{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "pla-taphian",
 "level": "kind",
 "parent": null,
 "names": {
  "th": "ปลาตะเพียน",
  "roman": "pla taphian",
  "en": "Pla taphian (carp charm)",
  "aliases": {
   "th": [
    "ปลาตะเพียนเงินปลาตะเพียนทอง",
    "ปลาตะเพียนสาน",
    "ตะเพียนทอง"
   ],
   "roman": [
    "pla tapian",
    "pla ta pian",
    "taphian thong"
   ],
   "en": [
    "silver-and-gold carp",
    "woven palm-leaf fish",
    "barb-fish charm"
   ]
  }
 },
 "region": [
  "th-central"
 ],
 "axes": {
  "class": "yantra_wattu",
  "functions": [
   "kha_khai",
   "chok_lap",
   "metta_maha_niyom"
  ],
  "materials": [
   "thongdaeng",
   "ngoen",
   "thongkham",
   "naak"
  ],
  "figures": [
   "animal"
  ]
 },
 "form": {
  "type": "other",
  "shape_th": "แผ่นทองแดง เงิน ทองคำ หรือนาก แผ่บาง ตัดเป็นรูปปลาตะเพียนคู่ ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย ลงยันต์ แขวนบูชา หรือปลาสานใบลานแขวนเหนือเปล",
  "shape_en": "A pair of fish, male and female, cut from thin copper, silver, gold or nak sheet and inscribed, hung up rather than worn — or, in the older craft, fish woven from palm-leaf strips and hung as a mobile over a cradle",
  "size_mm": null,
  "wearable_th": "แขวนไว้ที่ร้านหรือบ้าน ไม่ห้อยคอ",
  "wearable_en": "Hung in the shop or house; not worn. The market also frames small metal fish as pendants.",
  "obverse_th": "ยันต์อักขระในตัวปลา ตัว อิ อุ และ นะ ตามบท",
  "obverse_en": "Khom syllables inside the fish body — i, u and a central na per verse",
  "reverse_th": "",
  "reverse_en": "",
  "notes_en": "Two objects share the name: the inscribed metal fish of the treatise and the woven palm-leaf mobile of Ayutthaya craft. The metal one is this class; the woven one is a cradle charm with no inscription."
 },
 "iconography": [
  {
   "th": "ปลาตะเพียนคู่ ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย",
   "en": "a male-and-female pair of carp"
  },
  {
   "th": "ยันต์สี่เหลี่ยมมีข้าวหลามตัด มุมสวัสดิกะ",
   "en": "square yantra enclosing a diamond, swastikas in the corners, for the silver-and-gold pair"
  },
  {
   "th": "ปลาสานใบลานล้อมแม่ปลา ๙ ๑๒ หรือ ๑๕ ตัว",
   "en": "woven mobile: 9, 12 or 15 small fish around one mother fish"
  }
 ],
 "origin": {
  "wat_slug": null,
  "wat_th": "",
  "wat_en": "",
  "maker_th": "ตำราสร้างเครื่องรางของขลัง (ไม่ระบุผู้แต่ง)",
  "maker_en": "Anonymous amulet-making treatise, manuscript 6983",
  "era_th": "ตำราไม่ระบุปี ปลาสานใบลานปรากฏในคำให้การพรรณนาภูมิสถานพระนครศรีอยุธยาว่าขายที่ตลาดต้น",
  "era_en": "Undated treatise. English Wikipedia places the woven form in Ayutthaya, citing the Description of the Topography of Ayutthaya's mention of woven pla taphian sold on Ton Market street",
  "place_th": "อยุธยาและภาคกลาง",
  "place_en": "Ayutthaya and Central Thailand",
  "first_attested": "Woven form: Description of the Topography of Ayutthaya (Ayutthaya-period text) per English Wikipedia; date of the document not verified here"
 },
 "diagnostics": [
  {
   "th": "โลหะแผ่นบางตัดเป็นรูปปลา ไม่ใช่หล่อหนา",
   "en": "Flat sheet metal cut to a fish outline, not a thick casting",
   "source": "s:ms6983",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "มาเป็นคู่ ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย เงินและทอง",
   "en": "Comes as a pair — male and female, or one 'silver' and one 'gold'",
   "source": "s:ms6983",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "มีอักขระในตัวปลา ปลาสานใบลานไม่มี",
   "en": "Syllables inside the body mark the inscribed kind; the woven palm-leaf fish carries none",
   "source": "s:ms6983",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "ทำไว้แขวน ไม่มีห่วงห้อยคอในตำรา",
   "en": "Made to hang; the treatise gives it no pendant loop",
   "source": "s:ms6983",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  }
 ],
 "confusable_with": [
  {
   "id": "takrut",
   "tell_th": "ตะกรุด ๓ ดอกค้าขายลงยันต์ปลาแล้วม้วน ปลาตะเพียนตัดเป็นรูปปลาแบน",
   "tell_en": "The trade takrut in the same treatise inscribes the same fish yantra and rolls it; the pla taphian stays flat and fish-shaped."
