหยาบ ไม่ใช่ผงอัด", "en": "Treatise pieces are moulded from termite-mound earth gathered at seven places (method 2 adds earths gathered by sevens from named places): a coarse earth body, not pressed powder", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ใบไม้ ๗ อย่างบรรจุในองค์ — ชุมแสง ราชพฤกษ์ มะคำไก่ มะตูม คันทรง กัลปพฤกษ์ ไชยพฤกษ์", "en": "Seven named leaves are sealed inside: chumsaeng, ratchaphruek, makham-kai, matum (bael), khan-song, kanlapaphruek, chaiyaphruek — a filled cavity is the type's mark", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หน้ากากพ่อแก่ (หัวโขนฤๅษี) เป็นรูปครูของนาฏศิลป์ คนละของกับรูปฤๅษีตั้งบูชา แม้เป็นบุคคลเดียวกัน", "en": "The Pho Kae mask-head of the performing arts is a teacher-icon, not the amulet figure, though it is the same sage", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "chuchok", "tell_th": "ชูชกเป็นตาแก่ขอทาน ถือไม้เท้าและย่าม ไม่มีชฎา · ฤๅษีมีชฎา หนังเสือ ลูกประคำ", "tell_en": "Chuchok is an old beggar with a staff and bag and no crown; the lersi has the chignon-crown, tiger-skin and rosary. Both are unplaced by the class vocabulary."}, {"id": "luang-pu-thuat", "tell_th": "หลวงปู่ทวดเป็นพระภิกษุ ศีรษะโล้น ครองจีวร · ฤๅษีไว้ผมมวยและหนวด", "tell_en": "Luang Pu Thuat is a monk, shaven and robed; the hermit wears his hair up and his beard long."}, {"id": "phra-siwali", "tell_th": "พระสีวลียืน แบกกลดและไม้เท้า เป็นพระอรหันต์ · ฤๅษีนั่ง ถือลูกประคำ ไม่ใช่พระภิกษุ", "tell_en": "Phra Siwali stands with umbrella and staff and is an arahant monk; the lersi sits with a rosary and is no monk at all."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อคือพระเกจิ · ฤๅษีเป็นครูฆราวาส", "tell_en": "A rup lo is a cast monk; the hermit is a lay teacher-sage. Same casting, different head."}], "market": {"search": ["ฤๅษี", "ฤาษี"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Ruesi"], "commons_files": ["File:100 Sage and Tiger (9155370109).jpg", "File:Wat Pho 3 ermite et sage ruesi 1.jpg", "File:005 Karasitrusi (9190944614).jpg"], "wanted_en": "Commons holds temple hermit statues (Wat Pho's stretching hermits, Lopburi). 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/ ruesis / rishis / brahmanes) et autre statue", "sha256": "36e905904e05fd6a9cf077a7bfc773af6ca89bc35902d84f109e865db38faa0e", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "rup-lersi/rup-lersi-temple-wat-pho-27-1641e9.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Temple Wat Pho 27.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Temple_Wat_Pho_27.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158149803", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Welcome to Thailand", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "รูปพระฤๅษี", "alt_en": "Phra Lersi figure (the hermit-teacher) — Ermite (sage / ruesi / rishi / brahmane)", "sha256": "6c34782a4857a30c6c22e54b20ee1f45e05ab89dc70971ce43dd075f4c29ba29", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "rup-lersi/rup-lersi-temple-wat-pho-28-7d9000.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Temple Wat Pho 28.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Temple_Wat_Pho_28.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158149953", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Welcome to Thailand", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "รูปพระฤๅษี", "alt_en": "Phra Lersi figure (the hermit-teacher) — Ermite (sage / ruesi / rishis / brahmane)", "sha256": "bfe28a3f1bc120cd289abaae8a7ad34bdf70637bd56b725a4fd971e45a1ffe05", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "rup-lersi/rup-lersi-temple-wat-pho-29-b49015.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Temple Wat Pho 29.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Temple_Wat_Pho_29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158150120", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Welcome to Thailand", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "รูปพระฤๅษี", "alt_en": "Phra Lersi figure (the hermit-teacher) — Ermite (sage / ruesi / rishi / brahmane)", "sha256": "666f146952975657038087204ac174e898dfd8256e7e85cd7db01b32dbe767c6", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "rup-lersi/rup-lersi-temple-wat-pho-30-871379.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Temple Wat Pho 30.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Temple_Wat_Pho_30.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158150297", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Welcome to Thailand", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "รูปพระฤๅษี", "alt_en": "Phra Lersi figure (the hermit-teacher) — Cheval et ermite (sage / ruesi / rishi / brahmane)", "sha256": "44162d7d5da6e16ca908666a53ae0d82b81fdb5e3e6a3c5b04601125a49db9d9", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}], "text": {"what_th": "รูปพระฤๅษีห่มหนังเสือ ครูของวิชาทั้งปวง บูชาในวันไหว้ครู ตำราในชุดนี้ให้วิธีปั้น: ดินยอดปลวกและใบไม้ ๗ อย่าง ปั้นเป็นพระมหาฤๅษี", "what_en": "The tiger-skinned hermit sage — the tradition's own teacher-figure, honoured at every wai khru. A treatise in this corpus gives a moulding recipe: termite-mound earth and seven named leaves, shaped into the Great Lersi.", "story_th": "ตำราให้ ๓ วิธี แบบที่ ๑ สำหรับผู้จะเรียนหมอและถือมนต์ให้ขึ้น เอาดินยอดปลวก ๗ แห่งปั้นเป็นพระมหาฤๅษี บรรจุใบไม้ ๗ อย่าง ตั้งเครื่องกระยาบวช เสกคาถา นาโคคีรียะ ๑๐๘ แล้วอิติปิโส ๑๐๘ แบบที่ ๒ ผสมดินจากที่ต่างๆ ๗ แห่งกับใบไม้เผา (ตำราให้สูตรทำ ไม่นำส่วนผสมมาลงที่นี่) ตั้งเป็นประธานเวลาบดยา แบบที่ ๓ ปั้นนั่งขัดสมาธิ มือขวาถือลูกประคำ ลงเลขตามร่าง เสกใบไม้ ๑๐๘ คาบบรรจุในองค์ ตำราว่าผู้ใดพบตำรานี้เหมือนได้พบองค์พระฤๅษีเจ้า", "story_en": "Manuscript 6983 gives three ways. Method 1, for whoever would learn medicine and hold mantras so they rise in power: earth from the tops of seven termite mounds moulded into the Great Lersi, seven leaves sealed inside, ascetic offering-foods set out, the katha beginning นาโคคีรียะ recited 108 times and then the Itipiso 108. Method 2 mixes earths gathered by sevens from named places with burned leaves (the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here); the figure presides whenever medicine is ground, on a white cloth with bai-si to left and right. Method 3 seats him cross-legged with a rosary, marks numerals on crown, arms, knees and base, and consecrates the leaves 108 times before sealing them in. The text closes: whoever finds this treatise has met the Lersi himself.", "keeping_th": "หมวดยังไม่วางฤๅษีไว้ในชั้นใด ผู้บูชาส่วนใหญ่ถือเป็นครูที่ไหว้ในวันไหว้ครู ไม่ใช่ผู้อยู่ที่ต้องเลี้ยง ตำราให้ตั้งเครื่องสักการะเมื่อจะทำการ", "keeping_en": "Unplaced: the class vocabulary does not yet carry the lersi as a member term, and this record keeps class null rather than guess. Most keepers treat the figure as a teacher venerated on wai-khru days, not a resident to feed; the treatise sets offerings before him when work begins and asks his leave. Held here ahead of a vocabulary entry."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 1791–1824 (printed pp. 34–35), methods 1–3"}, "fields": {"text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "class null on purpose (vocabulary does not place the lersi); functions are inference — see keeping_en"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 101, "priced": 101, "median_thb": 129.0, "typical_thb": [69.0, 730.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "rup-lersi/rup-lersi-100-sage-and-tiger-9155370109-228e53.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:100 Sage and Tiger (9155370109).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/100_Sage_and_Tiger_%289155370109%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50835276", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand", "credit": "100 Sage and Tiger", "view": "other", "alt_th": "รูปพระฤๅษี", "alt_en": "Phra Lersi figure (the hermit-teacher) — Wat Pho, Bangkok", "sha256": "d577d45655c22a0cf9bb91b2624e3ad4f6585e9364d0345095c70c7fca7ba33b", "width": 4252, "height": 3149, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "rup-lo", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "รูปหล่อ", "roman": "rup lo", "en": "cast monk figure", "aliases": {"th": ["รูปหล่อโบราณ", "รูปหล่อลอยองค์", "รูปเหมือนหล่อ", "รูปหล่อปั๊ม"], "roman": ["roop lor", "rup lor", "roop lor boran"], "en": ["cast monk statuette", "loi ong figure"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "samrit", "nawaloha", "ngoen"], "figures": ["monk"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปพระสงฆ์นั่งสมาธิลอยองค์ หล่อโลหะ ฐานมักมีชื่อหรือโค้ด ขนาดห้อยคอถึงตั้งโต๊ะ", "shape_en": "A free-standing cast monk seated in meditation; the base often carries a name or a stamped code. Pendant size up to altar size", "size_mm": [15, 25, 10], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ หรือตั้งบูชา", "wearable_en": "Worn in a case, or set on the altar in the larger sizes", "obverse_th": "หน้าพระสงฆ์ ศีรษะโล้น ห่มจีวร", "obverse_en": "The monk's face, shaven head, robes", "reverse_th": "หลังจีวร ใต้ฐานมีรอยตัดชนวนหรืออุดกริ่ง บางรุ่นตอกโค้ด", "reverse_en": "Robe folds; the underside shows the cut sprue or a plugged cavity, and on modern runs a stamped code", "notes_en": "Size given is a pendant piece. รูปหล่อโบราณ (old cast) and รูปหล่อปั๊ม (die-struck three-dimensional) are trade distinctions in the making method."}, "iconography": [{"th": "พระสงฆ์นั่งสมาธิ", "en": "a monk seated in meditation"}, {"th": "ศีรษะโล้น ไม่มีอุษณีษะ", "en": "shaven head, no ushnisha — a monk, not a Buddha"}, {"th": "ชื่อหรืออักขระที่ฐาน", "en": "a name or letters on the base"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "วัดและสำนักทั่วประเทศ", "maker_en": "Temples nationwide; the trade's reference lineage for the old cast form is Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan", "era_th": "รัตนโกสินทร์ถึงปัจจุบัน", "era_en": "Rattanakosin to the present", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Nationwide", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ลอยองค์สามมิติ ไม่ใช่เหรียญแบน", "en": "Fully three-dimensional; a flat portrait is a medallion", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หัวโล้น จีวร ไม่มีอุษณีษะ ไม่มีฐานบัว — พระสงฆ์ ไม่ใช่พระพุทธรูป", "en": "Bald, robed, no ushnisha and usually no lotus base: a monk, not a Buddha", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ใต้ฐานมีรอยตัดชนวน รอยตะไบ หรือรูอุด", "en": "Underside shows a cut sprue, file marks, or a plugged pour hole; casting leaves these, striking does not", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "รุ่นใหม่มักตอกโค้ดและหมายเลข", "en": "Modern temple runs usually stamp a code and serial number; a type mark, not a proof", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อลอยองค์ · เหรียญแบนมีหู", "tell_en": "A rup lo is in the round; a rian kechi is a flat struck disc with a loop"}, {"id": "phra-kring", "tell_th": "พระกริ่งเป็นพระพุทธรูปมีเม็ดกริ่ง · รูปหล่อเป็นพระสงฆ์", "tell_en": "A kring is a Buddha with a lotus base and a pellet; a rup lo is a monk, and a pellet in one is the exception the trade names separately"}, {"id": "luang-pu-thuat", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อหลวงปู่ทวดคือรูปหล่อของท่านองค์เดียว มีรูปแบบเฉพาะ", "tell_en": "A cast Luang Pu Thuat is a rup lo of one monk with its own canonical forms; the kind here is the general form"}, {"id": "rup-lersi", "tell_th": "ฤๅษีมีหนวดเครา หนังเสือ · รูปหล่อเป็นพระสงฆ์โล้น", "tell_en": "A lersi wears a beard and tiger skin; a rup lo is a shaven monk in robes"}], "market": {"search": ["รูปหล่อ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free pendant-size cast monk found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02; every รูปหล่อ hit is a temple-size statue. Needed: a pendant piece front, side and underside showing the sprue cut or code"}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "รูปพระสงฆ์นั่งสมาธิหล่อโลหะลอยองค์ คือญาติสามมิติของเหรียญ มีตั้งแต่ขนาดห้อยคอถึงตั้งบูชา พลังอยู่ที่บารมีของท่านและการปลุกเสก ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "A small cast statue of a monk seated in meditation — the medallion's three-dimensional cousin, from pendant size up to the altar.", "story_th": "วงการแยกรูปหล่อโบราณที่หล่อแบบเทดินไทย จากรูปหล่อปั๊มยุคหลัง สายที่ยกเป็นแบบอย่างคือหลวงพ่อเงิน วัดบางคลาน ทุกวันนี้แทบทุกวัดออกรูปหล่อของเกจิของตน พร้อมโค้ดและหมายเลข", "story_en": "The trade separates the old lost-wax or sand-cast pieces (รูปหล่อโบราณ) from later die-struck three-dimensional ones (รูปหล่อปั๊ม), and holds Luang Pho Ngoen of Wat Bang Khlan as the reference lineage for the old form. Today most temples issue a cast figure of their own master with a code and serial, sold in the same batches as the medallion.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "form.size_mm": {"tier": "inference", "note": "pendant piece; altar sizes far larger"}, "origin.maker_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "note": "Luang Pho Ngoen / Wat Bang Khlan named on card F·18 as a lineage; the rest is trade lore"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "samrit", "term": "สัมฤทธิ์", "roman": "samrit", "en": "bronze", "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."}, {"key": "nawaloha", "term": "นวโลหะ", "roman": "nawaloha", "en": "nine-metal alloy", "definition": "An alloy of nine metals cast to a prescribed recipe, each metal contributed for its own quality. Highly regarded, and the claim cannot be read off the finished object — which makes the record of the casting (which foundry, which ceremony, which year) the actual asset. A register entry is worth more here than a photograph."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 88, "priced": 88, "median_thb": 98.5, "typical_thb": [49.0, 500.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "sai-sin", "names": {"th": "สายสิญจน์", "roman": "sai sin", "en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread)", "aliases": {"th": ["ด้ายสายสิญจน์", "ด้ายมงคล", "ด้ายผูกข้อมือ", "ฝ้ายผูกแขน", "ด้ายปริตร"], "roman": ["sai sin", "saisin", "fai phuk khaen", "sai sinchana"], "en": ["sacred thread", "blessed string bracelet", "baci string"]}, "other_scripts": {"lo": "ຝ້າຍຜູກແຂນ", "km": "អំបោះសែន"}}, "region": ["th", "la", "kh"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi"], "materials": [], "figures": ["object"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "ด้ายฝ้ายดิบสีขาว หลายเส้นควั่นรวม พระถือขณะเจริญพระพุทธมนต์ วงรอบบ้าน พันองค์พระ ตัดผูกข้อมือเป็นวง", "shape_en": "Raw white cotton thread, several strands twisted together, run from the Buddha image through the monks' hands during paritta chanting, round a house, or round a couple's heads at a wedding; a length is then cut and tied on the wrist as a loop.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ผูกข้อมือ", "wearable_en": "Tied at the wrist; in the Lao baci rite on the right wrist, worn at least three days and untied rather than cut", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Pan-Buddhist and pan-Tai: th.wikipedia describes the Thai monastic use; en.wikipedia 'Baci' the Lao/Isan wrist-tying (fai phuk khaen) with khwan-calling; a Commons photograph shows a monk tying one on a visitor at Angkor. Ms 6983 uses it as the ritual boundary — a circle of sai sin, three turns or seven layers, thread spun by a virgin girl — inside which other charms are made."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ไม่มีรูป ไม่ลงยันต์", "en": "no figure and no inscription; the chant is the whole of it"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "", "era_en": "Undatable; older than any object in this catalogue", "place_th": "ไทย ลาว เขมร", "place_en": "Thailand, Laos, Cambodia", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ด้ายฝ้ายดิบขาว ไม่ย้อม ไม่มีอักขระ — ถ้าลงยันต์แล้วถักเป็นของอื่น (พิรอด เชือกคาด)", "en": "Undyed raw cotton with nothing written on it; once inscribed and plaited it is a phirot or a waist-cord, not sai sin", "source": "s:th-wiki-sai-sin", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ผูกเป็นวงหลวมที่ข้อมือ ปมมัดธรรมดา", "en": "A loose wrist loop with a plain knot; not a bracelet with a clasp", "source": "s:en-wiki-baci", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ฉบับลาว/อีสานมีสีเหลือง แดง ดำตามโอกาส", "en": "Lao and Isan strings also come yellow (faith), red (bravery) or black (mourning) per en.wikipedia; white is the default everywhere", "source": "s:en-wiki-baci", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ไม่มีตลาดของเก่า — ของใหม่ทุกเส้น ราคาอยู่ที่พิธี ไม่ใช่เส้นด้าย", "en": "There is no antique market: every string is new, and what is paid for is the rite, not the thread", "source": "s:field-nan", "tier": "field"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "waen-phirot", "tell_th": "พิรอดถักเป็นวงจากแถบยันต์ ทารัก สายสิญจน์เป็นด้ายเปล่า", "tell_en": "A phirot is plaited from an inscribed strip and lacquered; sai sin is bare thread."}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดร้อยสายสิญจน์ได้ แต่สายเป็นแค่เชือกร้อย", "tell_en": "A takrut may hang on sai sin cord; the cord is then the string, not the charm."}, {"id": "prachiat", "tell_th": "ประเจียดเป็นผ้าลงยันต์พันหัวหรือแขน", "tell_en": "A prachiat is an inscribed cloth band for the head or arm; sai sin is thread at the wrist."}], "market": {"search": ["สายสิญจน์"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Baci"], "commons_files": ["File:Buddhist monk gives blessed string bracelet to a tourist.jpg", "File:Fei phook Ann - Thailand.JPG", "File:Vientiane, baci ceremony (6172947454).jpg", "File:Baci in a village.jpg", "File:11 Monks Chanting.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Free files cover the wrist-tying (Angkor, Vientiane, Isan bands) and monks chanting at a Thai wedding. Still wanted: the thread running from a Buddha image through the monks' hands, a house with sai sin round it, and a ball of raw thread as sold."}, "images": [{"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-buddhist-monk-gives-blessed-string-brace-981e71.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Buddhist monk gives blessed string bracelet to a tourist.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Buddhist_monk_gives_blessed_string_bracelet_to_a_tourist.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115194518", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Antonio Kless", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Buddhist monk gives blessed string bracelet (Sai Sin) to a tourist at Angkor Wat, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia.", "sha256": "762c958ca04069f96fed21087ebb387aae4e1335cf17d6a9a835f1c034b5569d", "width": 4288, "height": 2848, "primary": true}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-marriage-in-thailand-abe78f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Marriage in Thailand.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Marriage_in_Thailand.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1523095", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "My wife, permission granted for publication under a free license (PD)", "credit": "Photo taken by Bualong Sebulke", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Part of a Marriage ceremony in Thailand, 2007.", "sha256": "92d22f5961a210aa61cabbea6ff6ba05773f1e93f82682ba29d487fc574f1540", "width": 2388, "height": 2952}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-11-monks-chanting-4023c7.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:11 Monks Chanting.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/11_Monks_Chanting.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2948664", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Kborland", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Monks chanting at a wedding ceremony in Ban Dongphayom, Nakhon Pa Mak, Bang Krathum, Phitsanulok, Thailand", "sha256": "2cdd22f42fa7728963d0d3ef6425b800e19966e6fe34a8cecdc6195c2683753e", "width": 640, "height": 480}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-fei-phook-ann-thailand-345e51.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Fei phook Ann - Thailand.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Fei_phook_Ann_-_Thailand.