{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "phra-kru",
 "level": "kind",
 "parent": null,
 "names": {
  "th": "พระกรุ",
  "roman": "phra kru",
  "en": "Phra Kru (cache-find amulet)",
  "aliases": {
   "th": [
    "กรุเก่า",
    "พระกรุเก่า",
    "พระพิมพ์กรุ"
   ],
   "roman": [
    "phra kroo",
    "kru amulet"
   ],
   "en": [
    "stupa-deposit amulet",
    "votive tablet from a cache"
   ]
  }
 },
 "region": [
  "th"
 ],
 "axes": {
  "class": "phra_khrueang",
  "functions": [
   "khum_khrong"
  ],
  "materials": [
   "nuea_din",
   "nuea_chin",
   "sanim_daeng",
   "nuea_phong"
  ],
  "figures": [
   "buddha"
  ]
 },
 "form": {
  "type": "tablet",
  "shape_th": "พระพิมพ์ทุกทรง — ดินเผาหรือชินเป็นหลัก",
  "shape_en": "Any pressed-tablet form; fired earth or chin alloy far more often than powder",
  "size_mm": null,
  "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอในตลับ",
  "wearable_en": "Worn at the neck in a case",
  "obverse_th": "องค์พระตามศิลปะยุคที่บรรจุ",
  "obverse_en": "A Buddha in the style of the period that sealed the cache",
  "reverse_th": "เรียบ มีคราบกรุ",
  "reverse_en": "Plain, carrying cache crust",
  "notes_en": "A category, not a mould. Form follows the named kind (Phra Rod, Nang Phaya, Sum Ko, Hu Yan and hundreds more); the shared marks are surface, not shape."
 },
 "iconography": [
  {
   "th": "องค์พระพิมพ์ ศิลปะตามยุค (ทวารวดี ลพบุรี สุโขทัย อู่ทอง อยุธยา)",
   "en": "a votive Buddha in the art of its period: Dvaravati, Lopburi, Sukhothai, U Thong, Ayutthaya"
  }
 ],
 "origin": {
  "wat_slug": null,
  "wat_th": "",
  "wat_en": "",
  "maker_th": "",
  "maker_en": "",
  "era_th": "ประเพณีบรรจุพระพิมพ์ในกรุเจดีย์เพื่อสืบพระศาสนา",
  "era_en": "The practice of sealing votive tablets in a stupa's chamber to carry the religion forward, per Thai Wikipedia; the tablets surface when the structure fails or is opened",
  "place_th": "ทั่วประเทศ",
  "place_en": "Throughout Thailand",
  "first_attested": ""
 },
 "diagnostics": [
  {
   "th": "คราบกรุ — คราบดิน ไคล และแร่บานบนผิว",
   "en": "Cache crust: earth, sediment and mineral bloom on the surface, the category's shared mark",
   "source": "s:holding-key",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "เนื้อชินอ่านจากสนิม ชินเงิน ชินตะกั่ว สนิมแดง · เนื้อดินอ่านจากการหดตัว",
   "en": "Chin bodies read by patina (silvery, lead-heavy, red-rust); clay bodies read by shrinkage. Powder is the exception, not the rule, in a cache",
   "source": "s:vault-materials",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "สนิมแดงคือสภาพผิว ไม่ใช่คำตัดสินอายุ",
   "en": "Red rust is a surface state recorded as such, never a verdict on age",
   "source": "s:vault-materials",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "รูปทรงบอกชื่อกรุ ผิวบอกอายุ",
   "en": "Shape names the kind and cache; surface testifies to time. Ask both questions separately",
   "source": "s:holding-key",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "หมวดที่ผลิตเลียนแบบมาก คราบทำใหม่ได้",
   "en": "Heavily reproduced as a category; crust can be applied. A statement about the category, never about an object",
   "source": "s:vault-materials",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  }
 ],
 "confusable_with": [
  {
   "id": "phra-rot",
   "tell_th": "พระรอดคือพระกรุที่มีชื่อ — ใบโพธิ์ล้อม ลำพูน",
   "tell_en": "Phra Rod is one named member of this category: bodhi-leaf ring, Lamphun. Say the name when you can; say phra kru when you cannot."
