{
 "schema": 1,
 "level": "kind",
 "parent": null,
 "id": "tangkal",
 "names": {
  "th": "เครื่องรางมลายู",
  "roman": "tangkal",
  "en": "Tangkal (Malay protective charm, any form)",
  "aliases": {
   "th": [
    "ตังกัล",
    "ของกันภัยมลายู"
   ],
   "roman": [
    "penangkal",
    "tangkal bala",
    "pelindung"
   ],
   "en": [
    "Malay ward",
    "warding charm"
   ]
  },
  "other_scripts": {
   "ms": "تڠكل (Jawi) · tangkal",
   "id": "tangkal / penangkal"
  }
 },
 "region": [
  "my",
  "id",
  "sg"
 ],
 "axes": {
  "class": null,
  "functions": [
   "khum_khrong",
   "kan_phi"
  ],
  "materials": [],
  "figures": [
   "object"
  ]
 },
 "form": {
  "type": "other",
  "shape_th": "ไม่มีรูปประจำ: ด้ายดำผูกข้อมือ กิ่งไม้หรือหนามแขวนประตู เขี้ยว หิน เหรียญ หรือแผ่นเขียนก็ได้",
  "shape_en": "No fixed form. A black thread at the wrist, a thorny branch or leaf bundle hung at a doorway, a tooth, a stone, a coin, a bit of iron over a cradle — or a written sheet, at which point it is also a jimat.",
  "size_mm": null,
  "wearable_th": "ผูกตัว แขวนประตู วางในเปล ปักในนา",
  "wearable_en": "Tied on the body, hung at a door or window, laid in a cradle, planted in a field.",
  "obverse_th": "",
  "obverse_en": "",
  "reverse_th": "",
  "reverse_en": "",
  "notes_en": "Tangkal is a function word — from menangkal, to ward off — so it names what the object does, not what it is. Malay Wikipedia treats azimat and tangkal as one article; everyday Malay keeps the shade: jimat is the thing you carry for tuah, tangkal the thing that turns something away."
 },
 "iconography": [],
 "origin": {
  "wat_slug": null,
  "wat_th": "",
  "wat_en": "",
  "maker_th": "โบโมะห์ / ปะวัง หรือทำเองในครัวเรือน",
  "maker_en": "A bomoh or pawang for the made kinds; households make the simplest wards themselves",
  "era_th": "ประเพณีพื้นบ้านก่อนและร่วมกับอิสลาม",
  "era_en": "Folk practice older than Islam in the region and continuing beside it",
  "place_th": "โลกมลายู",
  "place_en": "Malay world",
  "first_attested": ""
 },
 "diagnostics": [
  {
   "th": "ถ้าไม่มีตัวเขียนเลย มักเรียก tangkal ไม่เรียก jimat",
   "en": "No writing on it at all is the usual mark of a tangkal as against a jimat; once Arabic appears the two words overlap",
   "source": "s:ms-wiki-azimat",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ของธรรมชาติ: เขี้ยว หนาม หิน ด้ายดำ เหล็ก",
   "en": "Natural or household matter — a fang, a thorn, a stone, black thread, a scrap of iron — chosen for what it repels",
   "source": "s:tradition",
   "tier": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "th": "ที่แขวน: ประตู หน้าต่าง เปล ไร่นา ไม่ใช่เฉพาะตัวคน",
   "en": "Where it hangs is the tell: doorways, windows, cradles and fields as often as the body",
   "source": "s:tradition",
   "tier": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "th": "ชื่อบอกหน้าที่ ไม่บอกวัสดุ — tangkal bala, tangkal hantu",
   "en": "The name states the threat, not the material: tangkal bala (against misfortune), tangkal hantu (against ghosts)",
   "source": "s:tradition",
   "tier": "tradition"
  }
 ],
 "confusable_with": [
  {
   "id": "jimat",
   "tell_th": "จิมัตคือของเขียนที่พกเพื่อทั้งกันและเสริม · ตังกัลคือของกัน จะเขียนหรือไม่ก็ได้",
   "tell_en": "A jimat is a written object carried for luck and protection both; a tangkal is anything that wards, written or not. Every written tangkal is a jimat; most tangkal are not written."
  },
  {
   "id": "rajah",
   "tell_th": "ราจาห์เป็นตัวเขียนอย่างเดียว ตังกัลส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีตัวเขียน",
   "tell_en": "A rajah is writing and nothing else; a tangkal usually carries none."
  },
  {
   "id": "mustika",
   "tell_th": "มุสติกาเป็นหินที่ถือว่ามีพลังในตัว พกเพื่อทัวะห์ · ตังกัลเป็นของกันภัย",
   "tell_en": "A mustika is a stone kept for its own inherent tuah; a tangkal is kept to turn something away. A stone hung at a door is a tangkal, the same stone in a ring is a mustika."