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6264714", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en", "author": "User:Mattes", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Textile arm bands (like bracelets) with knots called \"Fei phook Ann\" in Thai - traditionally given to people wishing the", "sha256": "cfd602a276fac6882c75c9d2f212b2e69f734a0104c0cd33099f436b2a140c98", "width": 2816, "height": 2112}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-traditional-dance-during-baci-ceremeony-b63e2b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Traditional dance during Baci ceremeony in Lao.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Traditional_dance_during_Baci_ceremeony_in_Lao.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11489522", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": 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"c5eec349b9c1e9c2934f39d610e783862faefe695517646d6a347f03ad267169", "width": 1500, "height": 1856}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-luang-prabang-laos-4340933048-a3151d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Luang Prabang (Laos) (4340933048).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Luang_Prabang_%28Laos%29_%284340933048%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24671645", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France", "credit": "Luang Prabang (Laos)", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Images de la ville, de la cérémonie du Baci et des danses traditionnelles du Laos.\n\nwww.flickr.com/photos/dalbera/sets/7", "sha256": "4010ae821c166d81db6fa9ac7f600a2d6495c9b849a997dc8ca4c2a88fa27e1b", "width": 2400, "height": 2400}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-musiciens-de-la-c-r-monie-du-baci-luang-fafaf8.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Musiciens de la cérémonie du Baci (Luang Prabang) (4334659018).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Musiciens_de_la_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_du_Baci_%28Luang_Prabang%29_%284334659018%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24671747", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "author": "dalbera from Paris, France", "credit": "Musiciens de la cérémonie du Baci (Luang Prabang)", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Musiciens accompagnant les danses traditionnelles du Laos après la cérémonie du Baci.\n\nL'orchestre est composé de chante", "sha256": "6d0bf41a350bbff41e5179b99eb273cbedf3df02c0b221cd3b08e700684158a2", "width": 1297, "height": 973}, {"file": 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Baci_in_a_village.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61937466", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Basile Morin", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — For a baci ceremony in a small village in Laos near Luang Prabang, coton bracelets to fix on wrists, chicken and rice al", "sha256": "25664c000f5c0ff02d1eb67dc4f33cc20f0fcd516e9df8ee5f6b11dd7988086b", "width": 1600, "height": 1200}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-people-at-a-baci-ceremony-in-a-village-782ece.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:People at a baci ceremony in a village.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/People_at_a_baci_ceremony_in_a_village.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61937467", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Basile Morin", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Group of people at a baci ceremony in a village near Luang Prabang", "sha256": "a7675d45460547cab1ddbe5dc2ef5723da59983a2bf01c922534e46ca329128a", "width": 1600, "height": 1200}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-princess-sirindhorn-in-songkran-festival-c548d5.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Princess Sirindhorn, in Songkran Festival 2018 (3).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Princess_Sirindhorn%2C_in_Songkran_Festival_2018_%283%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78176107", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "NBT", "credit": "YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLGeFVEcT3c – View/save archived versions on archive.org", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — ​诗琳通公主，2018年宋干节。", "sha256": "70c67efb07cf588e5af1780501e8de9cdcc65a3707395936e0b80c1135b01082", "width": 1280, "height": 720}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-princess-sirindhorn-in-songkran-festival-577a0b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Princess Sirindhorn, in Songkran Festival 2018 (2).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Princess_Sirindhorn%2C_in_Songkran_Festival_2018_%282%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78176109", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "NBT", "credit": "YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLGeFVEcT3c – View/save archived versions on archive.org", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — ​诗琳通公主，2018年宋干节。", "sha256": "311ef4b255230927503a1f7eae46c86c69f3d28a07341baa51b909c9930813d0", "width": 1280, "height": 720}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-jill-biden-visits-laos-july-2015-01-6f4855.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Jill Biden visits Laos, July 2015 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Jill_Biden_visits_Laos%2C_July_2015_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97222977", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "David Lienemann", "credit": "https://medium.com/@ObamaWhiteHouse/behind-the-lens-promoting-empowerment-for-women-and-girls-in-asia-76afbd68328", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Dr. Jill Biden and U.S. Ambassador to Laos Daniel Clune take part in a Baci ceremony at the U.S. Embassy in Vientiane, L", "sha256": "19693ec9a58fa5021637bb9352746fe2ea71410333c9e47af0ba8cd506bb4274", "width": 1620, "height": 1080}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-jill-biden-visits-laos-july-2015-02-6496ae.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Jill Biden visits Laos, July 2015 02.jpg", "url": 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Ordination_of_a_Buddhist_monk_in_Wat_Kong_Krailat_%282026%29_-_img_02.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187532713", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — A Buddhist ordination ceremony at Wat Kong Krailat, Kong Krailat district, Sukhothai province", "sha256": "d799d9b4345ff0938ae34828e2df9c2a6572ba22915fa943ac9ca2185adb0a95", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-ordination-of-a-buddhist-monk-in-wat-kon-b334fe.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ordination of a Buddhist monk in Wat Kong Krailat (2026) - img 04.jpg", "url": 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Phra_Mae_Ya_Shrine_-_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2_%282026%29_-_exterior_img_14.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=193244959", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Trays of bai si (also termed baci), ready for purchase for worshipping at Phra Mae Ya Shrine, Sukhothai", "sha256": "44dc64d3566e0166feaf31cd8f47171ab6efa38a6531a1a0b56b950c8d45893e", "width": 5712, "height": 4284}, {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-bejaratana-and-suvadhana-at-wongtawan-s-959468.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bejaratana and Suvadhana at Wongtawan's Residence, 1966.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Bejaratana_and_Suvadhana_at_Wongtawan%27s_Residence%2C_1966.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=196168104", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/jRXlc7kSWWERaBDOIrIvbK2BLHr7lD64awNwiKQw.pdf", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — The Wrist-Tying and Blessing Ceremony for Princess Bejaratana and Suvadhana at Wongtawan's Residence.", "sha256": "454d6ac2f37a41273b4c963cf7df60fb1fb4adda05eabc640ae20938acec5147", "width": 1591, "height": 980}], "text": {"what_th": "ด้ายฝ้ายดิบสีขาวที่พระถือขณะเจริญพระพุทธมนต์ วงรอบบ้าน พันองค์พระ แล้วตัดผูกข้อมือเป็นสิริมงคล ใช้ทั่วไทย ลาว เขมร ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "what_en": "Raw white cotton thread held by the monks during paritta chanting, run round a house or a Buddha image, then cut and tied at the wrist as a blessing. Thai, Lao and Khmer alike; the chant is the power, nobody is home.", "story_th": "วิกิพีเดียไทยเรียกว่าด้ายปริตร: พระถือขณะสวดมนต์ วงรอบบ้านเวียนขวาในงานมงคล พันพระพุทธรูป ผูกข้อมือ และเป็นมงคลแฝดครอบหัวบ่าวสาว ฉบับลาว/อีสาน (บายศรีสู่ขวัญ) ผูกข้อมือขวา ใส่อย่างน้อยสามวัน แก้ออกไม่ตัด เพื่อเรียกขวัญ ๓๒ ให้อยู่กับตัว ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ ใช้เป็นเขตพิธี: วงสายสิญจน์ ๓ รอบ หรือ ๗ ชั้น ลงยันต์แขวนแปดทิศ เอาด้ายสาวพรหมจารีเป็นสายสิญจน์ แล้วจึงหุงน้ำมัน ทำกุมาร หรือลงผ้าอยู่ข้างใน", "story_en": "th.wikipedia calls it paritta thread: the monks hold it while chanting, it circles a house clockwise at a merit-making, wraps a Buddha image, is tied at the wrist, and as the twinned มงคลแฝด crowns bride and groom. The Lao and Isan baci ties it on the right wrist for the khwan, worn at least three days and untied, never cut. Ms 6983 uses it as the boundary of the working space — three turns, or seven layers with yantra hung at the eight directions, the thread spun by a virgin girl — inside which oil is cooked, a kuman made or a cloth inscribed. The thread is the frame around every other recipe in this catalogue.", "keeping_th": "ผูกไว้จนหลุดเอง หรือแก้ออก ไม่ตัด ไม่ทิ้งลงถังขยะ", "keeping_en": "Worn until it falls off or is untied; the baci custom is never to cut it. Nothing to feed. When done, it goes somewhere clean — a tree, a shrine — not the bin."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-sai-sin", "s:en-wiki-baci", "s:ms6983", "s:vault-classes", "s:commons-amulets-th", "s:field-nan"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-sai-sin"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "yantra_wattu by rite, not inscription; the vault's members list does not name สายสิญจน์"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-baci"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "lines 1961, 2168, 2666, 3263–3264, 5382"}, "names.other_scripts": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "Lao ຝ້າຍຜູກແຂນ 'wrist-tying cotton'; Khmer spelling unverified"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-baci", "note": "disposal custom: field"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th", "note": "licences checked 2026-09-02: CC BY-SA 4.0 ×3, CC BY 2.0, CC BY-SA 3.0"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "la", "th": "ลาว", "en": "Laos"}, {"key": "kh", "th": "กัมพูชา · เขมร", "en": "Cambodia / Khmer tradition"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 39, "priced": 39, "median_thb": 95.0, "typical_thb": [49.0, 950.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "sai-sin/sai-sin-buddhist-monk-gives-blessed-string-brace-981e71.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Buddhist monk gives blessed string bracelet to a tourist.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Buddhist_monk_gives_blessed_string_bracelet_to_a_tourist.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115194518", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Antonio Kless", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "สายสิญจน์", "alt_en": "Sai sin (blessed cotton thread) — Buddhist monk gives blessed string bracelet (Sai Sin) to a tourist at Angkor Wat, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia.", "sha256": "762c958ca04069f96fed21087ebb387aae4e1335cf17d6a9a835f1c034b5569d", "width": 4288, "height": 2848, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "salika", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "สาลิกา", "roman": "salika", "en": "Salika (golden-tongued myna)", "aliases": {"th": ["สาลิกาลิ้นทอง", "สาริกา", "ตะกรุดสาลิกา", "สาลิกาคู่"], "roman": ["sarika", "salika lin thong", "sariga"], "en": ["golden-tongue myna", "myna charm"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "maha_saneh", "kha_khai"], "materials": ["thongkham", "nuea_loha"], "figures": ["animal"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "นกคู่ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย โลหะหรือไม้ มักแช่น้ำมัน หรือเป็นตะกรุดดอกเล็กจากทองแผ่นบาง หรือยันต์รูปนกม้วนใส่ตลับสีผึ้ง", "shape_en": "A pair of birds, male and female, in metal or wood, often kept in oil — or a very small takrut of thin gold, or the bird yantra rolled and set in a beeswax case", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "พกติดตัว อมใต้ลิ้นเมื่อจะพูด หรือเสียบไว้ที่ฟัน", "wearable_en": "Carried; the takrut form is held under the tongue or set against the teeth before speaking", "obverse_th": "ยันต์รูปนกสองตัวหันหน้าเข้าหากัน มีอักขระในตัว", "obverse_en": "Two facing birds with Khom syllables inside each body", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Three forms share one name: bird figure, tiny takrut, and the drawn yantra. The market sells all three as สาลิกา."}, "iconography": [{"th": "นกสาลิกาคู่ ตัวเมียซ้าย ตัวผู้ขวา", "en": "paired mynas, female and male, each with its own katha"}, {"th": "ยันต์องค์พระเรียงชั้นมีอุณาโลม สำหรับตะกรุดลิ้นทอง", "en": "a tiered Buddha-figure yantra topped with an unalom, for the gold-tongue takrut"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง)", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี ให้ลงวันจันทร์เพ็ญเดือน ๑๒", "era_en": "Undated treatise; one recipe fixes the inscribing to the full-moon Monday of the twelfth lunar month", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "รูปนกเป็นคู่ ไม่ใช่ตัวเดียว", "en": "The birds come as a pair; a single bird is another charm or half a set", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตะกรุดสาลิกาเล็กมาก — ตำราใช้ทองหนัก ๒ ไพ", "en": "The takrut form is tiny: the treatise uses two phai of gold, a weight that rolls to a fingernail", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "มักแช่น้ำมัน ผิวมัน เหนียว", "en": "Usually kept in oil; expect a greasy surface and an oil-stained case", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "หน้าที่คือเมตตาและวาจา ไม่ใช่คงกระพัน — ของที่ขายว่ากันภัยไม่ใช่สาลิกา", "en": "Its work is metta and speech; a piece sold for invulnerability is another kind wearing the name", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดสาลิกาเป็นตะกรุด แต่ยันต์และการใช้ (อมใต้ลิ้น) ทำให้เป็นสาลิกา", "tell_en": "A salika takrut is a takrut by form; the yantra and the under-the-tongue use make it this kind. File by the yantra when it is visible, by the seller's name when it is not."}, {"id": "nang-kwak", "tell_th": "นางกวักเป็นรูปหญิงกวักมือ เป็นเทพที่บูชา สาลิกาเป็นนก ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "tell_en": "Nang Kwak is a beckoning woman, a deva venerated with offerings; the salika is a bird with nobody home. Both are sold for trade."}, {"id": "phaya-khrut", "tell_th": "ครุฑเป็นนกเทพปีกกาง อำนาจ สาลิกาเป็นนกเล็กคู่ วาจา", "tell_en": "Garuda is a winged deva for authority; the salika is a small paired songbird for speech."}], "market": {"search": ["สาลิกา"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches on สาลิกา, salika, sarika amulet returned nothing). Needed: a bird pair in their oil case, and a gold-tongue takrut beside a fingernail for scale."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "นกสาลิกาคู่แห่งวาจาไพเราะ พ่อค้า คนจีบ และใครก็ตามที่ต้องให้คนเชื่อพกไว้ มักเป็นนกคู่เล็กโลหะหรือไม้ หรือยันต์รูปนก ดัชนียันต์ที่นี่มีลาย", "what_en": "The paired myna birds of sweet speech — carried by sellers, suitors and anyone who must be believed. Usually a small couple of birds in metal or wood, or the yantra of them; the yant index here draws the design.", "story_th": "ตำราให้สาลิกาสี่ตำรับ ตะกรุดสาลิกาลิ้นทองใช้ทองเนื้อแปดแผ่บาง ลงยันต์องค์พระ เสก อิมานิ ทะสะสิกขาปะทานิ อมไว้ใต้ลิ้นเมื่อจะเจรจาเทศนา อีกตำรับใช้ทองบางสะพานหนัก ๒ ไพ ลงวันจันทร์เพ็ญเดือน ๑๒ มีบายศรีหัวหมูคำนับครู ตะกรุดสาลิกามโหสถลงนกสองตัวบนกระดาษ ทอง เงิน ตะกั่ว หรือทองแดง ตัวเมียตัวผู้มีคาถาคนละบท ม้วนเป็นตะกรุดหรือใส่ตลับขี้ผึ้ง ใช้ทางเมตตาสำหรับนักเทศน์นักร้อง ส่วน สาลิกาจับปากโลง เป็นของอีกหมวดที่ใช้ชื่อเดียวกัน ตำราให้สูตรทำ ไม่นำส่วนผสมมาลงที่นี่", "story_en": "The treatise gives four salika recipes. The gold-tongue takrut beats grade-eight gold thin, inscribes a Buddha-figure yantra, consecrates it with the ten-precepts formula, and is held under the tongue before speaking or preaching so that whoever sees your face loves you. A second uses two phai of Bang Saphan gold inscribed on the full-moon Monday of the twelfth month with bai-si and a pig's head for the teacher. The Salika Mahosot draws two facing birds on paper, gold, silver, lead or copper, each sex with its own katha, then rolls it as a takrut or seats it in a beeswax case — for preachers and singers. The fourth, 'salika that closes the coffin-mouth', is an object of another class wearing this name; the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ยกเว้นสาลิกาจับปากโลงซึ่งเป็นของอีกหมวด", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed — for the bird pair and the gold-tongue takrut. The coffin-mouth salika in the same treatise belongs to another class by its making; the name does not settle the making."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:en-wiki-takrut", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 4326–4460 (printed pp. 125–127): ลิ้นทอง ×3, จับปากโลง, มโหสถ"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "note": "bird-figure form from card C·10; takrut forms from ms6983"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-takrut", "note": "'sariga' held between the teeth"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "inference"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "thongkham", "term": "เนื้อทองคำ", "roman": "nuea thongkham", "en": "gold", "definition": "Gold. Thin in this corpus — 93 of 13,020 listings, and most of those name it for a frame or a plating rather than for the body of the piece. Gold issues are not rare in the tradition; they do not circulate on an open retail platform. That thinness measures what this corpus can and cannot see, and is among the clearest arguments for seeding the register from competition and association records rather than from listings. **Correction of record:** an earlier draft put this at 1 occurrence, having searched only the compound เนื้อทองคำ. The bare term is the one the market uses."}, {"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 128, "priced": 128, "median_thb": 169.0, "typical_thb": [39.0, 490.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "si-phueng", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "สีผึ้ง", "roman": "si phueng", "en": "Charm wax (lip-wax)", "aliases": {"th": ["สีผึ้งสีปาก", "ขี้ผึ้งเสน่ห์", "สีผึ้งเมตตา", "สีผึ้งมหาเสน่ห์"], "roman": ["see pheung", "see phueng", "sri phueng"], "en": ["love wax", "beeswax salve", "metta balm"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["maha_saneh", "metta_maha_niyom", "maha_laluai"], "materials": [], "figures": ["pot"]}, "form": {"type": "wax", "shape_th": "ขี้ผึ้งหุงกับน้ำมันหอมและเครื่องยา บรรจุตลับเล็ก บางตำรับปั้นขี้ผึ้งเป็นรูปคนหรือแม่ธรณีก่อนหุง", "shape_en": "Beeswax cooked down with scented oil and aromatics into a small tin; several recipes first mould the wax into a figure — Mae Thorani treading Rahu, or a man and a woman — before melting it", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ไม่ได้ห้อย พกตลับ ทาปาก แก้ม กระหม่อม เพดาน หรือติดชายผ้า", "wearable_en": "Not worn; carried in a tin and touched to the lips, cheeks, crown, palate or the hem of a cloth", "notes_en": "Class is null on purpose: the vault leaves สีผึ้ง unplaced because the making decides it. Formula 8 cooks by a route whose ingredients are not reproduced here; formula 10 cooks three firings in an ordination hall — same tin, different class. materials is empty because the vocabulary has no wax key."