  },
  {
   "id": "phaya-tao-ruean",
   "tell_th": "เต่าเรือนเป็นสัตว์ค้าขายอีกชนิด หล่อหนา ห้อยคอ ปลาตะเพียนแผ่นบาง แขวน",
   "tell_en": "The house-turtle is the other trade animal: a thick cast pendant, where the fish is thin sheet made to hang."
  },
  {
   "id": "nang-kwak",
   "tell_th": "นางกวักเป็นเทพที่บูชา ปลาตะเพียนเป็นแผ่นลงยันต์ แต่ตำราให้เสกข้าวเลี้ยงทุกวัน",
   "tell_en": "Nang Kwak is a deva venerated with offerings; the fish is an inscribed sheet — though the treatise does feed it consecrated rice daily, which blurs the line this record keeps."
  }
 ],
 "market": {
  "search": [
   "ปลาตะเพียน"
  ],
  "excludes": [],
  "tier": "retail"
 },
 "media": {
  "commons_categories": [
   "Category:Pla taphian"
  ],
  "commons_files": [
   "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 1.jpg",
   "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 2.jpg"
  ],
  "wanted_en": "Free files show only the woven palm-leaf craft. Needed: an inscribed metal pair flat, syllables legible, and one hanging in a shop."
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-ayutthaya-palm-leave-fish-weaving-group-e93434.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 1.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Ayutthaya_Palm-Leave_Fish_Weaving_Group_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr",
   "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน",
   "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — The group is located in PhuKhao Thong sub-district, Phra Nakorn Si Ayutthaya district. It was founded by a group of hous",
   "sha256": "2313a07871fa1989ea73d564dd1a3eba691cb5dc5f05c3acc5a8cd1f20fd63fc",
   "width": 3140,
   "height": 2090,
   "primary": true
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   "file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-ayutthaya-palm-leave-fish-weaving-group-bcfb60.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 2.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Ayutthaya_Palm-Leave_Fish_Weaving_Group_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr",
   "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน",
   "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — The group is located in PhuKhao Thong sub-district, Phra Nakorn Si Ayutthaya district. It was founded by a group of hous",
   "sha256": "df3aa74cbe84182660b2736a0601d5f3eeec75e9bcd518d7f87e1e11859d93d6",
   "width": 933,
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  },
  {
   "file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-ayutthaya-studies-institute-1-9cc10b.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Ayutthaya Studies Institute 1.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Ayutthaya_Studies_Institute_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr",
   "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน",
   "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — Located in Pratu Chaisubdistrict, PhraNakhon SiAyutthaya district, the Ayutthaya Studies Institute, PhraNakhon SiAyuttha",
   "sha256": "8efba825d3c048d3d456f7b11d3802396e4ddbfa35feee6f4daaae0b2e38b853",
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   "file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-pla-taphian-ayutthaya-studies-institute-ffbcd0.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Pla taphian, Ayutthaya Studies Institute.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Pla_taphian%2C_Ayutthaya_Studies_Institute.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr",
   "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน",
   "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — Located in Pratu Chaisubdistrict, PhraNakhon SiAyutthaya district, the Ayutthaya Studies Institute, PhraNakhon SiAyuttha",
   "sha256": "97ccd8dbe2fa8b50411029083b5592c6dc09acbf13e3ad056a84e1d739e1e92d",