  }
 ],
 "market": {
  "search": [],
  "excludes": [],
  "tier": "unknown"
 },
 "media": {
  "commons_categories": [],
  "commons_files": [],
  "wanted_en": "Nothing free on Commons as of 2026-09-02 — 'tangkal' hits are Sundanese tree names (Tangkal Katapang, Tangkal dadap). Needed: a thorn-and-leaf bundle at a kampung doorway, a black-thread wrist tie, and a cradle ward, each in situ."
 },
 "images": [],
 "text": {
  "what_th": "คำมลายูสำหรับของกันภัยทุกชนิด — จากด้ายดำผูกข้อมือถึงกิ่งหนามแขวนประตู — คำนี้บอกหน้าที่ (ตังกัล = ปัดออก) ไม่บอกรูป ถ้ามีตัวเขียนก็เป็นจิมัตด้วย",
  "what_en": "The Malay word for any object that wards — from a black thread on the wrist to a thorny branch over the door. It names a job (menangkal, to turn aside), not a form, which is why Malay Wikipedia files it with azimat and everyday speech keeps them apart: jimat is carried for luck, tangkal is set against a threat.",
  "story_th": "วิกิพีเดียมลายูรวม azimat กับ tangkal เป็นบทความเดียว นิยามว่า “สิ่งที่เชื่อว่าให้ทัวะห์และ/หรือคุ้มครองเจ้าของ” และยกรูปแบบไว้ทั้งอัญมณี รูปปั้น เหรียญ พืช สัตว์ กระทั่งคำพูด ในการใช้จริง tangkal คือฝั่ง “คุ้มครอง”: กันผี (hantu) กันเคราะห์ (bala) กันตาชั่ว ผู้ทำมักเป็นโบโมะห์หรือปะวัง ของง่ายๆ ชาวบ้านทำเอง",
  "story_en": "Malay Wikipedia folds azimat and tangkal into one article and defines the pair as a thing believed to give its owner luck and/or protection, listing gems, statues, coins, plants, animals and even spoken formulas as forms. In practice tangkal is the protection half: against ghosts (hantu), against misfortune (bala), against the evil eye. A bomoh or pawang makes the serious ones; a household hangs its own thorns. The word is also the region's answer to 'what is that thing over the door' — it is a tangkal, and the answer says nothing about what it is made of.",
  "keeping_th": "คลังคำของ vault ไม่มีหมวดครอบ: ตังกัลกระจายอยู่ในหลายหมวด (ของธรรมชาติ ของเขียน) จึงปล่อยว่างไว้ ส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง เปลี่ยนใหม่เมื่อเก่าหรือขาด",
  "keeping_en": "Class left null on purpose: tangkal is an umbrella over several vault classes (natural matter, inscribed sheets), and the vault has no ward-by-function category. Nearly all are impersonal — nothing fed, nothing owed; a frayed thread or a dried branch is simply replaced."
 },
 "sources": [
  "s:vault-classes",
  "s:ms-wiki-azimat",
  "s:en-wiki-tawiz",
  "s:tradition"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "tradition",
   "source": "s:tradition"
  },
  "fields": {
   "text.story_en": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:ms-wiki-azimat"
   },
   "names.th": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "note": "descriptive Thai gloss"
   },
   "axes": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "source": "s:vault-classes",
    "note": "null: umbrella term, no vault class"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "low",
 "needs_verification": true,
 "updated": "2026-09-02",
 "class_facts": {
  "key": null,
  "term": "ยังไม่ชี้ขาด",
  "en": "left to a knower",
  "resident": null,
  "upkeep": null,
  "provenance_sensitivity": null,
  "definition": "The vault vocabulary does not place this kind; the refusal is recorded, not papered over."
 },
 "function_terms": [
  {
   "key": "khum_khrong",
   "term": "คุ้มครอง",
   "roman": "khum khrong",
   "en": "general protection, watching over",
   "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."
  },
  {
   "key": "kan_phi",
   "term": "กันผี",
   "roman": "kan phi",
   "en": "warding spirits",
   "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."
  }
 ],
 "material_terms": [],
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "my",
   "th": "มาเลเซีย",
   "en": "Malaysia"
  },
  {
   "key": "id",
   "th": "อินโดนีเซีย",
   "en": "Indonesia"
  },
  {
   "key": "sg",
   "th": "สิงคโปร์",
   "en": "Singapore"
  }
 ],
 "market_stats": null,
 "primary_image": null,
 "tier_labels": {
  "en": {
   "catalogue": "Catalogue — checkable against the corpus (catalog.db, a transcribed treatise)",
   "cited": "Cited — a named external source, linked",
   "tradition": "Tradition — general knowledge of the wider tradition, hedged",
   "inference": "Inference — this project's own reasoning from the above",
   "field": "Field — someone stood there"
  },
  "th": {
   "catalogue": "จากคลัง",
   "cited": "อ้างอิงแหล่ง",
   "tradition": "ตามประเพณี",
   "inference": "อนุมาน",
   "field": "พบเห็นเอง"
  }
 }
}