{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "thao-wessuwan",
 "level": "kind",
 "parent": null,
 "names": {
  "th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ",
  "roman": "thao wetsuwan",
  "en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha)",
  "aliases": {
   "th": [
    "ท้าวเวสวัณ",
    "ท้าวกุเวร",
    "พระไพศรพณ์",
    "ท้าวเวสสุวัณ"
   ],
   "roman": [
    "thao wessuwan",
    "thao wetsawan",
    "thao kuwen",
    "wessuwan"
   ],
   "en": [
    "Vessavana",
    "Vaisravana",
    "Kubera",
    "guardian of the north"
   ]
  }
 },
 "region": [
  "th-central",
  "th"
 ],
 "axes": {
  "class": "thep_thewada",
  "functions": [
   "kan_phi",
   "khum_khrong",
   "kha_khai"
  ],
  "materials": [
   "nuea_loha",
   "thonglueang",
   "nuea_din"
  ],
  "figures": [
   "deity"
  ]
 },
 "form": {
  "type": "figure",
  "shape_th": "รูปยักษ์ยืนถือกระบอง — ตั้งแต่รูปหล่อตั้งบูชาจนถึงจี้ห้อยคอและแผ่นยันต์ติดประตู",
  "shape_en": "A standing yaksha figure holding a club, scaled from gate statue to shelf figure to neck pendant; also cut as a flat gate-plaque or yantra",
  "size_mm": null,
  "wearable_th": "จี้ห้อยคอ หรือตั้งบูชาที่ประตูบ้าน ร้านค้า",
  "wearable_en": "Worn as a pendant, or set at a gate, door or shop front; the same duty at every scale",
  "obverse_th": "ยักษ์ยืนกางขา สองมือกุมกระบองตั้งตรงหน้า",
  "obverse_en": "The yaksha stands wide-legged, both hands on a club planted upright before him",
  "reverse_th": "มักลงยันต์หรือชื่อวัด รุ่น",
  "reverse_en": "Usually a yantra, or the temple and run that issued it",
  "notes_en": "Materials in the current retail market run to resin and plated alloy for statues and silver or brass for pendants; the vault key lists metal and earth."
 },
 "iconography": [
  {
   "th": "ยักษ์ถือกระบอง",
   "en": "a yaksha holding a club (ตะบอง / กระบอง)"
  },
  {
   "th": "ยืนกางขาบนฐาน",
   "en": "wide-legged stance on a base"
  },
  {
   "th": "มงกุฎยอดแหลม เขี้ยว",
   "en": "pointed crown and fangs of the giant-type (ยักษ์) face"
  }
 ],
 "origin": {
  "wat_slug": null,
  "wat_th": "",
  "wat_en": "",
  "maker_th": "",
  "maker_en": "",
  "era_th": "รูปเคารพเก่าแก่ในพุทธศาสนา กระแสบูชาเป็นวัตถุมงคลแรงขึ้นมากตั้งแต่ราว พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๕",
  "era_en": "An old Buddhist guardian figure; as a mass-market amulet the surge dates to about 2022, when the large statue at Wat Chulamani, Samut Songkhram, became a phenomenon",
  "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ กระแสล่าสุดจากสมุทรสงคราม",
  "place_en": "Nationwide; the recent wave centres on Samut Songkhram",
  "first_attested": ""
 },
 "diagnostics": [
  {
   "th": "รูปยักษ์ ไม่ใช่องค์พระ ไม่ใช่พระเกจิ — เทพที่บูชา ไม่ใช่ผีที่เลี้ยง",
   "en": "A yaksha figure, never a Buddha or a monk: a venerated deva, not a raised spirit",
   "source": "s:vault-classes",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "กระบองคือเครื่องหมายประจำตัว ถ้าไม่มีกระบองให้สงสัยว่าเป็นยักษ์ตนอื่น",
   "en": "The club is the identifying attribute; a giant without one is likely another yaksha (a temple gate-guardian, a Ramakien figure)",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ทิศเหนือ เจ้าแห่งยักษ์ หนึ่งในจาตุมหาราช — ตราของอัยการไทย",
   "en": "Guardian of the north and lord of the yaksha, one of the Four Great Kings; the same figure is the emblem of the Thai public prosecutors, so an official seal is not an amulet",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ของเก่าคือแผ่นยันต์แขวนเปลเด็ก ของใหม่คือรูปหล่อและจี้",