}, "iconography": [{"th": "แม่พระธรณีเหยียบราหู ปั้นจากขี้ผึ้ง (แบบที่ ๑)", "en": "Mae Thorani treading Rahu, moulded in wax (formula 1)"}, {"th": "รูปชายหญิงกอดกัน ลงยันต์ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย (แบบที่ ๓, ๖)", "en": "a male and a female figure set embracing, each with its own yantra (formulas 3, 6)"}, {"th": "ยันต์ตรีนิสิงเหลงถมขี้ผึ้ง ๗ หน (แบบที่ ๑๑)", "en": "the Trinisinghe yantra pressed into the wax seven times (formula 11)"}, {"th": "ยันต์พญาหงส์ทอง (แบบที่ ๑๓)", "en": "the Golden Hamsa yantra (formula 13)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) — ๑๔ ตำรับ", "maker_en": "Anonymous treatise, manuscript 6983 — fourteen recipes", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ของข้นในตลับ ใช้ทา ไม่ใช่ห้อย — รูปแบบอย่างเดียวก็แยกจากชนิดอื่นได้", "en": "A salve in a tin, used by anointing, never worn; the form alone separates it from every other kind here", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราให้ซื้อขี้ผึ้ง ๓ เจ้า ห้ามต่อราคา และมักใช้ขี้ผึ้ง ๓ สี ขาว แดง เหลือง", "en": "Recipes buy wax from three vendors without haggling and favour three-colour wax — white, red, yellow (formulas 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14)", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "เครื่องยาซ้ำกันทุกตำรับ: ชะมด พิมเสน กฤษณา กะลำพัก ดอกรักซ้อน น้ำมันหอม", "en": "The aromatic base repeats across recipes — civet, borneol, agarwood, kalamphak, rak son flower, scented oil — so a scented wax is the type, not a sign of anything", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "แบบที่ ๑๐ แบ่งเกรดตามจำนวนไฟ: ไฟธาตุ ไฟเพลิง ไฟพระอาทิตย์ — หนึ่งไฟอย่างตรี สามไฟอย่างเอก", "en": "Formula 10 grades the wax by firings — element fire, flame fire, sun fire; one firing is third grade, three is first — a grade a buyer cannot read off the tin", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "หมวดขึ้นกับการทำ: แบบที่ ๘ หุงด้วยวิธีที่ตำราให้ไว้ ไม่นำส่วนผสมมาลงที่นี่ · แบบที่ ๑๐ หุงในอุโบสถ", "en": "Class follows the making: formula 8 cooks by a route the treatise gives and this catalogue does not reproduce; formula 10 cooks in the ubosot. The pot does not say which; the maker's lineage does", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ใช้ตามนิ้ว: นิ้วนางกับสตรี นิ้วชี้กับท้าวพระยาและสมณะ (แบบที่ ๑๓)", "en": "Applied by finger to target — ring finger for women, index for lords and monks (formula 13)", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "waan", "tell_th": "ว่านเป็นพืช · สีผึ้งเป็นของหุงที่อาจใส่ว่าน", "tell_en": "Waan is a plant; wax is a cooked salve that may contain waan. One is alive, one is finished."}], "market": {"search": ["สีผึ้ง"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free Commons file found on 2026-09-02. Wanted: an open tin showing the wax surface, and the treatise page with the male and female yantra."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "ขี้ผึ้งหุงในตลับเล็ก แตะปากหรือหน้าผากก่อนพูด ขาย หรือจีบ ตำรามี ๑๔ ตำรับเสน่ห์ ของในตลับเป็นอะไรขึ้นกับมือใครหุง", "what_en": "A wax or balm in a small tin, touched to lips or brow before speaking, selling, courting. The corpus's formulary holds attraction-wax recipes; what a given pot is depends on whose hands made it.", "story_th": "ตำราหุงสีผึ้งมี ๑๔ แบบ แบบที่ ๑ ปั้นขี้ผึ้งเป็นแม่พระธรณีเหยียบราหู ลงเลขตามตัว เซ่น ๓ วัน ไข่วันละฟอง แล้วหุงกับไคลประตูเมือง ไคลเสาตะลุงช้าง ชะมด พิมเสน ลง งะญะพะมะ ที่ก้นหม้อ แบบที่ ๓ ปั้นรูปชายหญิงติดไม้แทงผี ซัดข้าวสารเสกให้จูบกอดกัน ใส่ดีเต่า หุงในเปลือกไข่ แบบที่ ๘ ตำราให้สูตรทำ ไม่นำส่วนผสมมาลงที่นี่ แบบที่ ๑๐ หุงสามไฟในอุโบสถ ไฟธาตุ ไฟเพลิง ไฟพระอาทิตย์ แบบที่ ๑๔ ให้เด็กพรหมจารีชื่อรักชื่อดีไปซื้อขี้ผึ้ง ปั้นก้อนเส้าเป็นนนทรี หนุมาน พญาราพ ใช้ทาปาก แก้ม กระหม่อม หรือติดชายผ้า", "story_en": "Fourteen recipes. Formula 1 moulds the wax into Mae Thorani treading Rahu, numbers her limbs, makes offerings for three days with an egg a day, then cooks her with moss from the town gate and the elephant post, civet and borneol, with งะญะพะมะ written on the pot. Formula 3 moulds a man and a woman on ghost-piercing sticks, throws consecrated rice until they kiss, adds turtle gall and cooks in an eggshell. For formula 8 the treatise gives a making-recipe; its ingredients are not reproduced here; formula 10 takes the wax through three firings in the ordination hall — element, flame and sun — and grades it by how many it survived. Formula 14 sends chaste children named Rak and Di to buy the wax and shapes the hearthstones as Nonthuk, Hanuman and Ravana. It is touched to the lips, cheeks, crown or a hem; Thai Wikipedia's article on ไสยศาสตร์ gives 'consecrate wax and anoint the lips for attraction' as its stock example of a charm.", "keeping_th": "หมวดไม่ระบุ — บางตลับเป็นยาหอมเฉยๆ บางตลับหุงด้วยวิธีอีกแบบ ผู้เก็บต้องรู้ที่มา ถ้าไม่มีใครบอกได้ ให้ถือเสมือนมีผู้อยู่", "keeping_en": "Unplaced by the class vocabulary, and that refusal is the keeping note: a herbal wax owes nothing, one cooked by the other route wants a spirit-object's care. Ask whose hands made it; if nobody can say, treat the tin as if someone were home."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-functions", "s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-saiyasat", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 1825–2157 (printed pp. 35–47), fourteen formulas"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "class null = the vault's refusal to place สีผึ้ง"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key", "note": "fuzzy note in holding_key; refusal in vault classes.md"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference", "note": "romanisation variants seen in listings"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "maha_laluai", "term": "มหาละลวย", "roman": "maha laluai", "en": "infatuation, bewitchment", "definition": "Stronger and more compelling than มหาเสน่ห์; the target is besotted."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 238, "priced": 238, "median_thb": 149.0, "typical_thb": [25.0, 399.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "somdet-chitralada", "level": "variant", "parent": "phra-somdet", "names": {"th": "พระสมเด็จจิตรลดา", "roman": "phra somdet chitralada", "en": "Phra Somdej Chitralada (the royal somdej)", "aliases": {"th": ["สมเด็จจิตรลดา", "พระกำลังแผ่นดิน"], "roman": ["somdej jitlada", "somdet chitlada", "phra kamlang phaendin"], "en": ["Jitlada amulet", "King Rama IX somdej"]}}, "region": ["th-central"], "axes": {"class": "phra_khrueang", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "khlaeo_khlat"], "materials": ["nuea_phong", "phong_phuttakhun", "kesa"], "figures": ["buddha"]}, "form": {"type": "tablet", "shape_th": "แผ่นผงอัดทรงสามเหลี่ยมหน้าจั่ว องค์พระนั่งสมาธิบนฐานบัวเก้ากลีบ สีน้ำตาลถึงเขียวเข้ม", "shape_en": "An isosceles-triangle pressed tablet; the Buddha sits in meditation on a nine-petal lotus. Brown, tan, reddish-brown, dark brown or dark green", "size_mm": [20, 30, null], "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอ เลี่ยมกรอบ", "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck, framed", "obverse_th": "พระพุทธรูปปางสมาธิ ฐานบัวเก้ากลีบ ลักษณะคล้ายพระพุทธนวราชบพิตร", "obverse_en": "Buddha in meditation on a nine-petal lotus, in the manner of Phra Phuttha Nawarat Bophit", "reverse_th": "เรียบ", "reverse_en": "Plain", "notes_en": "Two sizes: large 20 × 30 mm, small 12 × 19 mm; size_mm gives the large. Depth not stated in the source."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ปางสมาธิ", "en": "meditation posture"}, {"th": "ฐานบัวเก้ากลีบ", "en": "nine-petal lotus base"}, {"th": "ทรงสามเหลี่ยม", "en": "triangular tablet"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "พระบาทสมเด็จพระบรมชนกาธิเบศร มหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดชมหาราช (รัชกาลที่ ๙) ทรงกดพิมพ์ด้วยพระหัตถ์", "maker_en": "King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), who pressed each piece by hand", "era_th": "พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๘–๒๕๑๓", "era_en": "BE 2508–2513 (1965–1970)", "place_th": "พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน กรุงเทพฯ", "place_en": "Chitralada Villa, Bangkok — the name says where", "first_attested": "BE 2508 (1965), start of distribution, per th.wikipedia พระสมเด็จจิตรลดา"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ทรงสามเหลี่ยมหน้าจั่ว ไม่ใช่สี่เหลี่ยมอย่างพระสมเด็จทั่วไป", "en": "An isosceles triangle, not the rectangle of the parent kind", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-chitralada", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ฐานบัวเก้ากลีบ นับได้", "en": "A nine-petal lotus base; count the petals", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-chitralada", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "สองขนาดเท่านั้น ใหญ่ ๒ × ๓ ซม. เล็ก ๑.๒ × ๑.๙ ซม.", "en": "Two sizes only: 20 × 30 mm and 12 × 19 mm", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-chitralada", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อสีน้ำตาลถึงเขียวเข้ม มีมวลสารหลากหลาย ไม่ใช่ผงขาว", "en": "Brown to dark-green body with mixed inclusions, never the white somdej powder", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-chitralada", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ผู้รับได้รับเอกสารระบุชื่อ วันที่ และหมายเลข พร้อมรูปถ่าย", "en": "Each recipient was given a certificate with name, date, serial number and photograph; the paper is part of the type", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-chitralada", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phra-somdet", "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จทั่วไปสี่เหลี่ยม ผงขาว ในซุ้ม · จิตรลดาสามเหลี่ยม เนื้อเข้ม ไม่มีซุ้ม", "tell_en": "The parent kind is a white rectangle with the Buddha in an arch; the Chitralada is a dark triangle on a lotus with no arch"}, {"id": "phra-nang-phaya", "tell_th": "นางพญาก็สามเหลี่ยม แต่เป็นเนื้อดินเผากรุพิษณุโลก ปางมารวิชัย", "tell_en": "Nang Phaya is also triangular but is a fired-clay cache find from Phitsanulok in the earth-touching pose; the Chitralada is a 1960s powder tablet in meditation"}, {"id": "phra-phong-suphan", "tell_th": "ผงสุพรรณสามเหลี่ยม เนื้อดิน กรุสุพรรณบุรี", "tell_en": "Phong Suphan is a triangular clay cache tablet from Suphan Buri; the material and the century separate them"}], "market": {"search": ["จิตรลดา"], "excludes": [], "tier": "sian"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:Phra Somdej jitlada (Buddha).jpg"], "wanted_en": "Obverse and reverse of both sizes with a scale. The 2559 temple issue on Commons titled ทรงจิตรลดา is a later piece in the shape, not the royal one, and is not listed"}, "images": [{"file": "somdet-chitralada/somdet-chitralada-phra-somdej-jitlada-buddha-8cc277.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Somdej jitlada (Buddha).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Phra_Somdej_jitlada_%28Buddha%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7819524", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "ผู้สร้างสรรค์ผลงาน/ส่งข้อมูลเก็บในคลังข้อมูลเสรีวิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์ - เทวประภาส มากคล้าย", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระสมเด็จจิตรลดา", "alt_en": "Phra Somdej Chitralada (the royal somdej) — Phra Somdej jitlada (Buddha) made by King Bhumibol", "sha256": "ec86160f5a0d760df7b111ea45505cab72d5966c7db42318d420173b8d89f39f", "width": 1664, "height": 2687, "primary": true}], "text": {"what_th": "พระสมเด็จทรงสามเหลี่ยมที่รัชกาลที่ ๙ ทรงสร้างและกดพิมพ์ด้วยพระหัตถ์ พระราชทานแก่ทหาร ตำรวจ ข้าราชการ และประชาชน ระหว่าง พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๘–๒๕๑๓ พร้อมเอกสารกำกับ", "what_en": "The triangular somdej King Rama IX made and hand-pressed at Chitralada, given between 1965 and 1970 to soldiers, police, officials and civilians, each with a certificate.", "story_th": "มวลสารมีผงจากพระพิมพ์ต่างๆ ดอกไม้แห้งจากมาลัยที่ทูลเกล้าฯ ถวาย เส้นพระเจ้า ดอกไม้จากเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ ดินและสมุนไพรจากสังเวชนียสถานในอินเดียและลังกา วัตถุมงคลจากทุกจังหวัด และน้ำจากแหล่งน้ำศักดิ์สิทธิ์ที่ใช้ในพระราชพิธีบรมราชาภิเษก ทรงกดพิมพ์เองจนดึก มีพิมพ์เล็ก ๔๐ องค์พระราชทานพระราชโอรสธิดา", "story_en": "The mass pressed into it lists powder from various votive tablets, dried flowers from garlands presented to the King, strands of the royal hair, flowers from the regalia, soil and herbs from the Buddhist sites of India and Sri Lanka, sacred material from every Thai province, and water from the auspicious sources used at the coronation. The King pressed each piece himself, often late into the evening. Forty small pieces were made for the royal children; the rest went out with a certificate naming recipient, date and number.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เอกสารกำกับคือส่วนหนึ่งของประวัติ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed; a phra khrueang. The certificate travels with the piece and is its provenance."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:th-wiki-somdet-chitralada", "s:commons-amulets-th"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-somdet-chitralada"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "inference", "note": "given to soldiers and police; functions inferred from that, not stated in the source"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "no holding_key entry; sian tier because pieces move by certificate, not retail"}, "form.reverse_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "phra_khrueang", "term": "พระเครื่อง", "roman": "phra khrueang", "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_phong", "term": "เนื้อผง", "roman": "nuea phong", "en": "sacred-powder paste", "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."}, {"key": "phong_phuttakhun", "term": "ผงพุทธคุณ", "roman": "phong phuttakhun", "en": "powder of the Buddha's qualities", "definition": "Powder produced by writing and erasing sacred formulae on a slate, the chalk dust collected and re-written many times. The named powders — ปถมัง, อิทธิเจ, ตรีนิสิงเห, มหาราช, พุทธคุณ — are distinguished by which formula was written. A listing that says only \"ผงพุทธคุณ\" is naming a family, not a recipe."}, {"key": "kesa", "term": "เกศา", "roman": "kesa", "en": "hair of the master", "definition": "Hair of a named monk, incorporated into a paste or sealed into the piece. The material is unremarkable; the attribution is everything. Unverifiable from the object, which makes the temple's own issue record the only thing that could ever support it — exactly the record a register should hold."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 3, "priced": 3, "median_thb": 96.91, "typical_thb": [47.48, 150.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "somdet-chitralada/somdet-chitralada-phra-somdej-jitlada-buddha-8cc277.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phra Somdej jitlada (Buddha).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Phra_Somdej_jitlada_%28Buddha%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7819524", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "author": "ผู้สร้างสรรค์ผลงาน/ส่งข้อมูลเก็บในคลังข้อมูลเสรีวิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์ - เทวประภาส มากคล้าย", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "พระสมเด็จจิตรลดา", "alt_en": "Phra Somdej Chitralada (the royal somdej) — Phra Somdej jitlada (Buddha) made by King Bhumibol", "sha256": "ec86160f5a0d760df7b111ea45505cab72d5966c7db42318d420173b8d89f39f", "width": 1664, "height": 2687, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "suea-yan", "names": {"th": "เสื้อยันต์", "roman": "suea yan", "en": "Suea yan (yantra shirt)", "aliases": {"th": ["เสื้อยันต์แดง", "เสื้อลงยันต์"], "roman": ["seua yant", "sua yant", "yant shirt"], "en": ["yantra shirt", "talismanic shirt", "war shirt"]}}, "region": ["th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "maha_ut"], "materials": ["pha_yan"], "figures": ["object"]}, "form": {"type": "cloth", "shape_th": "เสื้อผ้าฝ้ายแขนสั้นหรือกั๊ก ขาว แดง หรือดำ เขียนหรือพิมพ์ยันต์เต็มตัวทั้งหน้าหลัง แบบโบราณเย็บจากผ้าประเจียดผืนเล็กหลายผืน", "shape_en": "A cotton shirt or vest — white, red or black — covered front and back with yantra grids, Khom text and figures. th.wikipedia's definition: small prachiat cloths sewn together into a shirt. Modern temple issues are screen-printed.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "สวมเป็นเสื้อชั้นใน หรือสวมทับเมื่อออกศึก ขึ้นชก", "wearable_en": "Worn as an undershirt, or outermost going into battle or the ring", "obverse_th": "ยันต์ตารางกลางอก มักมีพระ หนุมาน เสือ หรือยันต์แปดทิศ", "obverse_en": "A central chest yantra, often flanked by a Buddha, Hanuman, a tiger or an eight-direction yantra", "reverse_th": "หลังเต็มด้วยยันต์และอักขระ", "reverse_en": "The back fully inscribed", "notes_en": "Not in ms 6983 as a recipe. th.wiki อุณาโลม notes soldiers' yantra shirts inscribed with letters were found; th.wiki การสักยันต์ treats the shirt as the cloth twin of the tattoo, sharing designs (eight-direction, Hanuman, tiger)."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ยันต์แปดทิศ", "en": "eight-direction yantra"}, {"th": "หนุมาน", "en": "Hanuman"}, {"th": "เสือ", "en": "tiger"}, {"th": "อักขระขอมและตารางเลข", "en": "Khom letters and numbered grids"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "ผ้าประเจียดแจกทหารสมัยกรุงธนบุรีและ ร.๑ ตามวิกิพีเดีย; เสื้อเย็บจากผ้านั้น", "era_en": "th.wikipedia dates prachiat distribution to soldiers to King Taksin (B.E. 2312) and Rama I (B.E. 2328); the shirt is those cloths sewn up. No dated shirt named.", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ", "place_en": "Thailand", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นเสื้อสวมได้จริง มีแขนหรือรูแขน — ไม่ใช่ผ้าผืน", "en": "A garment with sleeves or armholes, not a flat cloth", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "แบบเก่าเย็บจากผ้าหลายชิ้น เห็นตะเข็บต่อ ยันต์เขียนมือด้วยหมึกดำ", "en": "Older shirts show seams joining several small cloths, hand-drawn in black ink; printed one-colour yantra with no seams is a modern issue", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ลายซ้ำกับสักยันต์: แปดทิศ หนุมาน เสือ", "en": "Designs repeat the tattoo repertoire — eight-direction, Hanuman, tiger", "source": "s:th-wiki-sak-yant", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "หมึกซึมทะลุด้านใน ถ้าเป็นสีพิมพ์เคลือบอยู่ผิวเดียว", "en": "Hand ink soaks through to the inside; screen-print sits on one face", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์เป็นผืน เสื้อยันต์เย็บเป็นเสื้อ", "tell_en": "A pha yan is a flat cloth; a suea yan is cut and sewn to be worn. Same class and keeping."}, {"id": "prachiat", "tell_th": "ประเจียดเป็นแถบพันหัวหรือแขน เสื้อยันต์คือประเจียดหลายผืนเย็บรวม", "tell_en": "A prachiat is a band for the head or arm; th.wikipedia defines the shirt as prachiat cloths sewn together."}, {"id": "khmer-yantra-cloth", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์เขมรอักขระเขมร ไม่ใช่เสื้อ", "tell_en": "Khmer yantra cloth is a flat cloth in Khmer script; a Thai shirt is a garment, though the scripts overlap."}], "market": {"search": ["เสื้อยันต์"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Yantra in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (079).jpg", "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (081).jpg", "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (083).jpg"], "wanted_en": "The three CC0 files are 'yantra mystic sheets' exhibited at the Siam Society — the designs, not a shirt. No free photograph of a shirt found as of 2026-09-02 (searches: yantra shirt, เสื้อยันต์). Needed: a shirt laid flat front and back, a seam detail on a sewn one, and one worn."}, "images": [{"file": "suea-yan/suea-yan-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-079-d4fe47.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (079).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28079%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443102", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เสื้อยันต์", "alt_en": "Suea yan (yantra shirt) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "cc203327e4e1ddd52759a71125add424f0d389fe2d34a59fc633bd203fb2595a", "width": 3024, "height": 4032, "primary": true}, {"file": "suea-yan/suea-yan-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-081-47a274.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (081).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28081%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443106", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เสื้อยันต์", "alt_en": "Suea yan (yantra shirt) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "2911447e32a3620e142e555a7b43f0ade7c42f6422c70e09e4b62b4893a7216f", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "suea-yan/suea-yan-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-083-ebb249.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (083).