{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "phra-chiang-saen",
 "level": "kind",
 "parent": null,
 "names": {
  "th": "พระเชียงแสน",
  "roman": "phra chiang saen",
  "en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha",
  "aliases": {
   "th": [
    "พระสิงห์",
    "เชียงแสนสิงห์หนึ่ง",
    "เชียงแสนสิงห์สอง",
    "พระพุทธรูปศิลปะล้านนา"
   ],
   "roman": [
    "phra singh",
    "chiang saen sing nueng",
    "chiangsaen"
   ],
   "en": [
    "Chiengsen Buddha",
    "Lanna Buddha image",
    "Singha-style Buddha"
   ]
  }
 },
 "region": [
  "th-north"
 ],
 "axes": {
  "class": "phra_khrueang",
  "functions": [
   "khum_khrong",
   "khlaeo_khlat",
   "metta_maha_niyom"
  ],
  "materials": [
   "samrit",
   "nuea_loha",
   "thongdaeng"
  ],
  "figures": [
   "buddha"
  ]
 },
 "form": {
  "type": "figure",
  "shape_th": "พระพุทธรูปหล่อสำริดแบบล้านนา ตั้งแต่องค์บูชาถึงองค์จ้อยขนาดห้อยคอ",
  "shape_en": "Cast bronze Buddha in the Lanna manner, from shrine images down to 'ong choi' pieces small enough to wear",
  "size_mm": null,
  "wearable_th": "องค์เล็กเลี่ยมห้อยคอ องค์ใหญ่ตั้งบูชา",
  "wearable_en": "Small ones framed at the neck; larger ones on the altar",
  "obverse_th": "พระพุทธรูปนั่ง สมาธิหรือมารวิชัย",
  "obverse_en": "Seated Buddha, in meditation or touching the earth",
  "reverse_th": "หลังเรียบ ฐานกลวงหรือตัน บางองค์มีรอยกรุ",
  "reverse_en": "Plain back; base hollow or solid; cache pieces carry crust",
  "notes_en": "The name covers a style, not one wat or run; commercial pieces titled 'พระเชียงแสน' range from cache bronzes to modern copies."
 },
 "iconography": [
  {
   "th": "สิงห์หนึ่ง: ขัดสมาธิเพชร พระพักตร์กลม เกตุมาลาดอกบัวตูม พระวรกายอวบ ชายสังฆาฏิสั้นเหนือพระถัน",
   "en": "Sing 1: vajrasana with both soles up, round face, lotus-bud ushnisha, plump body, short robe flap ending above the nipple"
  },
  {
   "th": "สิงห์สอง: ขัดสมาธิราบ พระพักตร์รูปไข่ เกตุมาลาเปลว ชายสังฆาฏิยาวจรดพระนาภี อิทธิพลสุโขทัย",
   "en": "Sing 2: legs folded flat, oval face, flame ushnisha, robe flap to the navel, Sukhothai influence"
  },
  {
   "th": "สิงห์สาม: ยุคปลาย ใกล้สุโขทัย",
   "en": "Sing 3: late, close to Sukhothai"
  }
 ],
 "origin": {
  "wat_slug": null,
  "wat_th": "",
  "wat_en": "",
  "maker_th": "ช่างหล่อล้านนา ไม่ระบุ",
  "maker_en": "Lanna bronze casters, unnamed",
  "era_th": "ศิลปะล้านนา ราวพุทธศตวรรษที่ 19–24",
  "era_en": "Lanna art, roughly the 13th to 18th centuries CE (Buddhist centuries 19–24)",
  "place_th": "เชียงแสน เชียงใหม่ และเมืองล้านนา",
  "place_en": "Chiang Saen, Chiang Mai and the Lanna towns; the name comes from the art centre before Mangrai moved to Chiang Mai",
  "first_attested": ""
 },
 "diagnostics": [
  {
   "th": "ท่านั่ง: สมาธิเพชรเห็นฝ่าพระบาททั้งสอง = สิงห์หนึ่ง · สมาธิราบ = สิงห์สอง",
   "en": "Seat: both soles showing (vajrasana) reads Sing 1; legs folded flat reads Sing 2",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-lanna-art",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "เกตุมาลา: บัวตูม = สิงห์หนึ่ง · เปลว = สิงห์สอง/สาม",