  },
  {
   "id": "phra-hu-yan",
   "tell_th": "หูยานคือพระกรุเนื้อชินที่มีชื่อ ลพบุรี",
   "tell_en": "Hu Yan is a named chin-alloy member: ears to the shoulders, Lopburi."
  },
  {
   "id": "phra-khanaen",
   "tell_th": "พระคะแนนคือองค์เล็กที่ใช้นับจำนวน มีทั้งในกรุและในรุ่นวัดสมัยใหม่",
   "tell_en": "A phra khanaen is an undersized counting piece; it may come from a cache or from a modern temple run, so size and purpose name it, not the crust."
  },
  {
   "id": "phra-somdet",
   "tell_th": "พระสมเด็จเป็นพระผงสมัยรัตนโกสินทร์ สร้างแจกไม่ได้บรรจุกรุเป็นหลัก · พระกรุเป็นดินหรือชินจากเจดีย์",
   "tell_en": "A somdej is Rattanakosin pressed powder made to give out; a phra kru is earth or chin sealed in a stupa and recovered. Some somdej were later deposited (the trade calls those กรุ too), which is why the material is the first gate."
  }
 ],
 "market": {
  "search": [
   "พระกรุ",
   "กรุเก่า"
  ],
  "excludes": [
   "พระกรุง"
  ],
  "tier": "both"
 },
 "media": {
  "commons_categories": [
   "Category:Amulets in the Ramkhamhaeng National Museum",
   "Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"
  ],
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   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705814907).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705814617).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705814157).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705813697).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705813467).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705813167).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705812727).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705812417).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705812077).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (32705811667).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (47648419761).jpg",
   "File:Terracotta Moulds, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (33770917578).jpg",
   "File:Votive Tablets, Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai (47648415511).jpg",
   "File:กรุวัดกุฏีสูง.jpg",
   "File:กรุวัดกุฏีสูง เนื้อดินเผา.jpg",
   "File:พระนาคปรก กรุนาดูน.jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน.jpg",
   "File:ด้านหลัง พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน.jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุวัดป่ายาง.jpg"
  ],
  "wanted_en": "The Ramkhamhaeng Museum set (public domain) shows Sukhothai terracotta tablets and moulds in cases; still wanted is a loupe-scale detail of cache crust on a chin piece and on a clay piece side by side."
 },
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 "text": {
  "what_th": "พระพิมพ์ที่ได้จากกรุเจดีย์ที่ปิดไว้ — ดินเผาหรือชินมากกว่าผง มีคราบและแร่บานจากหลายร้อยปีในกรุ อายุคือคำถามทั้งหมด ผิวคือพยาน ไม่มีผู้ใดสถิตอยู่",
  "what_en": "An amulet recovered from a sealed temple cache (กรุ) — fired earth or chin alloy more often than powder, with the crust and mineral bloom of centuries in the chamber. Age is the whole question; the surface is the testimony.",
  "story_th": "การสร้างเจดีย์มีประเพณีบรรจุของมีค่าและพระพิมพ์จำนวนมากไว้ในกรุเพื่อสืบพระศาสนา เมื่อเจดีย์พังหรือถูกเปิด พระจึงออกมา — วงการเรียกกรุแตก พระเบญจภาคีสี่ในห้าเป็นพระกรุ",
  "story_en": "Thai Wikipedia records the custom of sealing valuables and large numbers of votive tablets in a stupa's chamber so that the religion would outlast the building. When the structure fails or is opened the tablets come out, which the trade calls a cache breaking (กรุแตก). Four of the Benjaphakhi five are cache-finds; the term พระเครื่อง itself, per the same article, only arrives in the reign of Rama IV and folds these older พระพิมพ์ into it.",
  "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง บูชาได้โดยไม่ต้องรู้ประวัติ",
  "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. Safe to adopt with unknown history; its provenance question is age and authenticity, never spiritual safety."