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28083%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443107", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เสื้อยันต์", "alt_en": "Suea yan (yantra shirt) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "273b3ca959f0c904f46a4c399d71c94c0a4fc8ecdb1baabc4d984477b233b783", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}], "text": {"what_th": "เสื้อที่เขียนหรือพิมพ์ยันต์เต็มตัว แบบเก่าเย็บจากผ้าประเจียดผืนเล็กหลายผืน สวมออกศึกหรือขึ้นชก เชื่อว่าคงกระพันแคล้วคลาด ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "what_en": "A shirt inscribed with yantra all over — in the old form, small prachiat cloths sewn into a garment — worn into battle or the ring for invulnerability and evasion. Power in the inscription; nobody home.", "story_th": "วิกิพีเดียให้เสื้อยันต์เป็นรูปหนึ่งของประเจียด: ผ้าลงเลขยันต์ผืนเล็กเอามาเย็บเป็นเสื้อ ผ้าชนิดนี้แจกแม่ทัพนายกองสมัยพระเจ้าตากสิน และแจกทหารสมัย ร.๑ ต่อมานักมวยใส่ขึ้นเวที บทความสักยันต์บอกว่าลายบนเสื้อเป็นลายเดียวกับที่สักบนหนัง แปดทิศ หนุมาน เสือ ตำรา ๖๙๘๓ ไม่มีสูตรเสื้อ", "story_en": "th.wikipedia treats the shirt as one form of prachiat: small inscribed cloths sewn into a garment. It records such cloths handed to commanders under King Taksin and to soldiers under Rama I, and their later life on boxers. The tattoo article says the shirt carries the tattoo's own repertoire — eight-direction yantra, Hanuman, tiger — on cloth instead of skin. Ms 6983 has no shirt recipe; its cloth pieces are prachiat and handkerchiefs.", "keeping_th": "ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เก็บพับไว้สูง ไม่ซักรวมกับผ้าอื่นตามธรรมเนียม", "keeping_en": "Nothing to feed; kept folded and high. The custom of not washing it with ordinary laundry is tradition, not a rule this catalogue can cite."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-prachiat", "s:th-wiki-sak-yant", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:commons-amulets-th"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-prachiat"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "maha_ut is trade claim; th.wiki says only 'protection from danger'"}, "iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-sak-yant"}, "form.obverse_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}, "media": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "maha_ut", "term": "มหาอุด", "roman": "maha ut", "en": "stopping projectiles / misfire", "definition": "Literally \"greatly stopped-up\". The gun jams, misfires, or the shot does not penetrate. The efficacy is located in the weapon, not the body."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "pha_yan", "term": "ผ้ายันต์", "roman": "pha yan", "en": "inscribed cloth", "definition": "Cloth bearing a drawn or stamped yantra. Strictly a form rather than a material, kept on this axis because the market names it in the material slot and a reader looking for \"what is it made of\" will look here. Cross-reference the motif axis for the yantra itself."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 10, "priced": 10, "median_thb": 259.0, "typical_thb": [155.0, 299.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "suea-yan/suea-yan-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-079-d4fe47.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (079).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28079%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443102", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "เสื้อยันต์", "alt_en": "Suea yan (yantra shirt) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "cc203327e4e1ddd52759a71125add424f0d389fe2d34a59fc633bd203fb2595a", "width": 3024, "height": 4032, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "susuk", "names": {"th": "เข็มฝัง", "roman": "susuk", "en": "Susuk (charm needles implanted under the skin)", "aliases": {"th": ["ซูซุก", "เข็มทองฝังหน้า", "ฝังเข็มเสน่ห์"], "roman": ["susuk emas", "susuk berlian", "charm needles"], "en": ["golden needles", "beauty needles", "implant charms"]}, "other_scripts": {"ms": "سوسوق (Jawi) · susuk", "id": "susuk"}}, "region": ["my", "id", "sg"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["maha_saneh", "metta_maha_niyom", "khong_kraphan"], "materials": ["thongkham", "ngoen"], "figures": ["none"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "เข็มหรือเศษทอง เงิน เพชร ยาวไม่กี่มิลลิเมตร ฝังใต้ผิวหนัง — คาง แก้ม หน้าผาก ริมฝีปาก อก หลัง แขนขา", "shape_en": "Needles or slivers of gold, silver or diamond a few millimetres long, set under the skin — chin, cheeks, forehead, lips, chest, lower back, limbs. Some are non-metal: id.wikipedia lists mercury and a 'milk' susuk.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "อยู่ในร่างกาย มองไม่เห็น เห็นได้ในภาพเอกซเรย์", "wearable_en": "Inside the body and invisible; shows on a radiograph.", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Not an object one keeps; a procedure one carries. Recorded here because Malay-world sians and clinicians both meet it, and because the Thai south shares it. Described ethnographically only."}, "iconography": [], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "โบโมะห์ / ดุกุน ฝังพร้อมคาถา น้ำมัน และคำสั่งให้ปิดเป็นความลับ", "maker_en": "A bomoh or dukun implants it with incantation and oil rubbing, and tells the wearer to keep it secret", "era_th": "หลักฐานภาพรังสีครั้งแรก พ.ศ. ๒๔๗๑", "era_en": "First radiographic report 1928 (en.wikipedia); id.wikipedia holds the practice came to Indonesia from Malaysia", "place_th": "มาเลเซีย อินโดนีเซีย บรูไน สิงคโปร์ และชายแดนใต้ของไทย", "place_en": "Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore; the Thai deep south by tradition", "first_attested": "1928 radiographic report (en.wikipedia, Susuk)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เห็นได้เฉพาะในภาพเอกซเรย์ มักพบโดยบังเอิญ ต้องแยกจากสิ่งแปลกปลอมอื่น", "en": "Detectable only on a radiograph, usually incidentally; clinicians must tell it from other foreign bodies", "source": "s:en-wiki-susuk", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "โลหะผสมทองมีทองแดง เงิน อะลูมิเนียมเจือ", "en": "Reported composition: gold alloyed with traces of copper, silver and aluminium; diamonds in some cases", "source": "s:en-wiki-susuk", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตำแหน่ง: ใบหน้า อก หลังส่วนล่าง แขนขา — คางเป็นตำแหน่งที่รายงานบ่อย", "en": "Sites: face, chest, breast, lower back and limbs; the chin is the site most often named", "source": "s:en-wiki-susuk", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ผู้ฝังถือข้อห้าม (pantangan): กล้วยบางชนิด มะละกอ ไม้เสียบสะเต๊ะ ลอดราวผ้า", "en": "Wearers keep pantangan — no lady-finger bananas, papaya, satay skewers; not passing under a clothesline or a stair", "source": "s:ms-wiki-susuk", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดฝังใต้ผิวหนังมีในไทย (ฝังตะกรุด) แต่เป็นหลอดยันต์ · ซูซุกเป็นเข็มเปล่า ไม่มีตัวเขียน", "tell_en": "Thai practice also implants a takrut under the skin, but that is an inscribed tube; a susuk is a bare needle with no writing. Both show on X-ray; the tube is the tell."}, {"id": "jimat", "tell_th": "จิมัตพกนอกตัว ถอดได้ · ซูซุกอยู่ในเนื้อ", "tell_en": "A jimat is carried and can be set down; a susuk is in the flesh."}, {"id": "luk-om", "tell_th": "ลูกอมเป็นเม็ดที่อมหรือพก ไม่ฝัง", "tell_en": "A luk om is a bead held in the mouth or carried, never implanted."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "Nothing on Commons as of 2026-09-02; en/id/ms Wikipedia carry no photograph either. The useful image is a clinical radiograph showing facial needles — only with the patient's consent and anonymised. Never a face."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "เข็มทอง เงิน หรือเพชรที่โบโมะห์ฝังใต้ผิวหนัง — มักที่คางหรือแก้ม — เพื่อความงาม เสน่ห์ บารมี หรือความคงกระพัน มองไม่เห็น เห็นในเอกซเรย์ อิสลามถือว่าฮะรอม ผู้ฝังถือข้อห้ามและเชื่อว่าต้องถอดก่อนตาย", "what_en": "Gold, silver or diamond needles a bomoh sets under the skin — chin and cheeks most often — for beauty, allure, presence or invulnerability. Invisible except on a radiograph. Islam rules it haram; the wearer keeps food taboos and holds that the needles must come out before death.", "story_th": "ผู้ฝังถูกสั่งให้เก็บเป็นความลับ ถือข้อห้ามอาหารและกิริยา (ห้ามกินกล้วยบางชนิด มะละกอ สะเต๊ะ ห้ามลอดราวตากผ้า) หากผิดข้อห้ามซูซุกจะเสื่อมหรือกลับเป็นพิษ ความเชื่อว่าคนที่ยังฝังอยู่ตายยาก และเมื่อถอดออก ใบหน้าจะกลับสู่วัยจริงภายในหกเดือน จึงต้องให้หมอคนเดิมถอด ทางการแพทย์รู้จักมันจากภาพเอกซเรย์ที่พบโดยบังเอิญตั้งแต่ปี ๒๔๗๑", "story_en": "The wearer is told to keep it secret and to keep pantangan — no certain bananas, no papaya, no satay skewers, no passing under a clothesline; break them and the susuk weakens or turns harmful. Tradition says a person still carrying susuk dies hard, and that once removed the face returns to its real age within six months, so removal is for the same practitioner who set it. Medicine knows susuk from incidental X-rays, the first reported in 1928. Malay Wikipedia's example is a named celebrity with gold needles and diamonds in her chin.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีหมวดใน vault — ไม่ใช่วัตถุที่เก็บ แต่เป็นสิ่งที่ฝังในตัว จึงปล่อยว่าง สิ่งที่ผู้ฝัง “เป็นหนี้” คือข้อห้ามและการถอดออกให้ถูกวิธี", "keeping_en": "Class null: nothing in the vault covers an implant — it is not kept, it is worn inside. What the wearer owes is the taboos and a correct removal; that is the whole of the upkeep, and the whole of why the tradition says who set it matters."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:en-wiki-susuk", "s:id-wiki-susuk", "s:ms-wiki-susuk"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-susuk"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "null: implant, not a kept object"}, "origin.place_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "Thai deep south is training knowledge, hedged; the cited sources name MY / ID / BN / SG"}, "names.th": {"tier": "inference", "note": "descriptive Thai; ซูซุก is the loan Thai media use"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "thongkham", "term": "เนื้อทองคำ", "roman": "nuea thongkham", "en": "gold", "definition": "Gold. Thin in this corpus — 93 of 13,020 listings, and most of those name it for a frame or a plating rather than for the body of the piece. Gold issues are not rare in the tradition; they do not circulate on an open retail platform. That thinness measures what this corpus can and cannot see, and is among the clearest arguments for seeding the register from competition and association records rather than from listings. **Correction of record:** an earlier draft put this at 1 occurrence, having searched only the compound เนื้อทองคำ. The bare term is the one the market uses."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}, {"key": "id", "th": "อินโดนีเซีย", "en": "Indonesia"}, {"key": "sg", "th": "สิงคโปร์", "en": "Singapore"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "takrut", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ตะกรุด", "roman": "takrut", "en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube)", "aliases": {"th": ["ตะกรุดโทน", "ตะกรุดคู่", "ตะกรุดสามกษัตริย์", "ตะกรุดโสฬส"], "roman": ["takrud", "tagrud", "takrut thon", "takrut sam kasat"], "en": ["yantra scroll", "rolled yantra amulet"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "kha_khai", "metta_maha_niyom", "maha_saneh", "kan_phi"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thongkham", "ngoen", "naak", "takua", "thongdaeng"], "figures": ["tube"]}, "form": {"type": "tube", "shape_th": "แผ่นโลหะบาง (หรือกระดาษ ใบลาน หนังสัตว์) ลงยันต์แล้วม้วนเป็นหลอดกลวง ร้อยเชือกได้ มักถักเชือกลงรักปิดทองหุ้ม", "shape_en": "A thin sheet — metal in most cases; paper, palm leaf or animal skin in the treatise — inscribed with a yantra and rolled into a hollow tube with a channel for a cord. Often plaited over with cord, lacquered and gilded so the inscription is hidden.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "คาดเอวหรือห้อยคอ ดอกเดี่ยว (โทน) คู่ สาม เก้า หรือสิบหกดอกเรียงขวาง บางแบบอมไว้ใต้ลิ้น", "wearable_en": "Worn at the waist or neck on a cord — single (thon), paired, three, nine or sixteen tubes strung crosswise. Small salika tubes are held under the tongue.", "obverse_th": "ยันต์ลงด้านหน้าแผ่นก่อนม้วน — ตาราง ๓×๓ ๔×๔ องค์พระ รูปปลา รูปนก", "obverse_en": "The yantra on the sheet before rolling: magic squares (3x3, 4x4, 9x9), a Buddha figure, fish or bird figures, per recipe", "reverse_th": "ตำราหลายบทให้ลงยันต์อีกแบบด้านหลังแผ่น", "reverse_en": "Several treatise recipes prescribe a second yantra on the back of the sheet", "notes_en": "Size is not a type-level fact: the treatise specifies weights of gold (2 phai) or a one-finger bamboo, not lengths. Retail pieces run from a fingernail to a hand span."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ยันต์ตารางเลข", "en": "numbered magic-square yantra (3x3, 4x4 'chakkraphat', 9 squares for the nine-tube set)"}, {"th": "ยันต์องค์พระ", "en": "a seated Buddha-figure yantra inscribed head, body, feet, unalom, moon, sun in turn"}, {"th": "ยันต์รูปปลาสามตัว", "en": "three carp figures, one per tube, for the trade set"}, {"th": "ราชสีห์ลงด้านหลังตะกรุดบางตำรับ", "en": "a rachasi lion on the back of one recipe's takrut"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง) มีบทที่ระบุว่าเป็นของสมเด็จพระวันรัต (แดง) และหลวงปู่บุญ วัดกลางบางแก้ว", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983; two recipes are ascribed to Somdet Phra Wannarat (Daeng) and to Luang Pu Bun of Wat Klang Bang Kaeo", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี ขุนช้างขุนแผนกล่าวถึงตะกรุดบ่อยที่สุดในบรรดาเครื่องราง", "era_en": "Undated treatise. English Wikipedia calls the takrut the most-mentioned amulet in Khun Chang Khun Phaen and puts its Buddhist form at roughly the 13th century, uncited", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ อักขระขอมภาคกลาง อักษรธรรมทางเหนือ", "place_en": "Country-wide; Khom script in the centre, Tham script in the north", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นหลอดม้วนกลวง ร้อยเชือกได้ ไม่ใช่แผ่นแบน — ถ้าแบนคือผ้ายันต์หรือแผ่นยันต์", "en": "A rolled hollow tube with a cord channel. A flat inscribed sheet is a pha yan or a yantra plate, not a takrut", "source": "s:th-wiki-takrut", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "เนื้อโลหะที่ตำราใช้: ทอง เงิน นาก ตะกั่ว ทองแดง และกระดาษ", "en": "The treatise inscribes on gold, silver, nak, lead, copper or paper; Thai Wikipedia adds snake skin, buffalo horn and bamboo", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "มักถักเชือกลงรักปิดทองหุ้มจนมองไม่เห็นยันต์ — เห็นยันต์ได้เฉพาะปลายหลอด", "en": "Plaited, lacquered and gilded over per one of the treatise's recipes; the inscription is usually invisible and only the tube ends show", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ชุดตามจำนวนดอก: โทน คู่ สาม เก้า สิบหก — จำนวนบอกตำรับ", "en": "Count the tubes: single, pair, three, nine or sixteen each answer to a named recipe; the nine-tube set assigns one purpose per tube", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตะกรุดที่ตำราให้ทำจากแผ่นวัสดุพิเศษเป็นข้อยกเว้นของหมวด — รูปเดียวกัน แต่การสร้างต่างกัน ถามว่าแผ่นคืออะไร", "en": "Skin-rolled takrut are the class's stated exception: same form, different making. Ask what the sheet is", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดม้วนเป็นหลอด ผ้ายันต์เป็นผืนแบน ทั้งคู่หมวดเดียวกัน ไม่มีผู้อยู่", "tell_en": "Same class, different form: a takrut is a rolled tube, a pha yan a flat cloth. Neither is fed."}, {"id": "salika", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดสาลิกาเป็นตะกรุดดอกเล็กอมใต้ลิ้น สาลิการูปนกเป็นรูปสัตว์", "tell_en": "A salika takrut is a small tube held under the tongue; a salika figure is a bird. The yantra names the bird; the form decides which record."}, {"id": "bia-kae", "tell_th": "เบี้ยแก้เป็นเปลือกหอยบรรจุปรอทหุ้มตะกั่ว ไม่ใช่แผ่นม้วน", "tell_en": "A bia kae is a cowrie packed with mercury and wrapped in lead — a shell, not a rolled sheet, though both get the plaited-cord finish."}], "market": {"search": ["ตะกรุด"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Yantra in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Yan Takrut (ยันต์ตะกรุด) - Thai 19th century yantra and amulet manuscript.png", "File:Zz012.jpg", "File:Zz015.jpg"], "wanted_en": "Only a manuscript page of a takrut yantra is free on Commons as of 2026-09-02; no photograph of a rolled tube. Needed: a single tube end-on showing the roll, a plaited-and-gilded piece, and a nine-tube waist set."}, "images": [{"file": "takrut/takrut-yan-takrut-thai-19th-century-yantra-and-3759b4.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yan Takrut (ยันต์ตะกรุด) - Thai 19th century yantra and amulet manuscript.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Yan_Takrut_%28%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%29_-_Thai_19th_century_yantra_and_amulet_manuscript.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136301565", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "19th century artist", "credit": "Part of the digitalized manuscript in the Manuscripts of Western Thailand Database - Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre [2]", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — Part of a Thai folding book (identifier NPT-004-011) at Wat Lam Phaya Folk Floating Market Museum, Nakhon Pathom. Accord", "sha256": "b672b558fc5e300c0fc1ccecd175cbf46684d70e9cfb738f1c69bdc7c41717a6", "width": 901, "height": 508, "primary": true}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-museum-amulett-69db65.jpg", "source": "museum", "title": "amulett", "url": "https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-em/web/image/zoom/4524867/dia-V.68.330.jpg", "page_url": "https://www.europeana.eu/item/91619/SMVK_EM_objekt_1301746?utm_source=api&utm_medium=api&utm_campaign=api2demo", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "Statens museer för världskultur (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm)", "credit": "Vanadis expedition purchase, Bangkok 1887", "view": "group", "alt_th": "ตะกรุดคู่บนเชือกคาดเอว ซื้อที่บางกอก พ.ศ. ๒๔๓๐", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — A pair of red-lacquered takrut tubes on their waist cord, bought in Bangkok in 1887 — the museum called it simply \"amulet\"; the reading as takrut is this project's, from the form", "sha256": "69db65c483fd6045838fe42e3a634ae00386e2e84cb90905ae0139267a799e9c"}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-yantprapidta-c36760.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yantprapidta.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Yantprapidta.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8370219", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Sakyant", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — Thai amulet or \"Yantra\"", "sha256": "52bbee14e37c0f1c0f4edadc2d43d590c59df3419fffe1f527ea25f5e550ce42", "width": 581, "height": 607}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-070-a0dc52.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (070).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28070%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443093", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Sign describing yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "067f660e6ebe076700eb73ab5d6e6a5bfe3c2bc6efa3c53222990d41674651d1", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-082-fc4041.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (082).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28082%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443108", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "2a0693dec85bdcf6ff44cd21db42f2f4f866f8559b4ff25e4acf7e840de94432", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-084-63ba4c.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (084).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28084%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443109", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "75bb4acb0ce571eb17cc719571472a68bc673048c2082b0f3957fac69bb2a5fe", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-085-8901ba.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (085).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28085%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443110", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "4954480622a2d05b7ca65e76e7e9464111687535f38d0abd73760ce4deb7f2f6", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-086-95d9cb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (086).