   "en": "The older form is a yantra or image hung at a child's cradle to keep spirits off the infant; the cast statue and pendant are the modern trade form",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ตลาดปัจจุบันเป็นเรซิ่น ทองเหลืองชุบ เงิน — หมวดที่โตเร็วที่สุดหมวดหนึ่ง",
   "en": "Current listings are resin, plated brass and silver, one of the fastest-growing categories in the market; volume says nothing about any one piece",
   "source": "s:amulet-reference",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  }
 ],
 "confusable_with": [
  {
   "id": "phaya-khrut",
   "tell_th": "เวสสุวรรณเป็นยักษ์ยืนถือกระบอง · ครุฑเป็นครึ่งคนครึ่งนกกางปีก ทั้งคู่เป็นเทพที่บูชา",
   "tell_en": "Wessuwan is a standing giant with a club; the garuda is a winged man-bird. Same class (deva, veneration), different body — count the wings."
  },
  {
   "id": "jatukham",
   "tell_th": "จตุคามเป็นเหรียญกลมใหญ่ เทพนั่งกลางวงราหูหรือนักษัตร · เวสสุวรรณเป็นรูปยักษ์ยืนเต็มตัว",
   "tell_en": "Jatukham is a large round disc with a seated deva ringed by Rahu heads or zodiac animals; Wessuwan is a full standing yaksha figure, rarely a disc."
  },
  {
   "id": "hun-phayon",
   "tell_th": "หุ่นพยนต์เป็นรูปคนถืออาวุธที่ถูกปลุกให้ทำงานและต้องเซ่น · เวสสุวรรณเป็นเทพ บูชาด้วยความเคารพ ไม่เลี้ยง",
   "tell_en": "A hun phayon is an armed man-figure animated to serve and fed daily; Wessuwan is a deva shown as a giant, owed respect and offerings, never a meal-a-day."
  },
  {
   "id": "rup-lo",
   "tell_th": "รูปหล่อคือรูปพระเกจิ ครองจีวร · เวสสุวรรณเป็นยักษ์สวมมงกุฎ",
   "tell_en": "A rup lo casts a monk in robes; Wessuwan is a crowned, fanged giant. Both are cast metal, so the face decides."
  }
 ],
 "market": {
  "search": [
   "เวสสุวรรณ"
  ],
  "excludes": [],
  "tier": "both"
 },
 "media": {
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   "Category:Vaiśravaṇa in Thailand"
  ],
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   "File:19-metre-tall statue of Thao Wessuwan.jpg",
   "File:Thao Wessuwan Natbiluu image.jpg",
   "File:Guardian of Phra Meru Mas of Bhumibol Adulyadej - Vessavana (left side).jpg"
  ],
  "wanted_en": "Commons has temple statues only. Needed: a worn pendant obverse and reverse, and a shelf figure beside a gate plaque at matched scale"
 },
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   "title": "File:IMG 8981 Royal Crematorium King Rama9 Photographed by Trisorn Triboon.jpg",
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   "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ",
   "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Royal Crematorium King Rama9 of Thailand.",
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   "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ",
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   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Four Heavenly Kings in Wat Bhoman Khunaram Temple (2025) - img 08.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Four_Heavenly_Kings_in_Wat_Bhoman_Khunaram_Temple_%282025%29_-_img_08.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=171455049",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
   "author": "Chainwit.",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ",
   "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Kubera in the Hall of Four Heavenly Kings, Wat Bhoman Khunaram, Bangkok",