 },
 "sources": [
  "s:vault-classes",
  "s:vault-materials",
  "s:vault-functions",
  "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang",
  "s:en-wiki-thai-amulet",
  "s:tradition",
  "s:holding-key",
  "s:th-wiki-chedi"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "catalogue",
   "source": "s:holding-key"
  },
  "fields": {
   "axes": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-classes"
   },
   "axes.functions": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "note": "คุ้มครอง as the holding pen: the category makes no single function claim"
   },
   "origin.era_en": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:th-wiki-chedi"
   },
   "text.story_en": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-khrueang"
   },
   "text.keeping_en": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-classes"
   },
   "media": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:commons-amulets-th"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "high",
 "needs_verification": false,
 "updated": "2026-09-02",
 "class_facts": {
  "key": "phra_khrueang",
  "term": "พระเครื่อง",
  "roman": "phra khrueang",
  "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet",
  "resident": "none",
  "upkeep": "none",
  "provenance_sensitivity": "low",
  "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.",
  "confidence": "high"
 },
 "function_terms": [
  {
   "key": "khum_khrong",
   "term": "คุ้มครอง",
   "roman": "khum khrong",
   "en": "general protection, watching over",
   "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."
  }
 ],
 "material_terms": [
  {
   "key": "nuea_din",
   "term": "เนื้อดิน",
   "roman": "nuea din",
   "en": "clay body",
   "definition": "Clay pressed in a mould and fired. The body of พระรอด, พระนางพญา and พระผงสุพรรณ — the last of which is named ผง but is fired earth, a naming trap worth knowing. Fire colour ranges widely within a single kiln load, so colour alone settles nothing."
  },
  {
   "key": "nuea_chin",
   "term": "เนื้อชิน",
   "roman": "nuea chin",
   "en": "tin-lead alloy",
   "definition": "A tin-lead alloy cast or pressed into votive tablets, characteristic of pieces recovered from กรุ (stupa deposits). Conventionally divided by patina into ชินเงิน (silvery), ชินตะกั่ว (lead-heavy) and ชินสนิมแดง (red-rust)."
  },
  {
   "key": "sanim_daeng",
   "term": "สนิมแดง",
   "roman": "sanim daeng",
   "en": "red rust patina",
   "definition": "The red lead-oxide crust that forms on ชิน over long burial. Named as a material in the market but functioning as an age claim — which is why it is both prized and reproduced. Recorded here as a surface state, not as a verdict on age."
  },
  {
   "key": "nuea_phong",
   "term": "เนื้อผง",
   "roman": "nuea phong",
   "en": "sacred-powder paste",
   "definition": "Consecrated powder bound with a binder (traditionally banana sap, lime, oil) and pressed. The material of the พระสมเด็จ and of most temple issues since. Because the recipe is reproducible and the mould is copyable, this is the most heavily reproduced material in the trade — which is precisely why the reference literature on it is the deepest."
  }
 ],
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "th",
   "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย",
   "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"
  }
 ],
 "market_stats": {
  "listings": 37,
  "priced": 37,
  "median_thb": 129.0,
  "typical_thb": [
   69.0,
   257.0
  ],
  "source": "s:catalog-db",
  "tier": "catalogue",
  "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"
 },
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  "author": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China",
  "credit": "Terracotta Buddha Sealing, 14th-15th Cent., Ramkhamhaeng Museum, Sukhothai",
  "view": "other",
  "alt_th": "พระกรุ",
  "alt_en": "Phra Kru (cache-find amulet) — Museum of Sukhothai history, Sukhothai, Thailand. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.",
  "sha256": "95aca4e18a725d55e4676490ba52912700fedd827fc8f9af98835f5641801274",
  "width": 6000,
  "height": 4000,
  "primary": true
 },
 "tier_labels": {
  "en": {
   "catalogue": "Catalogue — checkable against the corpus (catalog.db, a transcribed treatise)",
   "cited": "Cited — a named external source, linked",
   "tradition": "Tradition — general knowledge of the wider tradition, hedged",
   "inference": "Inference — this project's own reasoning from the above",
   "field": "Field — someone stood there"
  },
  "th": {
   "catalogue": "จากคลัง",
   "cited": "อ้างอิงแหล่ง",
   "tradition": "ตามประเพณี",
   "inference": "อนุมาน",
   "field": "พบเห็นเอง"
  }
 }
}