   "width": 648,
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 ],
 "text": {
  "what_th": "ปลาตะเพียนคู่ตัดจากแผ่นโลหะบางลงยันต์ แขวนบูชาให้ซื้อง่ายขายดี ชื่อเดียวกับปลาสานใบลานที่แขวนเหนือเปลเด็กในงานฝีมืออยุธยา",
  "what_en": "A pair of carp cut from thin metal sheet and inscribed, hung up so that buying is easy and selling brisk — sharing its name with the woven palm-leaf fish mobile hung over Ayutthaya cradles.",
  "story_th": "ตำราให้แผ่ทองแดงหรือเงินให้บาง ตัดเป็นรูปปลาตะเพียน สมมติตัวหนึ่งเป็นเงินตัวหนึ่งเป็นทอง ลงตัว อิ อุ และ นะ ด้วยบทเมตตามหาลาภ ชมวดละจบ อีกตำรับใช้ทองคำ นาก เงิน หรือทองแดง ทำสองตัวคู่ตัวผู้ตัวเมีย ตั้งเครื่องบูชาครู เทียนหนัก ๑ บาท เทียนธรรมดา ๕ เล่ม ดอกไม้ขาว ๕ ดอก แล้วแขวนไว้บูชา มีคาถาบูชาปลา และคาถาเสกข้าวให้ปลากินทุกวัน",
  "story_en": "The treatise beats copper or silver thin, cuts it into a carp, names one fish silver and one gold, and inscribes the syllables i, u and a central na with three metta-and-gain verses, one recitation per blowing. A second recipe allows gold, nak, silver or copper, makes the pair male and female, and sets out offerings for the teacher — a one-baht candle, five ordinary candles, five white flowers — before hanging them up. Two further kathas follow: one to worship the fish, one to consecrate rice fed to the fish every day. English Wikipedia's woven fish is a different object with the same name: palm-leaf strips woven into a mobile of nine, twelve or fifteen fish round a mother fish, hung over cradles in Ayutthaya and Thonburi.",
  "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยงตามหมวด แต่ตำราให้เสกข้าวให้ปลากินทุกวัน",
  "keeping_en": "Nobody home by class, nothing owed — with the treatise's own wrinkle: it feeds the fish consecrated rice daily. Read that as the trade's courtesy to a luck-object, not as a resident; a knower may rule otherwise."
 },
 "sources": [
  "s:vault-classes",
  "s:ms6983",
  "s:en-wiki-pla-taphian",
  "s:tradition"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "catalogue",
   "source": "s:ms6983",
   "note": "bilingual.md lines 4246–4277 (printed pp. 122–123)"
  },
  "fields": {
   "axes.class": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "source": "s:vault-classes",
    "note": "inscribed object; the daily rice-feeding is noted, not weighed"
   },
   "text.keeping_en": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-classes"
   },
   "origin.era_en": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:en-wiki-pla-taphian"
   },
   "origin.first_attested": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:en-wiki-pla-taphian"
   },
   "iconography": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:ms6983",
    "note": "woven-mobile counts: s:en-wiki-pla-taphian"
   },
   "form.wearable_en": {
    "tier": "tradition",
    "source": "s:tradition"
   },
   "names.aliases": {
    "tier": "inference"
   },
   "market": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "note": "search term is this record's, not holding_key's"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "medium",
 "needs_verification": true,
 "updated": "2026-09-02",
 "class_facts": {
  "key": "yantra_wattu",
  "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)",
  "roman": "wattu mongkhon",
  "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object",
  "resident": "none",
  "upkeep": "none",
  "provenance_sensitivity": "low",
  "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.",
  "confidence": "high"
 },
 "function_terms": [
  {
   "key": "kha_khai",
   "term": "ค้าขาย",
   "roman": "kha khai",
   "en": "trade, selling",
   "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."
  },
  {
   "key": "chok_lap",
   "term": "โชคลาภ",
   "roman": "chok lap",
   "en": "luck and windfall",
   "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."