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28086%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443111", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "f86a71a32ce8721f488674bc446ff5868823da934ca4859ee076f954d0ed17c7", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-siam-society-bangkok-2017-07-25-087-d80a58.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (087).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Siam_Society_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-25_%28087%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62443112", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Iudexvivorum", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — * Place: Siam Society Headquarters, Bangkok, Thailand.\nItems: Yantra mystic sheets.", "sha256": "f39c7c408f091ddae77f90b86b0da9856f56793d91c9a5dfccf18770e7e013e0", "width": 4032, "height": 3024}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-zz012-261871.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Zz012.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Zz012.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90896671", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Witwatarun", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — ตะกรุดหนังหน้าผากเสือ หลวงปู่นาค วัดอรุณ แบบมีเชือกควั่นลงรักปิดทองยุคต้นของท่าน", "sha256": "d1a9e91bdd8b211a88695e48b7d98cb9d5ba78103f7deb84d91a3a21cfd72870", "width": 1120, "height": 650}, {"file": "takrut/takrut-zz015-af34c6.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Zz015.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Zz015.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90905081", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Witwatarun", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — ตะกรุดหนังหน้าผากเสือ หลวงปู่นาค วัดอรุณ แบบมีเชือกควั่นลงรักปิดทองยุคต้นของท่าน", "sha256": "8f989db699a84cc445c271986011ae4cc48a66aee6f36208150399bc1d00bdcd", "width": 1120, "height": 650}], "text": {"what_th": "แผ่นโลหะ ใบลาน หรือหนัง ลงยันต์แล้วม้วนแน่น ร้อยเชือกคาดเอวหรือห้อยคอ อานุภาพอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธีที่ปิดผนึก ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิต ตำราในคลังนี้เต็มไปด้วยสิ่งที่เขียนไว้ข้างใน", "what_en": "A sheet of metal — or palm-leaf, or skin — inscribed with a yantra and rolled tight, worn on a cord at the waist or neck. Power lives in the inscription and the rite that closed it. The treatises this site keeps are full of what gets written inside.", "story_th": "ตำราให้ตะกรุดหลายตำรับ ตะกรุด ๓ ดอกค้าขายลงยันต์ปลาสามตัวบนแผ่นทอง เงิน นาก ตะกรุดจักรพรรดิลงตาราง ๔×๔ บนเงินและทอง ตะกรุดโทนฝนแสนห่าลงในโบสถ์ใต้เพดานผ้าขาวยันต์แปดทิศ เสกเหล็กจารด้วย มะอะอุ ก่อน ทำสายด้วยด้ายพรหมจารีย้อมใบไม้ ๗ ชนิดอย่างละ ๗ ใบ ตะกรุด ๙ ดอกกำหนดหน้าที่ดอกละอย่าง ตั้งแต่กันผีถึงกันศาสตราวุธ อีกตำรับหนึ่งลงยันต์บนแผ่นวัสดุที่ตำราระบุ (ไม่นำมาลงที่นี่) ม้วน ถักเชือก ลงรักปิดทอง เสกไตรสรณาคมน์ ๑๐๘ คาบ", "story_en": "The treatise gives a dozen recipes. The three-tube trade set inscribes three fish yantras on gold, silver and nak; the chakkraphat set puts a 4x4 magic square on silver and gold. The single 'hundred-thousand-rains' takrut is inscribed inside the ordination hall under a white canopy bearing the eight-direction yantra, the stylus first blessed with ma-a-u, and its cord is spun from virgin thread and dyed with seven leaves of each of seven plants. The nine-tube set assigns each tube a job, from warding ghosts to turning weapons. One further recipe inscribes a sheet of a material the treatise names and this catalogue does not reproduce, rolls and plaits it, lacquers and gilds it, and consecrates it with the Three Refuges 108 times.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ยกเว้นตะกรุดบางตำรับ ซึ่งการสร้างทำให้เป็นของมีผู้อยู่", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history — with the class's one flagged exception: a takrut whose sheet the treatise takes from a source not reproduced here is a spirit-bearing object in this form, and the making, not the tube, decides."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-functions", "s:vault-materials", "s:ms6983", "s:en-wiki-takrut", "s:th-wiki-takrut", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 4278–5140 (printed pp. 123–144): ๓ ดอก, จักรพรรดิ, สาลิกาลิ้นทอง, โทน ×9, ๔ ดอก, ๙ ดอก, ไม้รวก, หนังเสือ ×4"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "nine-tube list at L5027"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-takrut"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-takrut", "note": "the 13th-century claim is uncited on-wiki"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-takrut"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "inference"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thongkham", "term": "เนื้อทองคำ", "roman": "nuea thongkham", "en": "gold", "definition": "Gold. Thin in this corpus — 93 of 13,020 listings, and most of those name it for a frame or a plating rather than for the body of the piece. Gold issues are not rare in the tradition; they do not circulate on an open retail platform. That thinness measures what this corpus can and cannot see, and is among the clearest arguments for seeding the register from competition and association records rather than from listings. **Correction of record:** an earlier draft put this at 1 occurrence, having searched only the compound เนื้อทองคำ. The bare term is the one the market uses."}, {"key": "ngoen", "term": "เนื้อเงิน", "roman": "nuea ngoen", "en": "silver", "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."}, {"key": "naak", "term": "เนื้อนาค", "roman": "nuea naak", "en": "copper-gold alloy (rose gold)", "definition": "A copper-and-gold alloy of reddish cast, ranked in the treatises alongside gold and silver as one of the sheets a yantra may be inscribed on — the corpus phrase is แผ่นทอง แผ่นเงิน แผ่นนาค. Added to this axis *because of* that passage, not from the market: the compound forms return zero listings, so this is a material the treatises name and the retail corpus does not carry. **Carried only in unambiguous compounds.** Bare นาค returns 553 pages and 132 listings, but nearly all of those are the naga serpent — a being, not an alloy — which belongs to the class and motif axes. Scanning the bare term here would import a bestiary into a materials list."}, {"key": "takua", "term": "ตะกั่ว", "roman": "takua", "en": "lead", "definition": "Lead, used both as an alloy component in ชิน and on its own — most visibly as the sheet rolled into ตะกรุด. Soft enough to take an inscription with a stylus, which is the whole reason it is used for rolled amulets."}, {"key": "thongdaeng", "term": "ทองแดง", "roman": "thongdaeng", "en": "copper", "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 729, "priced": 729, "median_thb": 159.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 449.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "takrut/takrut-yan-takrut-thai-19th-century-yantra-and-3759b4.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yan Takrut (ยันต์ตะกรุด) - Thai 19th century yantra and amulet manuscript.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Yan_Takrut_%28%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%29_-_Thai_19th_century_yantra_and_amulet_manuscript.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136301565", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "19th century artist", "credit": "Part of the digitalized manuscript in the Manuscripts of Western Thailand Database - Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre [2]", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตะกรุด", "alt_en": "Takrut (inscribed scroll-tube) — Part of a Thai folding book (identifier NPT-004-011) at Wat Lam Phaya Folk Floating Market Museum, Nakhon Pathom. Accord", "sha256": "b672b558fc5e300c0fc1ccecd175cbf46684d70e9cfb738f1c69bdc7c41717a6", "width": 901, "height": 508, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "tangkal", "names": {"th": "เครื่องรางมลายู", "roman": "tangkal", "en": "Tangkal (Malay protective charm, any form)", "aliases": {"th": ["ตังกัล", "ของกันภัยมลายู"], "roman": ["penangkal", "tangkal bala", "pelindung"], "en": ["Malay ward", "warding charm"]}, "other_scripts": {"ms": "تڠكل (Jawi) · tangkal", "id": "tangkal / penangkal"}}, "region": ["my", "id", "sg"], "axes": {"class": null, "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi"], "materials": [], "figures": ["object"]}, "form": {"type": "other", "shape_th": "ไม่มีรูปประจำ: ด้ายดำผูกข้อมือ กิ่งไม้หรือหนามแขวนประตู เขี้ยว หิน เหรียญ หรือแผ่นเขียนก็ได้", "shape_en": "No fixed form. A black thread at the wrist, a thorny branch or leaf bundle hung at a doorway, a tooth, a stone, a coin, a bit of iron over a cradle — or a written sheet, at which point it is also a jimat.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ผูกตัว แขวนประตู วางในเปล ปักในนา", "wearable_en": "Tied on the body, hung at a door or window, laid in a cradle, planted in a field.", "obverse_th": "", "obverse_en": "", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Tangkal is a function word — from menangkal, to ward off — so it names what the object does, not what it is. Malay Wikipedia treats azimat and tangkal as one article; everyday Malay keeps the shade: jimat is the thing you carry for tuah, tangkal the thing that turns something away."}, "iconography": [], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "โบโมะห์ / ปะวัง หรือทำเองในครัวเรือน", "maker_en": "A bomoh or pawang for the made kinds; households make the simplest wards themselves", "era_th": "ประเพณีพื้นบ้านก่อนและร่วมกับอิสลาม", "era_en": "Folk practice older than Islam in the region and continuing beside it", "place_th": "โลกมลายู", "place_en": "Malay world", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ถ้าไม่มีตัวเขียนเลย มักเรียก tangkal ไม่เรียก jimat", "en": "No writing on it at all is the usual mark of a tangkal as against a jimat; once Arabic appears the two words overlap", "source": "s:ms-wiki-azimat", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ของธรรมชาติ: เขี้ยว หนาม หิน ด้ายดำ เหล็ก", "en": "Natural or household matter — a fang, a thorn, a stone, black thread, a scrap of iron — chosen for what it repels", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ที่แขวน: ประตู หน้าต่าง เปล ไร่นา ไม่ใช่เฉพาะตัวคน", "en": "Where it hangs is the tell: doorways, windows, cradles and fields as often as the body", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}, {"th": "ชื่อบอกหน้าที่ ไม่บอกวัสดุ — tangkal bala, tangkal hantu", "en": "The name states the threat, not the material: tangkal bala (against misfortune), tangkal hantu (against ghosts)", "source": "s:tradition", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "jimat", "tell_th": "จิมัตคือของเขียนที่พกเพื่อทั้งกันและเสริม · ตังกัลคือของกัน จะเขียนหรือไม่ก็ได้", "tell_en": "A jimat is a written object carried for luck and protection both; a tangkal is anything that wards, written or not. Every written tangkal is a jimat; most tangkal are not written."}, {"id": "rajah", "tell_th": "ราจาห์เป็นตัวเขียนอย่างเดียว ตังกัลส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีตัวเขียน", "tell_en": "A rajah is writing and nothing else; a tangkal usually carries none."}, {"id": "mustika", "tell_th": "มุสติกาเป็นหินที่ถือว่ามีพลังในตัว พกเพื่อทัวะห์ · ตังกัลเป็นของกันภัย", "tell_en": "A mustika is a stone kept for its own inherent tuah; a tangkal is kept to turn something away. A stone hung at a door is a tangkal, the same stone in a ring is a mustika."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "Nothing free on Commons as of 2026-09-02 — 'tangkal' hits are Sundanese tree names (Tangkal Katapang, Tangkal dadap). Needed: a thorn-and-leaf bundle at a kampung doorway, a black-thread wrist tie, and a cradle ward, each in situ."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "คำมลายูสำหรับของกันภัยทุกชนิด — จากด้ายดำผูกข้อมือถึงกิ่งหนามแขวนประตู — คำนี้บอกหน้าที่ (ตังกัล = ปัดออก) ไม่บอกรูป ถ้ามีตัวเขียนก็เป็นจิมัตด้วย", "what_en": "The Malay word for any object that wards — from a black thread on the wrist to a thorny branch over the door. It names a job (menangkal, to turn aside), not a form, which is why Malay Wikipedia files it with azimat and everyday speech keeps them apart: jimat is carried for luck, tangkal is set against a threat.", "story_th": "วิกิพีเดียมลายูรวม azimat กับ tangkal เป็นบทความเดียว นิยามว่า “สิ่งที่เชื่อว่าให้ทัวะห์และ/หรือคุ้มครองเจ้าของ” และยกรูปแบบไว้ทั้งอัญมณี รูปปั้น เหรียญ พืช สัตว์ กระทั่งคำพูด ในการใช้จริง tangkal คือฝั่ง “คุ้มครอง”: กันผี (hantu) กันเคราะห์ (bala) กันตาชั่ว ผู้ทำมักเป็นโบโมะห์หรือปะวัง ของง่ายๆ ชาวบ้านทำเอง", "story_en": "Malay Wikipedia folds azimat and tangkal into one article and defines the pair as a thing believed to give its owner luck and/or protection, listing gems, statues, coins, plants, animals and even spoken formulas as forms. In practice tangkal is the protection half: against ghosts (hantu), against misfortune (bala), against the evil eye. A bomoh or pawang makes the serious ones; a household hangs its own thorns. The word is also the region's answer to 'what is that thing over the door' — it is a tangkal, and the answer says nothing about what it is made of.", "keeping_th": "คลังคำของ vault ไม่มีหมวดครอบ: ตังกัลกระจายอยู่ในหลายหมวด (ของธรรมชาติ ของเขียน) จึงปล่อยว่างไว้ ส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เปลี่ยนใหม่เมื่อเก่าหรือขาด", "keeping_en": "Class left null on purpose: tangkal is an umbrella over several vault classes (natural matter, inscribed sheets), and the vault has no ward-by-function category. Nearly all are impersonal — nothing fed, nothing owed; a frayed thread or a dried branch is simply replaced."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:ms-wiki-azimat", "s:en-wiki-tawiz", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:ms-wiki-azimat"}, "names.th": {"tier": "inference", "note": "descriptive Thai gloss"}, "axes": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "null: umbrella term, no vault class"}}}, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": null, "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด", "en": "left to a knower", "resident": null, "upkeep": null, "provenance_sensitivity": null, "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}, {"key": "id", "th": "อินโดนีเซีย", "en": "Indonesia"}, {"key": "sg", "th": "สิงคโปร์", "en": "Singapore"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "thao-wessuwan", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "roman": "thao wetsuwan", "en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha)", "aliases": {"th": ["ท้าวเวสวัณ", "ท้าวกุเวร", "พระไพศรพณ์", "ท้าวเวสสุวัณ"], "roman": ["thao wessuwan", "thao wetsawan", "thao kuwen", "wessuwan"], "en": ["Vessavana", "Vaisravana", "Kubera", "guardian of the north"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["kan_phi", "khum_khrong", "kha_khai"], "materials": ["nuea_loha", "thonglueang", "nuea_din"], "figures": ["deity"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปยักษ์ยืนถือกระบอง — ตั้งแต่รูปหล่อตั้งบูชาจนถึงจี้ห้อยคอและแผ่นยันต์ติดประตู", "shape_en": "A standing yaksha figure holding a club, scaled from gate statue to shelf figure to neck pendant; also cut as a flat gate-plaque or yantra", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "จี้ห้อยคอ หรือตั้งบูชาที่ประตูบ้าน ร้านค้า", "wearable_en": "Worn as a pendant, or set at a gate, door or shop front; the same duty at every scale", "obverse_th": "ยักษ์ยืนกางขา สองมือกุมกระบองตั้งตรงหน้า", "obverse_en": "The yaksha stands wide-legged, both hands on a club planted upright before him", "reverse_th": "มักลงยันต์หรือชื่อวัด รุ่น", "reverse_en": "Usually a yantra, or the temple and run that issued it", "notes_en": "Materials in the current retail market run to resin and plated alloy for statues and silver or brass for pendants; the vault key lists metal and earth."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ยักษ์ถือกระบอง", "en": "a yaksha holding a club (ตะบอง / กระบอง)"}, {"th": "ยืนกางขาบนฐาน", "en": "wide-legged stance on a base"}, {"th": "มงกุฎยอดแหลม เขี้ยว", "en": "pointed crown and fangs of the giant-type (ยักษ์) face"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "รูปเคารพเก่าแก่ในพุทธศาสนา กระแสบูชาเป็นวัตถุมงคลแรงขึ้นมากตั้งแต่ราว พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๕", "era_en": "An old Buddhist guardian figure; as a mass-market amulet the surge dates to about 2022, when the large statue at Wat Chulamani, Samut Songkhram, became a phenomenon", "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ กระแสล่าสุดจากสมุทรสงคราม", "place_en": "Nationwide; the recent wave centres on Samut Songkhram", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "รูปยักษ์ ไม่ใช่องค์พระ ไม่ใช่พระเกจิ — เทพที่บูชา ไม่ใช่ผีที่เลี้ยง", "en": "A yaksha figure, never a Buddha or a monk: a venerated deva, not a raised spirit", "source": "s:vault-classes", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "กระบองคือเครื่องหมายประจำตัว ถ้าไม่มีกระบองให้สงสัยว่าเป็นยักษ์ตนอื่น", "en": "The club is the identifying attribute; a giant without one is likely another yaksha (a temple gate-guardian, a Ramakien figure)", "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ทิศเหนือ เจ้าแห่งยักษ์ หนึ่งในจาตุมหาราช — ตราของอัยการไทย", "en": "Guardian of the north and lord of the yaksha, one of the Four Great Kings; the same figure is the emblem of the Thai public prosecutors, so an official seal is not an amulet", "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ของเก่าคือแผ่นยันต์แขวนเปลเด็ก ของใหม่คือรูปหล่อและจี้", "en": "The older form is a yantra or image hung at a child's cradle to keep spirits off the infant; the cast statue and pendant are the modern trade form", "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตลาดปัจจุบันเป็นเรซิ่น ทองเหลืองชุบ เงิน — หมวดที่โตเร็วที่สุดหมวดหนึ่ง", "en": "Current listings are resin, plated brass and silver, one of the fastest-growing categories in the market; volume says nothing about any one piece", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "phaya-khrut", "tell_th": "เวสสุวรรณเป็นยักษ์ยืนถือกระบอง · ครุฑเป็นครึ่งคนครึ่งนกกางปีก ทั้งคู่เป็นเทพที่บูชา", "tell_en": "Wessuwan is a standing giant with a club; the garuda is a winged man-bird. Same class (deva, veneration), different body — count the wings."}, {"id": "jatukham", "tell_th": "จตุคามเป็นเหรียญกลมใหญ่ เทพนั่งกลางวงราหูหรือนักษัตร · เวสสุวรรณเป็นรูปยักษ์ยืนเต็มตัว", "tell_en": "Jatukham is a large round disc with a seated deva ringed by Rahu heads or zodiac animals; Wessuwan is a full standing yaksha figure, rarely a disc."}, {"id": "hun-phayon", "tell_th": "หุ่นพยนต์เป็นรูปคนถืออาวุธที่ถูกปลุกให้ทำงานและต้องเซ่น · เวสสุวรรณเป็นเทพ บูชาด้วยความเคารพ ไม่เลี้ยง", "tell_en": "A hun phayon is an armed man-figure animated to serve and fed daily; Wessuwan is a deva shown as a giant, owed respect and offerings, never a meal-a-day."}, {"id": "rup-lo", "tell_th": "รูปหล่อคือรูปพระเกจิ ครองจีวร · เวสสุวรรณเป็นยักษ์สวมมงกุฎ", "tell_en": "A rup lo casts a monk in robes; Wessuwan is a crowned, fanged giant. Both are cast metal, so the face decides."}], "market": {"search": ["เวสสุวรรณ"], "excludes": [], "tier": "both"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Vaiśravaṇa in Thailand"], "commons_files": ["File:Wat Suthat วัดสุทัศน์ - ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ.jpg", "File:ท้าวเวชสุวรรณ..jpg", "File:19-metre-tall statue of Thao Wessuwan.jpg", "File:Thao Wessuwan Natbiluu image.jpg", "File:Guardian of Phra Meru Mas of Bhumibol Adulyadej - Vessavana (left side).jpg"], "wanted_en": "Commons has temple statues only. Needed: a worn pendant obverse and reverse, and a shelf figure beside a gate plaque at matched scale"}, "images": [{"file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-wat-suthat-2f5017.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Suthat วัดสุทัศน์ - ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114652402", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Vaisrvana , Wat Suthat", "sha256": "19837bd47846c428e076bcffb17579f6e7519f5bcd00faf2e51456844d06948b", "width": 1924, "height": 2565, "primary": true}, {"file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-wat-phrathat-doi-suthep-13-aac741.