   "en": "Ushnisha: lotus bud for Sing 1, flame for Sing 2 and 3",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-lanna-art",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ชายสังฆาฏิ: สั้นเหนือพระถัน = สิงห์หนึ่ง · ยาวถึงพระนาภี = สิงห์สอง",
   "en": "Robe flap: short above the nipple for Sing 1, down to the navel for Sing 2",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-lanna-art",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "เนื้อสำริด: สำริดแก่ทอง สำริดนาก สัมฤทธิ์ดำ — ผิวและสนิมตามอายุ",
   "en": "Bronze bodies the trade names gold-rich, nak-toned and black; patina and pitting are the age signal on cast metal",
   "source": "s:vault-materials",
   "tier": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "th": "พระพุทธสิหิงค์เป็นต้นแบบของคำว่า “สิงห์” ในการเรียกแบบ",
   "en": "The word 'Sing' in the style names points to the Phra Sihing image and its Chiang Mai copy, not to a lion on the piece",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-phra-sihing",
   "tier": "cited"
  }
 ],
 "confusable_with": [
  {
   "id": "rup-lo",
   "tell_th": "รูปหล่อคือรูปพระเกจิ ไม่ใช่พระพุทธรูป",
   "tell_en": "A rup lo is a cast monk portrait; a Chiang Saen is a cast Buddha. Both phra_khrueang."
  },
  {
   "id": "phra-kring",
   "tell_th": "พระกริ่งเป็นพระพุทธรูปเล็กมีเม็ดกริ่ง แบบจีน-ทิเบต",
   "tell_en": "A phra kring is a small Buddha with a rattle inside in a Sino-Tibetan manner; a Chiang Saen is Lanna style, no rattle"
  },
  {
   "id": "phra-kru",
   "tell_th": "พระกรุส่วนมากเป็นพระพิมพ์ดินหรือชิน · พระเชียงแสนกรุเป็นสำริดหล่อ",
   "tell_en": "Most cache finds are pressed earth or chin tablets; a cache Chiang Saen is a cast bronze figure"
  },
  {
   "id": "phra-khong",
   "tell_th": "พระคงเป็นพระพิมพ์ดินเผาลำพูน · พระเชียงแสนเป็นสำริดหล่อ",
   "tell_en": "A พระคง is a Lamphun fired-earth tablet; a Chiang Saen is cast bronze. Both Lanna, both nobody-home."
  }
 ],
 "market": {
  "search": [
   "พระเชียงแสน",
   "เชียงแสนสิงห์"
  ],
  "excludes": [],
  "tier": "both"
 },
 "media": {
  "commons_categories": [
   "Category:Buddhist amulets of Thailand"
  ],
  "commons_files": [
   "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ๑.jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน ยุคต้น.jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน (ยุคกลาง).jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน.jpg",
   "File:ด้านหลัง พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน.jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน เนื้สำริดนาก.jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ลังกาวงศ์.jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน สัมฤทธิ์์เดช (สัมฤทธิ์ดำ).jpg",
   "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ (ลังกา).jpg"
  ],
  "wanted_en": "Commons has obverse and reverse of cache pieces. Still wanted: a Sing 1 beside a Sing 2 at matched scale, and an ong-choi pendant in the hand."