   "sha256": "58f52f67d80cce2965e674e9631240017a7bcccfe9273322ad8d574a052f80e6",
   "width": 3024,
   "height": 4032
  },
  {
   "file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-four-heavenly-kings-in-wat-bhoman-khunar-0f765f.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Four Heavenly Kings in Wat Bhoman Khunaram Temple (2025) - img 07.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Four_Heavenly_Kings_in_Wat_Bhoman_Khunaram_Temple_%282025%29_-_img_07.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=171455050",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
   "author": "Chainwit.",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ",
   "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Kubera in the Hall of Four Heavenly Kings, Wat Bhoman Khunaram, Bangkok",
   "sha256": "21104f662129589359c3efd3399c8adb3b83d1cfc3a62bdc71d583a844616454",
   "width": 3024,
   "height": 4032
  },
  {
   "file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-thao-wessuwan-natbiluu-image-f9ed15.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Thao Wessuwan Natbiluu image.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Thao_Wessuwan_Natbiluu_image.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=178835171",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
   "author": "Myanmar Wik",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ",
   "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Thao Wessuwan Image",
   "sha256": "16d69f1b99b73587dfcbbfba864a8484965342a099f413110e4efa464edeb1dd",
   "width": 764,
   "height": 1028
  }
 ],
 "text": {
  "what_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ ราชาแห่งยักษ์ ผู้รักษาทิศเหนือ มือกุมกระบอง — รูปหล่อ จี้ และแผ่นติดประตู เป็นเทพที่บูชาผ่านวัตถุ ถวายเครื่องสักการะและความเคารพ ไม่ใช่ผีที่ต้องเลี้ยงข้าว",
  "what_en": "The northern guardian-king of the yaksha, club in hand — statue, pendant and gate-plaque. A deva venerated through the object: offerings and respect, not meals.",
  "story_th": "เป็นหนึ่งในจาตุมหาราช เจ้าแห่งยักษ์และผู้รักษาทิศเหนือ ตามความเชื่อเก่าของไทย แขวนยันต์หรือรูปท้าวเวสสุวรรณไว้ที่เปลเด็กกันภูตผีรบกวน ปัจจุบันตั้งเป็นรูปเคารพหน้าบ้านหน้าร้าน กันคุณไสยและรักษาทรัพย์ กระแสบูชาแรงขึ้นมากหลังรูปองค์ใหญ่ที่วัดจุฬามณี สมุทรสงคราม ราว พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๕",
  "story_en": "One of the Four Great Kings, lord of the yaksha and guardian of the north. The older Thai use is a yantra or small image hung at a baby's cradle so no spirit troubles the child; the modern one is a figure at the door of a house or shop, keeping ghosts and black magic off the threshold and guarding what is stored inside. The trade form took off around 2022 after the large statue at Wat Chulamani in Samut Songkhram drew crowds, and the same duty now sells at every scale from garden statue to silver pendant. His image is also the emblem of the Thai public prosecutors, which tells you how he is read: an enforcer, not a benefactor.",
  "keeping_th": "มีเทพสถิตในความหมายของการบูชา ถวายดอกไม้ ธูปเทียน น้ำ ด้วยความเคารพ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยงข้าว วางลงได้ ควรถามประวัติผู้บูชาเดิมบ้าง",
  "keeping_en": "Someone is home, at the deva tier: owed veneration — flowers, incense, water, respect — not feeding. Can be set down; worth asking who venerated it before you, but not a spirit with a history that bites."