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep 13.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Wat_Phrathat_Doi_Suthep_13.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28121871", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Kittipong khunnen", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — This is a photo of a monument in Thailand identified by the ID", "sha256": "bc4b03b08725d496ae9c88d5ebb4ad0e7eb3bcab5ab18c8fa0c937f3e780ed04", "width": 2667, "height": 4000}, {"file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-9-6f1259.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:วัดจุฬามณี อ.อัมพวา จ.สมุทรสงคราม (9).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD.%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%88.%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%289%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51116734", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — This is a photo of a monument in Thailand identified by the ID", "sha256": "93418f0352767b2ff92d606b7ff514566418df89f44491877c6e6446422b3319", "width": 3240, "height": 4320}, {"file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-guardian-of-phra-meru-mas-of-bhumibol-ad-a9f4c3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Guardian of Phra Meru Mas of Bhumibol Adulyadej - Vessavana (right side).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Guardian_of_Phra_Meru_Mas_of_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_-_Vessavana_%28right_side%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64233813", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Xiengyod~commonswiki", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — ประติมากรรมรูปพระเวสสุวัณ จตุโลกบาลประจำทิศเหนือ มองจากด้านขวา ติดตั้งที่ฐานชาลาชั้นที่ 1 ขององค์พระเมรุมาศสำหรับพระราชพ", "sha256": "8f7184224f13d80426505283ef0959e933e6d66d374df0e387c2d0bbcbd333e7", "width": 3600, "height": 4800}, {"file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-guardian-of-phra-meru-mas-of-bhumibol-ad-ba4917.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Guardian of Phra Meru Mas of Bhumibol Adulyadej - Vessavana (left side).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Guardian_of_Phra_Meru_Mas_of_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_-_Vessavana_%28left_side%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64233815", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Xiengyod~commonswiki", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — The image that appears here cannot be photographed from the front of the sculpture. 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img 08.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Four_Heavenly_Kings_in_Wat_Bhoman_Khunaram_Temple_%282025%29_-_img_08.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=171455049", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Kubera in the Hall of Four Heavenly Kings, Wat Bhoman Khunaram, Bangkok", "sha256": "58f52f67d80cce2965e674e9631240017a7bcccfe9273322ad8d574a052f80e6", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-four-heavenly-kings-in-wat-bhoman-khunar-0f765f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Four Heavenly Kings in Wat Bhoman Khunaram Temple (2025) - img 07.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Four_Heavenly_Kings_in_Wat_Bhoman_Khunaram_Temple_%282025%29_-_img_07.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=171455050", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Kubera in the Hall of Four Heavenly Kings, Wat Bhoman Khunaram, Bangkok", "sha256": "21104f662129589359c3efd3399c8adb3b83d1cfc3a62bdc71d583a844616454", "width": 3024, "height": 4032}, {"file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-thao-wessuwan-natbiluu-image-f9ed15.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thao Wessuwan Natbiluu image.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Thao_Wessuwan_Natbiluu_image.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=178835171", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Myanmar Wik", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Thao Wessuwan Image", "sha256": "16d69f1b99b73587dfcbbfba864a8484965342a099f413110e4efa464edeb1dd", "width": 764, "height": 1028}], "text": {"what_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ ราชาแห่งยักษ์ ผู้รักษาทิศเหนือ มือกุมกระบอง — รูปหล่อ จี้ และแผ่นติดประตู เป็นเทพที่บูชาผ่านวัตถุ ถวายเครื่องสักการะและความเคารพ ไม่ใช่ผีที่ต้องเลี้ยงข้าว", "what_en": "The northern guardian-king of the yaksha, club in hand — statue, pendant and gate-plaque. A deva venerated through the object: offerings and respect, not meals.", "story_th": "เป็นหนึ่งในจาตุมหาราช เจ้าแห่งยักษ์และผู้รักษาทิศเหนือ ตามความเชื่อเก่าของไทย แขวนยันต์หรือรูปท้าวเวสสุวรรณไว้ที่เปลเด็กกันภูตผีรบกวน ปัจจุบันตั้งเป็นรูปเคารพหน้าบ้านหน้าร้าน กันคุณไสยและรักษาทรัพย์ กระแสบูชาแรงขึ้นมากหลังรูปองค์ใหญ่ที่วัดจุฬามณี สมุทรสงคราม ราว พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๕", "story_en": "One of the Four Great Kings, lord of the yaksha and guardian of the north. The older Thai use is a yantra or small image hung at a baby's cradle so no spirit troubles the child; the modern one is a figure at the door of a house or shop, keeping ghosts and black magic off the threshold and guarding what is stored inside. The trade form took off around 2022 after the large statue at Wat Chulamani in Samut Songkhram drew crowds, and the same duty now sells at every scale from garden statue to silver pendant. His image is also the emblem of the Thai public prosecutors, which tells you how he is read: an enforcer, not a benefactor.", "keeping_th": "มีเทพสถิตในความหมายของการบูชา ถวายดอกไม้ ธูปเทียน น้ำ ด้วยความเคารพ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยงข้าว วางลงได้ ควรถามประวัติผู้บูชาเดิมบ้าง", "keeping_en": "Someone is home, at the deva tier: owed veneration — flowers, incense, water, respect — not feeding. Can be set down; worth asking who venerated it before you, but not a spirit with a history that bites."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan", "s:en-wiki-vessavana", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan", "note": "cradle yantra, prosecutors' emblem, Wat Chulamani 2022 (en.wiki)"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-vessavana"}, "form.notes_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:amulet-reference"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_loha", "term": "เนื้อโลหะ", "roman": "nuea loha", "en": "metal (unspecified)", "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."}, {"key": "thonglueang", "term": "ทองเหลือง", "roman": "thonglueang", "en": "brass", "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."}, {"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 484, "priced": 484, "median_thb": 93.96, "typical_thb": [29.0, 360.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-wat-suthat-2f5017.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Suthat วัดสุทัศน์ - ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114652402", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ", "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Vaisrvana , Wat Suthat", "sha256": "19837bd47846c428e076bcffb17579f6e7519f5bcd00faf2e51456844d06948b", "width": 1924, "height": 2565, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "tua-pek-kong", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "roman": "Tua Pek Kong", "en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion", "aliases": {"th": ["ต่าวเป๊กกง", "ต้าป๋อกง", "ฮกเต็กเจี่ยสิ้ง", "ปึงเถ่ากง (ญาติใกล้)"], "roman": ["Dabogong", "Toa Pek Kong", "Topekong", "Tepekong", "Fude Zhengshen", "Ông Bổn"], "en": ["Grand Uncle", "God of Prosperity", "Southeast Asian earth god"]}, "other_scripts": {"zh": "大伯公 · 福德正神", "vi": "Ông Bổn · Bổn Đầu Công", "ms": "Tokong Tua Pek Kong"}}, "region": ["my", "sg", "th", "id", "vn", "diaspora"], "axes": {"class": "thep_thewada", "functions": ["kha_khai", "chok_lap", "khum_khrong"], "materials": [], "figures": ["deity"]}, "form": {"type": "medallion", "shape_th": "เหรียญหรือจี้รูปชายชรานั่ง หนวดเครายาวขาว มือหนึ่งถือไม้เท้าหรือลูบเครา อีกมือถือก้อนทอง; รูปหล่อตั้งโต๊ะก็มี", "shape_en": "A medallion or pendant of a seated old man with a long white beard, one hand on a staff or stroking the beard, the other holding a gold ingot or ruyi; small altar figures are the other common form", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "เหรียญห้อยคอ หรือรูปตั้งบูชาที่ร้านและบ้าน", "wearable_en": "Worn as a medallion, or kept as a figure on the shop or house altar", "obverse_th": "รูปตั่วแปะกงนั่ง มักมีอักษร 大伯公 หรือ 福德正神", "obverse_en": "Seated Tua Pek Kong, usually with the characters 大伯公 or 福德正神", "reverse_th": "ชื่อศาลเจ้าและปีที่ออก หรือยันต์", "reverse_en": "Issuing temple and year, or a talisman", "notes_en": "The medallion form follows the pattern of Thai temple medals; specific issues are not documented in the cited sources and are recorded here as tradition."}, "iconography": [{"th": "ชายชรา เครายาวขาว หน้ายิ้ม", "en": "Old man with a long white beard and a smiling face"}, {"th": "ไม้เท้า ก้อนทอง หรือหรูอี้", "en": "Staff, gold ingot or ruyi sceptre"}, {"th": "หมวกและเสื้อคลุมขุนนาง", "en": "Official's hat and robe"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ศาลเจ้าตั่วแปะกงในปีนัง สิงคโปร์ มาเลเซีย อินโดนีเซีย และศาลเจ้าปึงเถ่ากงในไทย", "maker_en": "Tua Pek Kong temples in Penang, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia; in Thailand the related Pun Thao Kong shrines", "era_th": "ศาลเจ้าตันจงโตกง ปีนัง มีมาก่อน พ.ศ. ๒๓๓๕", "era_en": "The Tanjung Tokong temple in Penang was established by 1792, the oldest site", "place_th": "ปีนัง แล้วแพร่ทั่วมาเลเซีย สิงคโปร์ อินโดนีเซีย บางส่วนของไทย", "place_en": "Penang, then West and East Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and parts of Thailand", "first_attested": "Tanjung Tokong, Penang, temple by 1792 (en.wikipedia, Tua Pek Kong)"}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "ชายชราเครายาวขาวนั่ง ถือไม้เท้าและก้อนทอง — แบบเดียวกับตี่จู้เอี๊ยะ", "en": "Seated old man with a long white beard, staff and ingot; the iconography is the earth god Tudigong's, which is why the two are conflated", "source": "s:en-wiki-tudigong", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ชื่อและอักษร: 大伯公 หรือ 福德正神 บนเหรียญ; ในไทยศาลเจ้าใช้ 本頭公 ปึงเถ่ากง ซึ่งเป็นคนละชื่อ", "en": "Read the characters: 大伯公 or 福德正神 marks Tua Pek Kong; Thai shrines mostly carry 本頭公 (ปึงเถ่ากง), a related but distinct name Thai Wikipedia treats separately", "source": "s:th-wiki-pun-thao-kong", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตัวตน: บ้างว่าเป็นจางลี่ ชาวฮากกาที่มาปีนังก่อนฟรานซิส ไลต์ บ้างว่าเป็นฮกในฮกลกซิ่ว", "en": "Identity is contested: a Hakka settler Zhang Li who reached Penang before Francis Light, or Fu of the Fu Lu Shou triad, or a Fujian sailor; a medallion's inscription may pick one", "source": "s:en-wiki-tua-pek-kong", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ในเวียดนามเป็น Ông Bổn ที่หมิ่วหญิเฝ่อ เจอะเลิ้น รูปไม้สูง ๑.๕ ม. ฉลอง ๑๕ ค่ำเดือน ๘", "en": "In Vietnam the same figure is Ông Bổn / Bổn Đầu Công at Miếu Nhị Phủ in Chợ Lớn: a 1.5 m wooden statue, festival on the 15th of the 8th lunar month", "source": "s:vi-wiki-mieu-nhi-phu", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "วันเกิดตี่จู้เอี๊ยะ ๒ ค่ำเดือน ๒ — เหรียญรุ่นมักออกช่วงนี้", "en": "Tudigong's birthday is the 2nd day of the 2nd lunar month; temple issues cluster on the festival, which the trade holds", "source": "s:en-wiki-tudigong", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ลาซาด้าไทยไม่มีชื่อนี้เลย ไม่ว่าสะกดแบบใด", "en": "No Lazada Thailand title carries the name in any spelling as of 2026-09-02; the medallions move through temples and Penang and Singapore shops, not Thai online retail", "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "rup-lersi", "tell_th": "ฤๅษีเป็นนักบวชหนังเสือ ผมมวย ตั่วแปะกงเป็นขุนนางจีนใส่หมวก", "tell_en": "Both are bearded old men. The lersi wears a tiger skin and a hair knot and is a hermit; Tua Pek Kong wears a Chinese official's hat and robe and holds an ingot."}, {"id": "chuchok", "tell_th": "ชูชกเป็นพราหมณ์ขอทานถือไม้เท้า ผอม ตั่วแปะกงอ้วนยิ้ม ถือทอง", "tell_en": "Chuchok is a gaunt beggar-brahmin with a staff and a begging bag; Tua Pek Kong is plump, smiling and holding gold. Same staff, opposite man."}, {"id": "phra-siwali", "tell_th": "พระสีวลีเป็นพระภิกษุถือกลดและบาตร", "tell_en": "Phra Siwali is a monk with an umbrella and bowl, no beard; Tua Pek Kong is a layman with a beard and a hat."}, {"id": "rian-kechi", "tell_th": "เหรียญเกจิเป็นพระสงฆ์ไทยโกนหัว", "tell_en": "A Thai monk medallion shows a shaven-headed bhikkhu; here the head has hair and a hat and the face a beard."}], "market": {"search": [], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Tua Pek Kong"], "commons_files": ["File:Tekka Centre, Tua Pek Kong shrine.jpg", "File:Tua Pek Kong Shrine in Singapore.jpg", "File:Tanjong Tokong Tua Pek Kong Temple.jpg", "File:Altaar van Thoa Peh Hong, god van de aarde, in een Chinese tempel te Ambon, KITLV 7560.tiff", "File:Pun Tao Kong Shrine, Soi Sala Daeng 2, behind Silom Complex ศาลเจ้าปึงเถ่ากง ซอยศาลาแดง 2 (2026 Jul) - IMG 01.jpg", "File:Pun Tao Kong shrine, Phasi Charoen 06.23.jpg"], "wanted_en": "A medallion obverse and reverse from a Penang or Singapore temple issue, and one altar figure close enough to read the ingot and the characters; the Commons files are shrines, not the worn object. The two Bangkok files show the Thai Pun Thao Kong shrines, the related cult."}, "text": {"what_th": "เทพผู้คุ้มครองของชาวจีนโพ้นทะเลในปีนัง สิงคโปร์ มาเลเซีย อินโดนีเซีย และบางส่วนของไทย รูปชายชราเครายาวถือไม้เท้าและก้อนทอง ทำเป็นเหรียญห้อยคอและรูปตั้งบูชา ให้ค้าขายรุ่งเรืองและปลอดภัย เป็นเทพที่บูชาผ่านวัตถุ ไม่ใช่ผี ในไทยญาติใกล้คือปึงเถ่ากง", "what_en": "The tutelary god of Southeast Asian Chinese communities, 'Grand Uncle': an old bearded man with staff and ingot, worn as a temple medallion or kept as an altar figure for trade and safety. A deva-tier resident venerated through the object, in the vault's sense, not a raised spirit. Thailand's Pun Thao Kong (本頭公) is the near relative.", "story_th": "ศาลเจ้าเก่าสุดที่ตันจงโตกง ปีนัง มีก่อน พ.ศ. ๒๓๓๕ บ้างว่าท่านคือจางลี่ ชาวฮากกาที่มาถึงก่อนฟรานซิส ไลต์ บ้างว่าคือฮกในฮกลกซิ่ว หรือกะลาสีฮกเกี้ยนที่สละชีวิตช่วยเพื่อน ลัทธิผูกกับสมาคมพี่น้องร่วมสาบาน แพร่ไปซาราวัก (๗๖ ศาล) สิงคโปร์ บาตัม และเวียดนามในชื่อ Ông Bổn", "story_en": "The oldest temple, at Tanjung Tokong in Penang, was there by 1792. Who he was is argued: Zhang Li, a Hakka who reached Penang before Francis Light; Fu of the Fu Lu Shou triad; a Fujian sailor who gave his life for a companion. The cult grew with sworn-brotherhood societies and followed the diaspora to Sarawak, where Kuching and Sibu have landmark temples, to Singapore's Kusu Island and Pulau Ubin, to Batam, and to Chợ Lớn as Ông Bổn. Because his image is Tudigong's, the two are routinely merged, and in Penang the Nine Emperor rites include him.", "keeping_th": "เทพที่บูชาผ่านวัตถุ ถวายธูป ผลไม้ น้ำชา ตามวาระ ไม่ใช่ผีที่ต้องเลี้ยง", "keeping_en": "Veneration, not feeding: incense, fruit and tea on the altar at the festivals and when asking, as for any deva-tier object in the vault. A worn medallion needs nothing beyond respect. Provenance sensitivity is medium, the class's own figure, and mostly a question of which temple issued it."}, "sources": ["s:en-wiki-tua-pek-kong", "s:en-wiki-tudigong", "s:th-wiki-pun-thao-kong", "s:vi-wiki-mieu-nhi-phu", "s:en-wiki-chinese-folk-religion-sea", "s:catalog-db", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-tua-pek-kong"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "thep_thewada: a deity venerated through the object"}, "names.th": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "Teochew reading ตั่วแปะกง as Thai speakers say it; ปึงเถ่ากง is the Thai shrine name for the related 本頭公"}, "form": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition", "note": "medallion form inferred from temple-medal practice; no issue documented in the sources"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:catalog-db", "note": "0 titles in any spelling as of 2026-09-02"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "tua-pek-kong/tua-pek-kong-tekka-centre-tua-pek-kong-shrine-a14678.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Tekka Centre, Tua Pek Kong shrine.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Tekka_Centre%2C_Tua_Pek_Kong_shrine.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=173229946", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Kbseah", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "alt_en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion — Shrine to Tua Pek Kong in Tekka Centre food centre", "sha256": "382b52b4e13884370d043c23d3a7360585e4f8462805e90627a8167de6087f3b", "width": 3000, "height": 4000, "primary": true}, {"file": "tua-pek-kong/tua-pek-kong-khoo-kongsi-penang-dec-2006-014-f51503.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Khoo Kongsi Penang Dec 2006 014.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Khoo_Kongsi_Penang_Dec_2006_014.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1566009", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Gryffindor", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "alt_en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion — Image of an altar at the Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi (also known as Khoo Kongsi Temple) in George Town, Penang.", "sha256": "1ec76f06196ff282bd6a161b561aa47de71d193c1b23955f751354f1b65c0118", "width": 1200, "height": 1600}, {"file": "tua-pek-kong/tua-pek-kong-collectie-tropenmuseum-chinese-tempel-me-4f1934.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Chinese tempel met offerende vrouw te Cheribon West-Java TMnr 10001278.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Chinese_tempel_met_offerende_vrouw_te_Cheribon_West-Java_TMnr_10001278.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8605000", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "Wereldmuseum Amsterdam", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "alt_en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion — Repronegatief. 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(สามารถใช้ภาพได้อิสระ แต่กรุณาใส่เครดิตผู้ถ่ายและอาจส่งข้อความบอกกล่าวด้วย) \n\n\n\nPlease do not upload an updated image here without consultation with the Author. The author would like to make corrections only at his own source. This ensures that the changes are preserved.Please if you think that any changes should be required, please inform the author.Otherwise you can upload a new image with a new name. Please use one of the templates derivative or extract.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "alt_en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion — Pun Tao Kong shrine is located in Phasi Charoen district, owned by Bang Khae Friendship Foundation.", "sha256": "5db3bcdc731b87b7445c95e427f3b737e1c5a5ca8a34d0b67f0c4c52bfc39fb3", "width": 6305, "height": 4204}, {"file": "tua-pek-kong/tua-pek-kong-jpg-b8c354.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:檳城大伯公廟瓦當.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/%E6%AA%B3%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%BB%9F%E7%93%A6%E7%95%B6.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=137700125", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "氏子", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "alt_en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion — Hakka people refer to the Earth God as \"Da Bo Gong\", the local protector deity who presides over land, waterways, and fa", "sha256": "64387836565b24a000a1e03445020eafad5f806d968ec2afbb645efaef668f26", "width": 3424, "height": 3424}, {"file": "tua-pek-kong/tua-pek-kong-tua-pek-kong-shrine-in-singapore-7c1c01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Tua Pek Kong Shrine in Singapore.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Tua_Pek_Kong_Shrine_in_Singapore.