  },
  {
   "key": "metta_maha_niyom",
   "term": "เมตตามหานิยม",
   "roman": "metta maha niyom",
   "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity",
   "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."
  }
 ],
 "material_terms": [
  {
   "key": "thongdaeng",
   "term": "ทองแดง",
   "roman": "thongdaeng",
   "en": "copper",
   "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."
  },
  {
   "key": "ngoen",
   "term": "เนื้อเงิน",
   "roman": "nuea ngoen",
   "en": "silver",
   "definition": "Silver. Usually the middle tier of a struck issue — a รุ่น commonly runs ทองแดง, เงิน, ทองคำ from the same die, in descending quantity and ascending regard."
  },
  {
   "key": "thongkham",
   "term": "เนื้อทองคำ",
   "roman": "nuea thongkham",
   "en": "gold",
   "definition": "Gold. Thin in this corpus — 93 of 13,020 listings, and most of those name it for a frame or a plating rather than for the body of the piece. Gold issues are not rare in the tradition; they do not circulate on an open retail platform. That thinness measures what this corpus can and cannot see, and is among the clearest arguments for seeding the register from competition and association records rather than from listings. **Correction of record:** an earlier draft put this at 1 occurrence, having searched only the compound เนื้อทองคำ. The bare term is the one the market uses."
  },
  {
   "key": "naak",
   "term": "เนื้อนาค",
   "roman": "nuea naak",
   "en": "copper-gold alloy (rose gold)",
   "definition": "A copper-and-gold alloy of reddish cast, ranked in the treatises alongside gold and silver as one of the sheets a yantra may be inscribed on — the corpus phrase is แผ่นทอง แผ่นเงิน แผ่นนาค. Added to this axis *because of* that passage, not from the market: the compound forms return zero listings, so this is a material the treatises name and the retail corpus does not carry. **Carried only in unambiguous compounds.** Bare นาค returns 553 pages and 132 listings, but nearly all of those are the naga serpent — a being, not an alloy — which belongs to the class and motif axes. Scanning the bare term here would import a bestiary into a materials list."
  }
 ],
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "th-central",
   "th": "ภาคกลาง",
   "en": "Central Thailand (Bangkok, Ayutthaya basin)"
  }
 ],
 "market_stats": {
  "listings": 4,
  "priced": 4,
  "median_thb": 244.5,
  "typical_thb": [
   19.0,
   359.0
  ],
  "source": "s:catalog-db",
  "tier": "catalogue",
  "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"
 },
 "primary_image": {
  "file": "pla-taphian/pla-taphian-ayutthaya-palm-leave-fish-weaving-group-e93434.jpg",
  "source": "commons",
  "title": "File:Ayutthaya Palm-Leave Fish Weaving Group 1.jpg",
  "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Ayutthaya_Palm-Leave_Fish_Weaving_Group_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
  "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38176557",
  "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
  "author": "Mr.Peerapong Prasutr",
  "credit": "Work created under contract with the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Published with author's permission",
  "view": "other",
  "alt_th": "ปลาตะเพียน",
  "alt_en": "Pla taphian (carp charm) — The group is located in PhuKhao Thong sub-district, Phra Nakorn Si Ayutthaya district. It was founded by a group of hous",
  "sha256": "2313a07871fa1989ea73d564dd1a3eba691cb5dc5f05c3acc5a8cd1f20fd63fc",
  "width": 3140,
  "height": 2090,
  "primary": true
 },
 "tier_labels": {
  "en": {
   "catalogue": "Catalogue — checkable against the corpus (catalog.db, a transcribed treatise)",
   "cited": "Cited — a named external source, linked",
   "tradition": "Tradition — general knowledge of the wider tradition, hedged",
   "inference": "Inference — this project's own reasoning from the above",
   "field": "Field — someone stood there"
  },
  "th": {
   "catalogue": "จากคลัง",
   "cited": "อ้างอิงแหล่ง",
   "tradition": "ตามประเพณี",
   "inference": "อนุมาน",
   "field": "พบเห็นเอง"
  }
 }
}