 },
 "sources": [
  "s:holding-key",
  "s:vault-classes",
  "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan",
  "s:en-wiki-vessavana",
  "s:amulet-reference",
  "s:tradition"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "tradition",
   "source": "s:tradition"
  },
  "fields": {
   "axes": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-classes"
   },
   "text.what_en": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:holding-key"
   },
   "text.keeping_en": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-classes"
   },
   "text.story_en": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan",
    "note": "cradle yantra, prosecutors' emblem, Wat Chulamani 2022 (en.wiki)"
   },
   "origin.era_en": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:en-wiki-vessavana"
   },
   "form.notes_en": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:amulet-reference"
   },
   "market": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:holding-key"
   },
   "names.aliases": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:th-wiki-thao-wessuwan"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "high",
 "needs_verification": false,
 "updated": "2026-09-02",
 "class_facts": {
  "key": "thep_thewada",
  "term": "เทพ / เทวดา",
  "roman": "thep / thewada",
  "en_gloss": "deva-tier resident",
  "resident": "deva",
  "upkeep": "veneration",
  "provenance_sensitivity": "medium",
  "definition": "A celestial or Hindu-derived being is venerated through the object — Thao Wessuwan, Garuda (พญาครุฑ), Rahu, arguably Nang Kwak. Receives offerings and respect but is not a raised ghost; the relationship is closer to worship than to parenting. The \"cleanest\" spirit-bearing tier.",
  "confidence": "high"
 },
 "function_terms": [
  {
   "key": "kan_phi",
   "term": "กันผี",
   "roman": "kan phi",
   "en": "warding spirits",
   "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."
  },
  {
   "key": "khum_khrong",
   "term": "คุ้มครอง",
   "roman": "khum khrong",
   "en": "general protection, watching over",
   "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."
  },
  {
   "key": "kha_khai",
   "term": "ค้าขาย",
   "roman": "kha khai",
   "en": "trade, selling",
   "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."
  }
 ],
 "material_terms": [
  {
   "key": "nuea_loha",
   "term": "เนื้อโลหะ",
   "roman": "nuea loha",
   "en": "metal (unspecified)",
   "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."
  },
  {
   "key": "thonglueang",
   "term": "ทองเหลือง",
   "roman": "thonglueang",
   "en": "brass",
   "definition": "Brass. The most-named metal in the corpus by a wide margin — the everyday material of altar goods, pendant frames and mass issues. High occurrence here reflects volume at the low end of the market, not regard."
  },
  {
   "key": "nuea_din",
   "term": "เนื้อดิน",
   "roman": "nuea din",
   "en": "clay body",
   "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."
  }
 ],
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "th-central",
   "th": "ภาคกลาง",
   "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"
  },
  {
   "key": "th",
   "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย",
   "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"
  }
 ],
 "market_stats": {
  "listings": 484,
  "priced": 484,
  "median_thb": 93.96,
  "typical_thb": [
   29.0,
   360.0
  ],
  "source": "s:catalog-db",
  "tier": "catalogue",
  "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"
 },
 "primary_image": {
  "file": "thao-wessuwan/thao-wessuwan-wat-suthat-2f5017.jpg",
  "source": "commons",
  "title": "File:Wat Suthat วัดสุทัศน์ - ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ.jpg",
  "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
  "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114652402",
  "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
  "author": "Chainwit.",
  "credit": "Own work",
  "view": "other",
  "alt_th": "ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ",
  "alt_en": "Thao Wessuwan (guardian-king of the yaksha) — Vaisrvana , Wat Suthat",
  "sha256": "19837bd47846c428e076bcffb17579f6e7519f5bcd00faf2e51456844d06948b",
  "width": 1924,
  "height": 2565,
  "primary": true
 },
 "tier_labels": {
  "en": {
   "catalogue": "Catalogue — checkable against the corpus (catalog.db, a transcribed treatise)",
   "cited": "Cited — a named external source, linked",
   "tradition": "Tradition — general knowledge of the wider tradition, hedged",
   "inference": "Inference — this project's own reasoning from the above",
   "field": "Field — someone stood there"
  },
  "th": {
   "catalogue": "จากคลัง",
   "cited": "อ้างอิงแหล่ง",
   "tradition": "ตามประเพณี",
   "inference": "อนุมาน",
   "field": "พบเห็นเอง"
  }
 }
}