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145718562", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "ScribblingGeek", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "alt_en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion — Tua Pek Kong Shrine in Singapore", "sha256": "54fe410ee227ab0b0524650cd7ffd01d32e17e7ec104a96fa996a175c74cb9d7", "width": 2083, "height": 2322}, {"file": "tua-pek-kong/tua-pek-kong-pun-tao-kong-shrine-soi-sala-daeng-2-beh-b268eb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pun Tao Kong Shrine, Soi Sala Daeng 2, behind Silom Complex ศาลเจ้าปึงเถ่ากง ซอยศาลาแดง 2 (2026 Jul) - IMG 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Pun_Tao_Kong_Shrine%2C_Soi_Sala_Daeng_2%2C_behind_Silom_Complex_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87_2_%282026_Jul%29_-_IMG_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=195934890", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "alt_en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion — Pun Tao Kong Shrine in Soi Sala Daeng 2, behind Silom Complex", "sha256": "c57ff5238389f387bb13b4d87076e870541ca3cc345bb724bb223deb1b3fe0ac", "width": 4284, "height": 5712}], "class_facts": {"key": "thep_thewada", "term": "เทพ / เทวดา", "roman": "thep / thewada", "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident", "resident": "deva", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "kha_khai", "term": "ค้าขาย", "roman": "kha khai", "en": "trade, selling", "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}, {"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "my", "th": "มาเลเซีย", "en": "Malaysia"}, {"key": "sg", "th": "สิงคโปร์", "en": "Singapore"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "id", "th": "อินโดนีเซีย", "en": "Indonesia"}, {"key": "vn", "th": "เวียดนาม", "en": "Vietnam"}, {"key": "diaspora", "th": "ชุมชนไทยโพ้นทะเล", "en": "Overseas Thai / Chinese-Thai collector communities"}], "market_stats": null, "primary_image": {"file": "tua-pek-kong/tua-pek-kong-tekka-centre-tua-pek-kong-shrine-a14678.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Tekka Centre, Tua Pek Kong shrine.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Tekka_Centre%2C_Tua_Pek_Kong_shrine.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=173229946", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Kbseah", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ตั่วแปะกง", "alt_en": "Tua Pek Kong medallion — Shrine to Tua Pek Kong in Tekka Centre food centre", "sha256": "382b52b4e13884370d043c23d3a7360585e4f8462805e90627a8167de6087f3b", "width": 3000, "height": 4000, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "id": "waan", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ว่าน", "roman": "waan", "en": "Waan (sacred tuber)", "aliases": {"th": ["ว่านมงคล", "ว่านยา", "เนื้อว่าน"], "roman": ["wan", "wahn", "nuea waan"], "en": ["power plant", "sacred herb", "magical tuber"]}}, "region": ["th", "th-north"], "axes": {"class": "khong_thammachat", "functions": ["metta_maha_niyom", "maha_saneh", "chok_lap"], "materials": ["nuea_waan"], "figures": ["natural", "pot"]}, "form": {"type": "plant", "shape_th": "หัวว่านหรือเหง้า — ปลูกในกระถาง ตากแห้งทั้งหัว แกะเป็นรูป หรือบดเป็นผงใส่ของอื่น", "shape_en": "A rhizome or tuber: potted and growing, dried whole, carved into a figure, or ground to powder for the filling of other charms", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ห้อยได้เมื่อแห้งหรือแกะแล้ว ต้นสดตั้งไว้ที่บ้าน", "wearable_en": "Worn only once dried or carved; the living plant stays home in its pot", "notes_en": "The one kind in this register that may still be alive. A carved ว่านนางกวัก is a Nang Kwak by form and waan by material; the material is what this record describes."}, "iconography": [{"th": "หัวว่านทั้งหัว ไม่มีรูป", "en": "the whole tuber, unfigured"}, {"th": "แกะเป็นนางกวักหรือรูปอื่นเมื่อตำราสั่ง", "en": "carved into Nang Kwak or another figure when a treatise calls for it"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "", "maker_en": "", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี ใช้ว่านเป็นของประกอบตลอดเล่ม", "era_en": "Undated; the treatise assumes ว่าน as a stock ingredient throughout", "place_th": "ทั่วไป โดยเฉพาะภาคเหนือ", "place_en": "Thailand generally; the material axis notes northern practice is particularly rich", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นพืช — หัว เหง้า หรือต้นสด ไม่ใช่ผงอัดพิมพ์", "en": "It is a plant part: a tuber, rhizome or living stem, never a pressed tablet", "source": "s:holding-key", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "เนื้อว่านแก่ด้วยการแห้งและหด ไม่ใช่สนิมหรือคราบ", "en": "Ages by drying and shrinking, not by patina or crust — the material axis's dating signal for เนื้อว่าน", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตำราเรียกว่านตามหน้าที่: ว่านนางกวักแกะเป็นนางกวัก ว่านเพชรน้อย ว่านเพชรใหญ่ ว่านเพชรสังฆาต บดทำหนุมานและลูกอม", "en": "The treatise names species by job: ว่านนางกวัก carved into Nang Kwak; ว่านเพชรน้อย, ว่านเพชรใหญ่ and ว่านเพชรสังฆาต ground into Hanuman figures and invulnerability pellets", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ชื่อว่านบอกงาน — ว่านดอกทอง ว่านนางกวัก — และในตลาดคำว่า ว่าน ชนกับ กว่าน", "en": "The species name states the job (ว่านดอกทอง for attraction, ว่านนางกวัก for trade); in listings the bare term collides with กว่าน 'than', which the search excludes", "source": "s:vault-materials", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ต้นสดในกระถางกับหัวแห้งเป็นของชนิดเดียวกันคนละช่วงชีวิต ตลาดขายทั้งสอง", "en": "A potted living plant and a dried tuber are the same kind at two moments; the trade sells both", "source": "s:amulet-reference", "tier": "tradition"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "si-phueng", "tell_th": "ว่านเป็นพืช · สีผึ้งเป็นขี้ผึ้งหุงในตลับที่อาจใส่ว่าน", "tell_en": "Waan is a plant; charm wax is a cooked salve in a tin that may contain waan as an ingredient. One is alive, one is finished."}, {"id": "khot-kala", "tell_th": "คดกะลาเป็นก้อนหินที่พบ · ว่านงอกได้", "tell_en": "Both are natural class; a khot is a stone-hard nodule found and kept as is, a waan grows and can be planted."}], "market": {"search": ["ว่าน"], "excludes": ["กว่าน"], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": ["File:ว่านมหาลาภ.jpg"], "wanted_en": "No free Commons file found on 2026-09-02 for ว่าน as a charm (Commons searches return botanical species pages only). Wanted: a potted ว่านนางกวัก or ว่านดอกทอง beside a dried tuber, and one carved piece."}, "images": [{"file": "waan/waan-jpg-dc92ca.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ว่านมหาลาภ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=196501927", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "เจษฎา33304", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ว่าน", "alt_en": "Waan (sacred tuber) — ว่านมหาลาภนิยมปลูกเป็นไม้มงคลเพื่อเรียกทรัพย์", "sha256": "7d7cfa7dd092724ef0055f0165927313eae9e5d51dacfe495a1460fb7b78c0ee", "width": 3120, "height": 4160, "primary": true}], "text": {"what_th": "ว่านคือพืชมีฤทธิ์ — หัวหรือเหง้าที่ปลูก ตากแห้ง แกะ หรือใส่กระถาง คุณอยู่ที่ชนิดและการเลี้ยง เป็นชนิดเดียวในหน้านี้ที่ยังมีชีวิตได้ บางคนรดน้ำให้", "what_en": "A plant of power — a rhizome or tuber grown, dried, carved or potted, its virtue in the species and the keeping. The one kind on this page that can still be alive; some keepers water theirs.", "story_th": "ตำราไม่มีสูตรว่านของตัวเอง เพราะว่านอยู่ในสูตรของคนอื่นทั้งเล่ม ให้แกะว่านนางกวักเป็นนางกวักใส่ถุงเงิน บดว่านเพชรน้อย ว่านเพชรใหญ่ ว่านเพชรสังฆาต กับแม่เหล็กและหินแลงปั้นลูกอมคงกระพัน หรือผสมใบไม้เผาปั้นหนุมาน คาถาปลุกเสือเรียก หัวว่านเปราะ ไพล ตะไคร้ ตามชื่อ ในตลาดขายทั้งต้นในกระถางและเป็นมวลสารในสีผึ้ง น้ำมัน และล็อกเก็ตกุมาร", "story_en": "The treatise never gives waan a recipe of its own because it is in everyone else's: ว่านนางกวัก is carved into a Nang Kwak and put in a money bag; ว่านเพชรน้อย, ว่านเพชรใหญ่ and ว่านเพชรสังฆาต are ground with lodestone and laterite into an invulnerability pellet, or with burnt sacred leaves into a Hanuman; the tiger-waking katha calls on the tubers proh, phlai and lemongrass by name. The market sells it two ways — a living plant in a pot, and a named ingredient inside love-wax, oils and kuman lockets. Some keepers water theirs.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเซ่น แต่ต้นสดต้องรดน้ำ", "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed in the spirit sense; a living one needs water and light like any plant, which is the closest this class comes to upkeep. Safe to adopt with unknown history."}, "sources": ["s:holding-key", "s:vault-classes", "s:vault-materials", "s:vault-functions", "s:ms6983", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "text.what_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:holding-key"}, "text.story_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 2422, 2634, 2775, 2846, 3994; market forms: s:amulet-reference"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:amulet-reference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "khong_thammachat", "term": "เครื่องรางธรรมชาติ", "roman": "khrueang rang thammachat", "en_gloss": "natural talisman", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Power inherent in a rare natural object rather than conferred by rite: เหล็กไหล (leklai, a living metal), กะลาตาเดียว (a one-eyed coconut), certain woods, stones and animal parts. Impersonal but NOT consecration-based — a third thing, neither Buddha-amulet nor spirit-vessel.", "confidence": "medium"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "maha_saneh", "term": "มหาเสน่ห์", "roman": "maha saneh", "en": "powerful attraction, allure", "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."}, {"key": "chok_lap", "term": "โชคลาภ", "roman": "chok lap", "en": "luck and windfall", "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_waan", "term": "เนื้อว่าน", "roman": "nuea waan", "en": "sacred-herb paste", "definition": "Paste of ว่าน — the sacred tubers and herbs gathered under prescribed conditions. Northern practice is particularly rich here. Ages by drying and shrinking rather than by patina. The manuscripts carry ว่าน heavily — คาถาเสกว่าน, formulae for consecrating the herb — so this term joins the two corpora directly, once the กว่าน collision is excluded."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}, {"key": "th-north", "th": "ล้านนา · ภาคเหนือ", "en": "Lanna / Northern Thailand"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 339, "priced": 339, "median_thb": 149.0, "typical_thb": [59.0, 400.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": {"file": "waan/waan-jpg-dc92ca.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ว่านมหาลาภ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=196501927", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "author": "เจษฎา33304", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ว่าน", "alt_en": "Waan (sacred tuber) — ว่านมหาลาภนิยมปลูกเป็นไม้มงคลเพื่อเรียกทรัพย์", "sha256": "7d7cfa7dd092724ef0055f0165927313eae9e5d51dacfe495a1460fb7b78c0ee", "width": 3120, "height": 4160, "primary": true}}
{"schema": 1, "level": "kind", "parent": null, "id": "waen-phirot", "names": {"th": "แหวนพิรอด", "roman": "waen phirot", "en": "Phirot ring (plaited yantra ring)", "aliases": {"th": ["พิรอด", "แหวนหัวพิรอด", "พิรอดนิ้ว", "พิรอดแขน"], "roman": ["waen pirod", "pirod ring", "phirot"], "en": ["woven yantra ring", "pirod armband"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khong_kraphan", "khlaeo_khlat", "chang_ngang", "metta_maha_niyom"], "materials": [], "figures": ["object"]}, "form": {"type": "ring", "shape_th": "แหวนถักจากแถบกระดาษหนัง ผ้า หรือด้ายที่ลงยันต์แล้ว ขมวดเป็นหัวพิรอด ยอด ๓ ๕ หรือ ๙ ทารักปิดทอง มีทั้งขนาดนิ้วและขนาดต้นแขน", "shape_en": "A ring plaited from a strip of inscribed parchment-paper, cloth or thread, the ends worked into the raised 'phirot' knot that names it, lacquered and sometimes gilded. Finger size (phirot niu) or upper-arm size (phirot khaen). The treatise's grass version is plaited from phraek grass.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "สวมนิ้ว หรือรัดต้นแขน", "wearable_en": "Worn on the finger, or as an armband on the upper arm — the treatise assigns fingers by errand: thumb to visit one's own teacher, ring finger to visit lords.", "obverse_th": "หัวพิรอด — ปมถักนูน", "obverse_en": "The phirot head: a raised plaited knot with 3, 5 or 9 peaks", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "Materials the treatise names: phraek grass (แหวน แบบที่ ๒), parchment-paper inscribed in Khom (แบบที่ ๓, ๔), plain paper (แบบที่ ๖, ๗, ๘). The recipe headed แบบที่ ๑ on printed p.87 is actually a kuman-raising text; the heading is misplaced in the transcription."}, "iconography": [{"th": "หัวพิรอด ปมถักยอด ๓ ๕ ๙", "en": "the phirot knot, 3/5/9-peaked"}, {"th": "ยันต์แถบยาวปลายหัวลูกศร อักขระขอม", "en": "a long band yantra with arrow-headed ends and Khom letters inside the plait (treatise diagrams)"}, {"th": "ยันต์แก้ว ๓ ประการ / ยันต์แปดทิศ", "en": "the Three Jewels yantra (แบบที่ ๔) or an eight-petal eight-direction yantra (แบบที่ ๘)"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "วัดประดู่โรงธรรม (วัดประดู่ทรงธรรม) อยุธยา", "wat_en": "Wat Pradu Rong Tham / Pradu Songtham, Ayutthaya — named by both the treatise and th.wikipedia", "maker_th": "พระอุปัชฌาย์ม่วง (หลวงพ่อม่วง) วัดประดู่โรงธรรม", "maker_en": "Preceptor Muang of Wat Pradu Rong Tham, the maker both sources name; the ring itself is older than any one maker", "era_th": "รัตนโกสินทร์ตอนต้น–ร.๕ (ตามวิกิพีเดีย)", "era_en": "th.wikipedia says King Rama V praised Luang Pho Muang's rings in his own writing; the treatise is undated", "place_th": "ภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thailand", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นแหวนถัก ไม่ใช่โลหะหล่อ — ถ้าเป็นโลหะล้วนไม่ใช่พิรอด", "en": "It is plaited, not cast: a solid-metal ring with a yantra is a different object", "source": "s:th-wiki-phirot", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "มีหัวพิรอด ปมนูนยอด ๓ ๕ หรือ ๙", "en": "Look for the raised phirot knot with 3, 5 or 9 peaks", "source": "s:th-wiki-phirot", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ผิวรักดำ บางวงปิดทอง ใต้รักเห็นเส้นถัก", "en": "Black lacquer skin, sometimes gilded; the plait shows through under a loupe", "source": "s:th-wiki-phirot", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "วิกิพีเดียว่าของหลวงพ่อม่วงถูกทดสอบด้วยไฟถ่าน วงที่ไม่ไหม้จึงใช้ — คำเล่า ไม่ใช่วิธีพิสูจน์ของแท้", "en": "th.wikipedia records that the Wat Pradu rings were put in a charcoal fire and only the unburnt ones kept. A story about the making, not a test a buyer can run", "source": "s:th-wiki-phirot", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดม้วนเป็นหลอด พิรอดถักเป็นวงสวม", "tell_en": "A takrut is the same inscribed strip rolled into a tube and hung; a phirot is the strip plaited into a ring you wear. Same class."}, {"id": "sai-sin", "tell_th": "สายสิญจน์เป็นด้ายดิบผูกข้อมือ ไม่ลงยันต์ ไม่ทารัก", "tell_en": "Sai sin is bare white thread tied at the wrist after chanting, no yantra, no lacquer; a phirot is plaited, lacquered and inscribed."}, {"id": "luk-sakot", "tell_th": "ลูกสะกดเป็นเม็ดตะกั่วร้อยเชือก ไม่ใช่วงถัก", "tell_en": "Luk sakot are small lead beads on a cord; a phirot is a single plaited ring."}], "market": {"search": ["แหวนพิรอด", "พิรอด"], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph found on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches: phirot ring, แหวนพิรอด, woven ring amulet). Needed: a finger ring showing the knot head, an arm-size phirot on a boxer or soldier, and a detail of the plait under the lacquer."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "แหวนที่ถักจากแถบกระดาษ ผ้า หรือด้ายซึ่งลงยันต์และเสกแล้ว ขมวดปลายเป็นหัวพิรอด สวมนิ้วหรือรัดแขน เชื่อกันว่าอยู่คงแคล้วคลาด ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง", "what_en": "A ring plaited from an inscribed, consecrated strip of paper, cloth or thread, its ends worked into the phirot knot, worn on a finger or the upper arm for invulnerability and evasion. Power in the inscription and the rite; nobody home.", "story_th": "ตำราให้หลายวิธี: เอาหญ้าแพรกถักเป็นแหวนหัวพิรอดแล้วเสก ๗ คาบ คงแก่อาวุธ; หรือลงยันต์บนกระดาษหนังแล้วถักเป็นแหวน เสกในตัว ๑๐๘ คาบ ใส่มือกันธนูหน้าไม้ปืนไฟ; ยันต์แบบที่ ๓ ให้ทำวันดี วันจันทรคราสยิ่งดี เสก ๑๘ ที เป็นจังงังแก่เขี้ยวงา ถ้าขุนนางโกรธให้สวมแหวนภาวนาไตรสรณคมน์ วิกิพีเดียเล่าว่าหลวงพ่อม่วง วัดประดู่โรงธรรม ถักแล้วโยนลงไฟถ่าน วงที่ไม่ไหม้จึงปิดทองแจก", "story_en": "The treatise gives several recipes. Plait phraek grass into a phirot-headed ring and consecrate it seven times against all weapons; or inscribe a Khom katha on parchment-paper, plait it into the ring, empower it on your own body 108 times and wear it against bows, crossbows and firearms. One band-yantra version is to be made on an auspicious day, best a lunar eclipse, chanted eighteen times so that fangs and tusks are struck still; if a lord is angry, put the ring on and recite the Triple Refuge until it passes. The treatise names the same maker th.wikipedia does — Preceptor Muang of Wat Pradu Rong Tham — and Wikipedia adds the test: finished rings went into a charcoal fire, and only those that did not burn were gilded and given out.", "keeping_th": "ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ไม่มีผู้อยู่ เก็บอย่างของมงคล ถอดเมื่อจะทำสิ่งไม่งาม", "keeping_en": "Nothing to feed and nobody to answer to: a consecrated object, kept with ordinary respect. Same keeping as a takrut."}, "sources": ["s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-phirot", "s:vault-classes"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 3343–3440 (printed pp. 88–91, ตำราสร้างแหวน แบบที่ ๒–๘)"}, "fields": {"axes": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phirot", "note": "knot peaks, lacquer, finger/arm sizes from th.wiki; materials from the treatise"}, "origin": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-phirot", "note": "maker also at ms6983 line 3394; wat_slug not in wats-detail.json"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference", "note": "romanisations seen in trade"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "terms not in holding_key; counts to be read at build"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}}}, "confidence": "high", "needs_verification": false, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khong_kraphan", "term": "คงกระพัน", "roman": "khong kraphan", "en": "invulnerability to blades", "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."}, {"key": "khlaeo_khlat", "term": "แคล้วคลาด", "roman": "khlaeo khlat", "en": "evasion, narrow escape", "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."}, {"key": "chang_ngang", "term": "จังงัง", "roman": "chang-ngang", "en": "stupefaction, being frozen", "definition": "The target is rooted, dumbstruck, unable to act."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}], "material_terms": [], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 62, "priced": 62, "median_thb": 289.0, "typical_thb": [64.94, 799.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "wua-thanu", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "วัวธนู", "roman": "wua thanu", "en": "Wua thanu (guardian bull)", "aliases": {"th": ["ควายธนู", "วัธนู"], "roman": ["wua tanu", "khwai thanu", "kwai tanoo"], "en": ["bow-bull", "buffalo talisman", "guardian buffalo"]}}, "region": ["th-central", "th"], "axes": {"class": "hun_phayon", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "kan_phi"], "materials": ["nuea_din"], "figures": ["animal"]}, "form": {"type": "figure", "shape_th": "รูปวัวหรือควาย สานจากตอกไม้ไผ่ที่ขึ้นคร่อมทาง หรือปั้นจากดินหรือขี้ผึ้ง ของตลาดหล่อโลหะ", "shape_en": "A bull or buffalo, woven from strips of bamboo that grew arching over a path (method 1) or moulded from clay or beeswax (method 2). Modern pieces are cast metal, sometimes with coffin-nail iron in the mix per Thai Wikipedia.", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "ไม่ห้อยคอ ตั้งในโรงเล็ก ของตลาดมีแบบพกได้", "wearable_en": "Not worn in the treatise; housed in a small shed. The market sells pocket versions.", "obverse_th": "ตัววัวทั้งตัว เขาแหลม", "obverse_en": "The whole animal, horns pointed", "reverse_th": "", "reverse_en": "", "notes_en": "The vault class vocabulary lists only หุ่นพยนต์ and พยนต์ as members; the bull is placed in hun_phayon by inference from its making — animated by katha, housed, told its job, fed — and awaits a knower's ruling."