 },
 "text": {
  "what_th": "พระพุทธรูปสำริดแบบล้านนาที่วงการเรียกรวมว่าพระเชียงแสน แบ่งเป็นสิงห์หนึ่ง สิงห์สอง สิงห์สาม ตามหน้า เกตุ และชายจีวร มีทั้งองค์บูชาและองค์จ้อยห้อยคอ",
  "what_en": "Lanna bronze Buddhas the trade groups as พระเชียงแสน, sorted into Sing 1, 2 and 3 by face, ushnisha and robe flap; from altar images down to wearable 'ong choi' pieces.",
  "story_th": "ศิลปะล้านนาเริ่มที่เชียงแสนก่อนพญามังรายย้ายมาเชียงใหม่ ชื่อจึงติดมา สิงห์หนึ่งพระพักตร์กลม เกตุบัวตูม ขัดสมาธิเพชร สิงห์สองรับอิทธิพลสุโขทัย เกตุเปลว ชายจีวรยาว คำว่าสิงห์มาจากพระพุทธสิหิงค์ที่วัดพระสิงห์เชียงใหม่",
  "story_en": "Lanna art centred on Chiang Saen before Mangrai moved to Chiang Mai, and the name stayed on the bronzes. Sing 1 has a round face, lotus-bud ushnisha and both soles up; Sing 2 takes Sukhothai's flame ushnisha and long robe flap; Sing 3 is the late style. 'Sing' refers to the Phra Sihing image whose Chiang Mai copy sits at Wat Phra Singh. Small casts and cache pieces enter the amulet trade under the same name.",
  "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง คำถามคือแท้ อายุ และราคา",
  "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. The provenance question is age, authenticity and price."
 },
 "sources": [
  "s:th-wiki-lanna-art",
  "s:th-wiki-phra-sihing",
  "s:vault-classes",
  "s:vault-materials",
  "s:commons-amulets-th",
  "s:tradition"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-lanna-art"
  },
  "fields": {
   "axes.functions": {
    "tier": "tradition",
    "source": "s:tradition"
   },
   "form": {
    "tier": "tradition",
    "source": "s:tradition"
   },
   "text.keeping_en": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-classes"
   },
   "market": {
    "tier": "inference"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "medium",
 "needs_verification": true,
 "updated": "2026-09-02",
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   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "พระเชียงแสน",
   "alt_en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha — ประวัติความเป็นมาของเมืองเชียงแสน มีบันทึกไว้ในตำนานพงศาวดารหลายฉบับหลายสำนวน แต่เนื้อเรื่องส่วนใหญ่จะเป็นเค้าโครงเดียวก",
   "sha256": "61457c7c4d4e5d91d5b60355b5944680b854c2005210b21eba7e9b3e59df56dc",
   "width": 3120,
   "height": 4160
  },
  {
   "file": "phra-chiang-saen/phra-chiang-saen-jpg-16a0e7.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:พระเชียงแสน สัมฤทธิ์์เดช (สัมฤทธิ์ดำ).jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8A_%28%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55032306",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Suriya aruno",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "พระเชียงแสน",
   "alt_en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha — พระสิงห์๑ เชียงแสน กรุวัดป่ายาง แตกกรุปี ๒๕๕๓ เนื้อสัมฤทธิ์ดำ",
   "sha256": "8ae8c6e3b6e8ee76f9bbf49cd9ee2692a5f61e4b48d15e33939ead561cc46c62",
   "width": 3120,
   "height": 4160
  },
  {
   "file": "phra-chiang-saen/phra-chiang-saen-jpg-87731a.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ (ลังกา).jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%91_%28%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55197431",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Suriya aruno",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "พระเชียงแสน",
   "alt_en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha — ประวัติพระเชียงแสนลังกาวงศ์\n.... พระพุทธรูปศิลปะเชียงแสนลังกาวงศ์ มีต้นกำเนิดการสร้างขึ้นใน อาณาจักรเชียงแสน ซึ่งเป็นอาณ",
   "sha256": "ba5275fbf36a605eeff85dbfc47e78d97d7188ab388799e2f7d5349b4b872e5e",
   "width": 3120,
   "height": 4160
  },
  {
   "file": "phra-chiang-saen/phra-chiang-saen-jpg-3f1228.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ลังกาวงศ์.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55239983",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Suriya aruno",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "พระเชียงแสน",
   "alt_en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha — Phra Chiang Saen Style",
   "sha256": "0abf3239e0ff26d6b60d94816d7af02c3bd975ff9f3dbc54ddb368c54b11372e",
   "width": 3120,
   "height": 4160
  }
 ],
 "class_facts": {
  "key": "phra_khrueang",
  "term": "พระเครื่อง",
  "roman": "phra khrueang",
  "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet",
  "resident": "none",
  "upkeep": "none",
  "provenance_sensitivity": "low",
  "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.",
  "confidence": "high"
 },
 "function_terms": [
  {
   "key": "khum_khrong",
   "term": "คุ้มครอง",
   "roman": "khum khrong",
   "en": "general protection, watching over",
   "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."