}, "iconography": [{"th": "วัวเขาแหลมคือหอก", "en": "a bull whose horns the katha calls spears"}, {"th": "ควายธนู: อิศวรเป็นตาซ้าย อาทิตย์ตาขวา นารายณ์เป็นเขา อินทร์เป็นหาง จตุโลกบาลเป็นสี่เท้า ฝูงผีเป็นไส้พุง", "en": "the buffalo variant assembles gods into its parts — Ishvara the left eye, the Sun the right, Narayana the horns, Indra the tail, the four world-guardians its feet, the host of ghosts its guts"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง)", "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983", "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี", "era_en": "Undated treatise; Thai Wikipedia ties the buffalo form to rice-farming animism without a date", "place_th": "ประเพณีภาคกลาง", "place_en": "Central Thai tradition", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "เป็นรูปวัวหรือควายทั้งตัว ไม่ใช่เขาสัตว์เปล่า", "en": "A whole bull or buffalo figure, never a bare horn — a horn alone is a natural talisman", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ตอกไม้ไผ่สาน ดิน หรือขี้ผึ้ง ตามตำรา ของใหม่หล่อโลหะ", "en": "Woven bamboo strip, clay or beeswax in the treatise; cast metal on the modern shelf", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "มีโรงหรือที่อยู่ มีหญ้าน้ำวางไว้ — ของที่เลี้ยงคือวัวธนู", "en": "A kept piece has a shed or place of its own with grass and water set out; that upkeep is the class tell", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}, {"th": "ทำวัวหรือควายอย่างเดียว ไม่ทำคู่", "en": "The treatise says choose bull or buffalo, not both; a pair is a market idea", "source": "s:ms6983", "tier": "catalogue"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "hun-phayon", "tell_th": "หุ่นพยนต์เป็นรูปคนถืออาวุธ วัวธนูเป็นรูปสัตว์ ปลุกและเลี้ยงเหมือนกัน", "tell_en": "A hun phayon is a man with a weapon, a wua thanu a bull; both are woken by katha, housed and fed, so the class is shared and only the figure differs."}, {"id": "phaya-tao-ruean", "tell_th": "เต่าเรือนเป็นวัตถุมงคลรูปสัตว์ ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง วัวธนูต้องเลี้ยงหญ้าน้ำ", "tell_en": "The house-turtle is a blessed animal amulet with nobody home; the bull is fed grass and water. Same shelf, different keeping."}, {"id": "kuman-thong", "tell_th": "กุมารทองเป็นเด็ก เลี้ยงอย่างลูก วัวธนูเป็นสัตว์เฝ้าบ้าน เลี้ยงอย่างสัตว์", "tell_en": "A kuman is a child-spirit raised as family; the bull is a guard animal fed as an animal. Neither is a phra khrueang."}], "market": {"search": ["วัวธนู", "ควายธนู"], "excludes": [], "tier": "retail"}, "media": {"commons_categories": [], "commons_files": [], "wanted_en": "No free photograph on Wikimedia Commons as of 2026-09-02 (searches on วัวธนู, wua thanu, khwai thanu returned nothing). Needed: a woven-bamboo bull whole, a cast pocket piece, and one in its shed with grass and water."}, "images": [], "text": {"what_th": "รูปวัวหรือควายที่สาน ปั้น หรือหล่อ แล้วปลุกด้วยคาถาให้เฝ้าบ้าน ตำราให้ทำโรงให้อยู่ บอกความประสงค์ และเลี้ยงด้วยหญ้าและน้ำอย่างสัตว์เป็น ผู้ร้ายเข้ามาให้ชน", "what_en": "A bull or buffalo figure — woven, moulded or cast — woken by katha to guard the house. The treatise gives it a shed, tells it what is wanted, and feeds it grass and water like a living beast; intruders are to be gored.", "story_th": "แบบที่ ๑ ตัดไม้ไผ่ที่ขึ้นคร่อมทางให้ขาดในทีเดียวพร้อมว่า นะโมตัสสะ จักเป็นตอกสานเป็นวัว บริกรรม โอม โคโน โคโน จนเสร็จ เสกอีก ๗ ที ทำโรงให้ สั่งว่าถ้าผู้ร้ายเข้ามาจงชนให้ตาย เซ่นเหล้าขาว แบบที่ ๒ ปั้นดินหรือขี้ผึ้งเป็นวัว เสกด้วยคาถา เขากูแหลมคือหอก ทำที่ให้อยู่ หาหญ้าน้ำเลี้ยงด้วยคาถาเลี้ยง บอกความประสงค์ กันโจรภัยสารพัด ควายธนูทำอย่างเดียวกัน แต่เลือกทำอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง", "story_en": "Method 1 cuts, in a single stroke and with the namo tassa, a bamboo that grew arching over a path, splits it and weaves a bull while reciting 'om ko-no ko-no' to the end, consecrates it seven more times, builds it a shed, instructs it to gore any wrongdoer to death, and offers white liquor. Method 2 moulds clay or beeswax into a bull and consecrates it with a katha in which the bull's horns are spears and its gaze spans a hundred thousand leagues, then gives it a place, grass and water under its own feeding-katha, and tells it what is wanted — against every kind of theft. The buffalo is made the same way with gods assembled into its body; the treatise says make one or the other, not both.", "keeping_th": "มีสิ่งที่ถูกปลุกอยู่ ต้องมีที่อยู่ หญ้า น้ำ และคำสั่ง วิกิพีเดียไทยว่าบางถิ่นเชื่อว่าละเลยแล้ววัวจะกลับมาทำร้ายเจ้าของ", "keeping_en": "Something animated is home. It owes a place, grass, water and instructions; Thai Wikipedia records a regional belief that a neglected buffalo turns on its keeper. Class placement is this record's inference — see form.notes_en — and worth asking who kept it before you."}, "sources": ["s:vault-classes", "s:ms6983", "s:th-wiki-khwai-thanu", "s:amulet-reference", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "bilingual.md lines 2993–3033 (printed pp. 76–77): วัวธนู แบบที่ ๑ / ๒, ควายธนู"}, "fields": {"axes.class": {"tier": "inference", "source": "s:vault-classes", "note": "not a listed member of any class; placed with hun_phayon by upkeep (animated, housed, fed)"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "form.shape_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:ms6983", "note": "cast-metal and coffin-nail detail: s:th-wiki-khwai-thanu"}, "form.wearable_en": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "names.aliases": {"tier": "inference"}, "market": {"tier": "inference", "note": "search terms are this record's, not holding_key's"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "class_facts": {"key": "hun_phayon", "term": "หุ่นพยนต์", "roman": "hun phayon", "en_gloss": "animated effigy / servant-golem", "resident": "animated", "upkeep": "veneration", "provenance_sensitivity": "medium", "definition": "An effigy — figure, cloth, or metal — ANIMATED by yantra and spell to act as a servant or guardian. The occupant is a compelled animation rather than a named ghost or venerated deva, which is what makes it its own class. Ms 6983 gives the recipe outright: ตำราสร้างหุ่นพยนต์ แบบที่ ๑ / ๒, beside the ritual knife (มีดหมอ) used to make it. The courtroom Hanuman — held in the mouth, given commands — is one of these.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "nuea_din", "term": "เนื้อดิน", "roman": "nuea din", "en": "clay body", "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-central", "th": "ภาคกลาง", "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"}, {"key": "th", "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย", "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 1, "priced": 1, "median_thb": 79.0, "typical_thb": [79.0, 79.0], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"}, "primary_image": null}
{"schema": 1, "id": "yan-lanna", "level": "kind", "parent": null, "names": {"th": "ยันต์ล้านนา", "roman": "yan lanna", "en": "Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script)", "aliases": {"th": ["ผ้ายันต์ล้านนา", "ยันต์ตัวเมือง", "ยันต์เทียน", "ยันต์อักษรธรรม"], "roman": ["yant lanna", "yan tua mueang", "yan thian"], "en": ["Northern Thai yantra", "Tua Mueang yantra", "Lanna yant cloth"]}}, "region": ["th-north"], "axes": {"class": "yantra_wattu", "functions": ["khum_khrong", "metta_maha_niyom", "kan_phi"], "materials": ["pha_yan"], "figures": ["cloth"]}, "form": {"type": "cloth", "shape_th": "ผ้ายันต์ผืนใหญ่ หรือยันต์เทียน (ยันต์ลงแผ่นแล้วม้วนในเทียน) หรือแผ่นโลหะ เขียนด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา", "shape_en": "A cloth square or banner, often larger than the central kind; or a 'candle yantra' (a written sheet rolled into a candle); or a metal sheet — all written in Tai Tham (ตัวเมือง) script", "size_mm": null, "wearable_th": "แขวนเหนือประตู พับใส่กระเป๋า หรือจุดเทียนยันต์", "wearable_en": "Hung over a door, folded into a pocket, or the candle is lit", "obverse_th": "ตารางและวงยันต์ อักขระธรรมล้านนา ตัวเลข รูปสัตว์และเทพ", "obverse_en": "Grids and rings of Tai Tham syllables and numerals, with animal and deity figures", "reverse_th": "เรียบ", "reverse_en": "Plain", "notes_en": "Northern yantra per th.wiki เลขยันต์: Dharma-Lanna script, candle yantras the commonest form, cloth pieces larger than elsewhere."}, "iconography": [{"th": "อักษรธรรมล้านนา (ตัวเมือง)", "en": "Tai Tham / Tua Mueang script, Unicode U+1A20–U+1AAF"}, {"th": "ตารางยันต์ วงกลม รูปสัตว์", "en": "grid and ring layouts with animal figures"}], "origin": {"wat_slug": null, "wat_th": "", "wat_en": "", "maker_th": "ครูบาและพ่อหนานล้านนา", "maker_en": "Lanna monks (khruba) and ex-monk lay masters (pho nan)", "era_th": "สืบจากตำราใบลานอักษรธรรม", "era_en": "Continues the palm-leaf manuscript tradition written in Tai Tham; script use in the north declined after 1930s Thaification and is reviving", "place_th": "เชียงใหม่ ลำพูน ลำปาง แพร่ น่าน เชียงราย", "place_en": "Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Nan, Chiang Rai", "first_attested": ""}, "diagnostics": [{"th": "อักษรเป็นตัวเมืองกลมมน ไม่ใช่อักษรขอมของภาคกลาง", "en": "The script is rounded Tai Tham, not the angular Khom of central yantra: the one mark that settles north against centre at a glance", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ยันต์เทียนพบมากที่สุดในภาคเหนือ", "en": "Candle yantras are the commonest northern carrier; a written sheet rolled inside the wax", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ผ้ายันต์ภาคเหนือมักผืนใหญ่กว่า", "en": "Northern cloth yantras run larger than central ones", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "อักษรธรรมเขียนบาลีและคำเมือง เลขโหราและเลขธรรมประกอบ", "en": "The script carries Pali and Kam Mueang; astrological and dharma numerals sit in the cells", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "tier": "cited"}, {"th": "ตัวเมือง ≠ อักษรธรรมอีสาน ≠ ลาว — ใกล้กันมาก ต้องดูรูปพยัญชนะ", "en": "Tai Tham, Tham Isan and Lao Tham are close cousins; telling them apart takes the letter forms, not the layout", "source": "s:en-wiki-tai-tham", "tier": "cited"}], "confusable_with": [{"id": "pha-yan", "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ภาคกลางเขียนอักษรขอม · ยันต์ล้านนาเขียนตัวเมือง คลาสส์เดียวกัน", "tell_en": "Same class, same cloth: a central pha yan is written in Khom script, a Lanna one in Tai Tham. Read the letters."}, {"id": "lao-yan", "tell_th": "ยันต์ลาวใช้อักษรธรรมลาว ใกล้ตัวเมืองมาก ดูรูปพยัญชนะ", "tell_en": "A Lao yan is in Lao Tham script, a near cousin of Tai Tham; only the letter forms separate them"}, {"id": "khmer-yantra-cloth", "tell_th": "ยันต์เขมรเป็นอักษรขอม/เขมร มักมีรูปคนและสัตว์แบบเขมร", "tell_en": "A Khmer yantra cloth is in Khmer script with Khmer figure drawing"}, {"id": "takrut", "tell_th": "ตะกรุดคือยันต์ม้วนในหลอดโลหะ ยันต์ล้านนาก็ทำเป็นตะกรุดได้", "tell_en": "A takrut is a yantra rolled in a metal tube; a Lanna yantra can be rolled into one too, and then the script is the only tell"}], "market": {"search": ["ยันต์ล้านนา", "ผ้ายันต์ล้านนา"], "excludes": [], "tier": "unknown"}, "media": {"commons_categories": ["Category:Yantra in Thailand", "Category:Tai Tham script"], "commons_files": ["File:Wat Ku Daeng - palm leaf manuscript.jpg", "File:Tai Tham script sample.svg", "File:Lanna Tua Mueang.svg", "File:จารึกอักษรล้านนา พระธาตุขวยปู.jpg", "File:Yantric Matrices04.jpg", "File:Yan Takrut (ยันต์ตะกรุด) - Thai 19th century yantra and amulet manuscript.png"], "wanted_en": "No free file shows a Lanna yantra itself: the listed files show the Tai Tham script and central-style yantra plates. Needed: a Lanna cloth yantra flat and lit evenly, and a candle yantra unrolled beside its candle."}, "text": {"what_th": "ยันต์ของภาคเหนือ เขียนด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา (ตัวเมือง) บนผ้า เทียน หรือแผ่นโลหะ อำนาจอยู่ที่อักขระและพิธี ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ลายยันต์จากตำรามีดัชนีที่ wichaa.net/yant", "what_en": "The northern yantra: grids, rings and figures written in Tai Tham (ตัวเมือง) script on cloth, in candles, or on metal. Power sits in the inscription and the rite, nobody home. The drawn designs from the treatises have their own index at wichaa.net/yant.", "story_th": "ตัวเมืองเป็นอักษรที่ล้านนาใช้เขียนบาลีและคัมภีร์ใบลาน ยันต์เหนือจึงเขียนด้วยอักษรนี้แทนอักษรขอม วิกิพีเดียไทยว่าภาคเหนือนิยมยันต์เทียนมากที่สุดและผ้ายันต์ผืนใหญ่กว่าภาคอื่น อักษรถูกทิ้งไปช่วงนโยบายรัฐนิยมทศวรรษ 2480 แต่พระยังอ่านได้และคนรุ่นใหม่กลับมาเรียน", "story_en": "Tai Tham is the script Lanna used for Pali and its palm-leaf scriptures, so the north wrote its yantra in it rather than in Khom. Thai Wikipedia's เลขยันต์ has candle yantras as the region's commonest form and its cloth yantras larger than elsewhere. Thaification in the 1930s pushed the script out of schools, but monks kept reading it and it is being relearned; the yantra never stopped being written. The sibling index at wichaa.net/yant catalogues 36 designs across 63 treatise plates by virtue and figure.", "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ให้ความเคารพตามธรรมดาของยันต์ อย่าวางในที่ต่ำ", "keeping_en": "Nothing owed and nobody home. Ordinary respect for an inscribed object: not underfoot, not in a low place."}, "sources": ["s:th-wiki-lek-yan", "s:th-wiki-tai-tham", "s:en-wiki-tai-tham", "s:wichaa-yant", "s:vault-classes", "s:tradition"], "provenance": {"default": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-lek-yan"}, "fields": {"iconography": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:th-wiki-tai-tham"}, "origin": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "origin.era_en": {"tier": "cited", "source": "s:en-wiki-tai-tham"}, "axes.functions": {"tier": "tradition", "source": "s:tradition"}, "text.keeping_en": {"tier": "catalogue", "source": "s:vault-classes"}, "market": {"tier": "inference"}}}, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-02", "images": [{"file": "yan-lanna/yan-lanna-wat-ku-daeng-palm-leaf-manuscript-b051d1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Ku Daeng - palm leaf manuscript.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Wat_Ku_Daeng_-_palm_leaf_manuscript.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158446648", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Lannafolium", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ล้านนา", "alt_en": "Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script) — Wat Ku Daeng - head monk with a palm leaf manuscript written in the Lanna script", "sha256": "bb8bc3cc0d4a77bdbc36630e4873a1daeb635518b09d09d0c807f7d0b36312eb", "width": 4080, "height": 3060, "primary": true}, {"file": "yan-lanna/yan-lanna-yantric-matrices04-f774fb.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yantric Matrices04.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Yantric_Matrices04.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3713973", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Pawyi Lee photo of poster by หลวงปู่พรหมมา เซมจาโร", "credit": "Khun Pm Beauty Shop, Nanaphan Sq, Yasothon, Thailand. Poster from สำนักสงฆ์สวนหินผานางคอย อ.ษรีเมืองใกม่ จ.อุบลราชะานี\n\nSilver image of poster's author is here http://www.krusiam.com/shop/takhli/product/detail.asp?ProductID=P0035934", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ล้านนา", "alt_en": "Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script) — Photo of มหายันต์พันล้าน Yantric diagrams", "sha256": "ec7d1e06e80b19c6aa1eedc47eeb88448bf7ade6ec8deffeb780793625e03791", "width": 2979, "height": 1875}, {"file": "yan-lanna/yan-lanna-jpg-8ecf69.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:จารึกอักษรล้านนา พระธาตุขวยปู.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74941417", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "author": "Elfidee", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ล้านนา", "alt_en": "Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script) — แผ่นจารึกอักษรธรรมล้านนาของครูบานันตา(พระครูญาณวิลาศ) พ.ศ.2446 ติดด้านหน้าฐานพระธาตุขวยปู", "sha256": "37965c1fcfa36b83b5f84ca527b38bc123b79dce346b8a431392494005a4bf7e", "width": 4512, "height": 3000}, {"file": "yan-lanna/yan-lanna-tai-tham-script-sample-svg-5d8f5e.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Tai Tham script sample.svg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Tai_Tham_script_sample.svg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112594578", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Alifshinobi", "credit": "File:Tai_Tham_script_sample.png", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ล้านนา", "alt_en": "Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script) — อักษรไทยธรรม", "sha256": "09a8e971937d59e06b3063e1f6d1d3dfd2fbec63cc86cba1031856b0a70e2e0a", "width": 2858, "height": 1408}, {"file": "yan-lanna/yan-lanna-lanna-tua-mueang-svg-874709.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Lanna Tua Mueang.svg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Lanna_Tua_Mueang.svg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112675158", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "Autoisme", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ล้านนา", "alt_en": "Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script) — ตัวเมือง", "sha256": "a3b71eaf8c8ad9dedba975f6647967856662fd7964fc677682c99bf1b4dabdf7", "width": 3335, "height": 1586}, {"file": "yan-lanna/yan-lanna-yan-takrut-thai-19th-century-yantra-and-3759b4.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Yan Takrut (ยันต์ตะกรุด) - Thai 19th century yantra and amulet manuscript.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Yan_Takrut_%28%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%29_-_Thai_19th_century_yantra_and_amulet_manuscript.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=136301565", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "author": "19th century artist", "credit": "Part of the digitalized manuscript in the Manuscripts of Western Thailand Database - Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre [2]", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ล้านนา", "alt_en": "Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script) — Part of a Thai folding book (identifier NPT-004-011) at Wat Lam Phaya Folk Floating Market Museum, Nakhon Pathom. Accord", "sha256": "b672b558fc5e300c0fc1ccecd175cbf46684d70e9cfb738f1c69bdc7c41717a6", "width": 901, "height": 508}], "class_facts": {"key": "yantra_wattu", "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)", "roman": "wattu mongkhon", "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object", "resident": "none", "upkeep": "none", "provenance_sensitivity": "low", "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.", "confidence": "high"}, "function_terms": [{"key": "khum_khrong", "term": "คุ้มครอง", "roman": "khum khrong", "en": "general protection, watching over", "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."}, {"key": "metta_maha_niyom", "term": "เมตตามหานิยม", "roman": "metta maha niyom", "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity", "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."}, {"key": "kan_phi", "term": "กันผี", "roman": "kan phi", "en": "warding spirits", "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."}], "material_terms": [{"key": "pha_yan", "term": "ผ้ายันต์", "roman": "pha yan", "en": "inscribed cloth", "definition": "Cloth bearing a drawn or stamped yantra. Strictly a form rather than a material, kept on this axis because the market names it in the material slot and a reader looking for \"what is it made of\" will look here. Cross-reference the motif axis for the yantra itself."}], "region_terms": [{"key": "th-north", "th": "ล้านนา · ภาคเหนือ", "en": "Lanna / Northern Thailand"}], "market_stats": {"listings": 0, "priced": 0, "median_thb": null, "typical_thb": [null, null], "source": "s:catalog-db", "tier": "catalogue", "note": "no listing title carries this term"}, "primary_image": {"file": "yan-lanna/yan-lanna-wat-ku-daeng-palm-leaf-manuscript-b051d1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Ku Daeng - palm leaf manuscript.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Wat_Ku_Daeng_-_palm_leaf_manuscript.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158446648", "license": "CC0", "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "author": "Lannafolium", "credit": "Own work", "view": "other", "alt_th": "ยันต์ล้านนา", "alt_en": "Lanna yantra (Tai Tham script) — Wat Ku Daeng - head monk with a palm leaf manuscript written in the Lanna script", "sha256": "bb8bc3cc0d4a77bdbc36630e4873a1daeb635518b09d09d0c807f7d0b36312eb", "width": 4080, "height": 3060, "primary": true}}