  },
  {
   "key": "khlaeo_khlat",
   "term": "แคล้วคลาด",
   "roman": "khlaeo khlat",
   "en": "evasion, narrow escape",
   "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."
  },
  {
   "key": "metta_maha_niyom",
   "term": "เมตตามหานิยม",
   "roman": "metta maha niyom",
   "en": "loving-kindness and wide popularity",
   "definition": "Broad social favour — people are well-disposed, superiors are lenient, customers return. Built on เมตตา, the Buddhist virtue, and respectable to carry and to sell."
  }
 ],
 "material_terms": [
  {
   "key": "samrit",
   "term": "สัมฤทธิ์",
   "roman": "samrit",
   "en": "bronze",
   "definition": "Bronze. The body of most พระบูชา (altar images) as distinct from the small worn amulet. Spelled both สัมฤทธิ์ and สำริด in the market."
  },
  {
   "key": "nuea_loha",
   "term": "เนื้อโลหะ",
   "roman": "nuea loha",
   "en": "metal (unspecified)",
   "definition": "Metal, unspecified. Common in listings precisely because it commits to nothing. Recorded as its own term rather than resolved, because the vagueness is itself the datum — a seller who can name the alloy usually does."
  },
  {
   "key": "thongdaeng",
   "term": "ทองแดง",
   "roman": "thongdaeng",
   "en": "copper",
   "definition": "Copper. Common as the base metal of struck เหรียญ (medal-form amulets), where the issue is often distinguished by which metals the same die was struck in."
  }
 ],
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "th-north",
   "th": "ล้านนา · ภาคเหนือ",
   "en": "Lanna / Northern Thailand"
  }
 ],
 "market_stats": {
  "listings": 1,
  "priced": 1,
  "median_thb": 129.0,
  "typical_thb": [
   129.0,
   129.0
  ],
  "source": "s:catalog-db",
  "tier": "catalogue",
  "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"
 },
 "primary_image": {
  "file": "phra-chiang-saen/phra-chiang-saen-jpg-febe0b.jpg",
  "source": "commons",
  "title": "File:พระเชียงแสน สิงห์ ๑.jpg",
  "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%91.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
  "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55019056",
  "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
  "author": "Suriya aruno",
  "credit": "Own work",
  "view": "other",
  "alt_th": "พระเชียงแสน",
  "alt_en": "Chiang Saen (Lanna) bronze Buddha — พระเชียงแสน สิงห์๑ กรุเชียงแสน ขนาด ๑ นิ้ว",
  "sha256": "336c0f3c8c31cd4c78378dd5cacf16ee55c14d9bb623f61fff833324c1464ca2",
  "width": 3120,
  "height": 4160,
  "primary": true
 },
 "tier_labels": {
  "en": {
   "catalogue": "Catalogue — checkable against the corpus (catalog.db, a transcribed treatise)",
   "cited": "Cited — a named external source, linked",
   "tradition": "Tradition — general knowledge of the wider tradition, hedged",
   "inference": "Inference — this project's own reasoning from the above",
   "field": "Field — someone stood there"
  },
  "th": {
   "catalogue": "จากคลัง",
   "cited": "อ้างอิงแหล่ง",
   "tradition": "ตามประเพณี",
   "inference": "อนุมาน",
   "field": "พบเห็นเอง"
  }
 }
}