{
 "schema": 1,
 "level": "kind",
 "parent": null,
 "id": "jimat",
 "names": {
  "th": "ยันต์มลายู",
  "roman": "jimat",
  "en": "Jimat / azimat (Islamic-Malay written amulet)",
  "aliases": {
   "th": [
    "จิมัต",
    "อาซิมัต",
    "ตะกรุดมลายู"
   ],
   "roman": [
    "azimat",
    "azimah",
    "tamimah",
    "ta'wiz"
   ],
   "en": [
    "Malay talisman",
    "Quranic amulet",
    "taweez"
   ]
  },
  "other_scripts": {
   "ms": "جيمت / عزيمة (Jawi) · jimat / azimat",
   "id": "jimat / azimat",
   "ar": "عزيمة"
  }
 },
 "region": [
  "my",
  "id",
  "sg"
 ],
 "axes": {
  "class": "yantra_wattu",
  "functions": [
   "khum_khrong",
   "kan_phi",
   "khong_kraphan",
   "kha_khai",
   "maha_saneh"
  ],
  "materials": [],
  "figures": [
   "none"
  ]
 },
 "form": {
  "type": "other",
  "shape_th": "กระดาษหรือผ้าเขียนอักษรอาหรับ/ยาวี พับเล็กใส่ซองผ้า ตลับโลหะ หรือเย็บติดเสื้อ เข็มขัด",
  "shape_en": "A sheet of paper or cloth written in Arabic or Jawi script, folded small and sealed in a cloth pouch, a metal case, a belt or the lining of a garment; also whole talismanic shirts (baju rajah) written all over.",
  "size_mm": null,
  "wearable_th": "แขวนคอ ผูกแขน เหน็บเอว ติดรถ หรือแขวนในบ้าน",
  "wearable_en": "Hung on the body, a vehicle or a building — the Indonesian definition names all three; worn at the neck, upper arm or waist.",
  "obverse_th": "ข้อความ: อายะฮ์อัลกุรอาน พระนามอัลลอฮ์ ตารางเลข (วะฟัก) ตัวอักษรโดด",
  "obverse_en": "Text: Quranic verses, names of God, a numbered wafq square, isolated letters; the writing is the whole object.",
  "reverse_th": "",
  "reverse_en": "",
  "notes_en": "Azimat is the Arabic loan (ʿazīma); jimat is its Malay/Indonesian clip. Ta'wiz is the same object in South Asia. Compare the Thai takrut: same logic of an inscribed sheet closed by a rite, different script and a different sacred language."
 },
 "iconography": [
  {
   "th": "อักษรอาหรับ / ยาวี",
   "en": "Arabic or Jawi script, never a figure"
  },
  {
   "th": "ตารางวะฟัก (magic square)",
   "en": "a wafq — the Islamic magic square, most often 3×3 (buduh)"
  },
  {
   "th": "ชื่อพระเจ้า ๙๙ พระนาม / ตราสุลัยมาน",
   "en": "the 99 names of God; the Seal of Solomon star"
  }
 ],
 "origin": {
  "wat_slug": null,
  "wat_th": "",
  "wat_en": "",
  "maker_th": "โต๊ะครู / ดุกุน / กียาอี",
  "maker_en": "Written by a religious teacher (tok guru, kyai), a bomoh or a dukun; the writer's standing is the object's credential",
  "era_th": "สืบมากับอิสลามในโลกมลายู",
  "era_en": "Arrived with Islam in the Malay world; the paper-and-Arabic form is continuous with the ta'wiz of the wider Muslim world",
  "place_th": "คาบสมุทรมลายู สุมาตรา ชวา",
  "place_en": "Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java",
  "first_attested": ""
 },
 "diagnostics": [
  {
   "th": "เป็นข้อความ ไม่ใช่รูป — อักษรอาหรับ ยาวี เลขอาหรับ",
   "en": "It is writing, not an image: Arabic or Jawi letters and Arabic numerals. A figure means it is something else",
   "source": "s:en-wiki-tawiz",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ตารางเลข (วะฟัก) ช่องละตัวเลขหรือตัวอักษร ผลรวมเท่ากันทุกแถว",
   "en": "A grid of numbers or letters whose rows sum alike — the wafq al-a'dad, in occult use since the 13th century",
   "source": "s:en-wiki-magic-square",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "พับเล็กใส่ซอง ตลับ หรือเย็บติดเสื้อ ไม่ม้วนเป็นหลอดแบบตะกรุด",
   "en": "Folded flat into a pouch, locket, armband or sewn into clothing — not rolled into a tube like a takrut",
   "source": "s:en-wiki-tawiz",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "แขวนได้ทั้งคน รถ และบ้าน",
   "en": "Hung on a person, a vehicle or a building — the same object serves all three",
   "source": "s:id-wiki-jimat",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "เสื้อราจะฮ์ (baju rajah) คือจิมัตทั้งตัว เขียนเต็มผืน",
   "en": "A baju rajah is a whole shirt written over as one jimat; the Commons example belonged to a 1948–49 fighter",
   "source": "s:id-wiki-jimat",
   "tier": "cited"
  }
 ],
 "confusable_with": [
  {
   "id": "takrut",
   "tell_th": "ตะกรุดม้วนแผ่นโลหะจารอักขระขอม · จิมัตพับกระดาษเขียนอาหรับ ทั้งคู่ไม่มีผู้อยู่",
   "tell_en": "Same class, different script and fold: a takrut is a metal sheet in Khom letters rolled into a tube; a jimat is paper or cloth in Arabic folded flat. Neither is fed."
  },
  {
   "id": "rajah",
   "tell_th": "ราจาห์คือตัวเขียนที่ทำให้จิมัตขลัง จิมัตคือของที่พกไป",
   "tell_en": "Rajah is the written formula; jimat is the carried object that holds it. Indonesian usage lets rajah stand alone on skin or a shirt, and jimat cover unwritten charms too."
  },
  {
   "id": "in-yantra",
   "tell_th": "อินพม่าเป็นตารางยันต์อักษรพม่า ในบริบทพุทธ · จิมัตเป็นอาหรับ ในบริบทอิสลาม",
   "tell_en": "A Burmese in is a grid yantra in Burmese letters from a Buddhist weikza lineage; a jimat is Arabic in an Islamic one. Same idea of a squared diagram, different script and sacred language."
  },
  {
   "id": "pha-yan",
   "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ไทยเป็นผืนใหญ่ มีรูปพระ ฤๅษี สัตว์ · จิมัตไม่มีรูปคนหรือสัตว์",
   "tell_en": "A Thai pha yan is a large cloth carrying figures — Buddha, hermit, animals; a jimat is aniconic, text only."
  }
 ],
 "market": {
  "search": [],
  "excludes": [],
  "tier": "unknown"
 },
 "media": {
  "commons_categories": [],
  "commons_files": [
   "File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg"
  ],
  "wanted_en": "Only the Baju Rajah shirt (CC BY-SA 4.0, id.wikipedia) is free on Commons as of 2026-09-02; Commons searches for 'azimat' and 'jimat' return nothing else Malay. Needed: a folded paper jimat open beside its cloth pouch, a wafq square in close-up, and a metal jimat case as worn."
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "jimat/jimat-baju-rajah-syirik-e81a39.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Baju_Rajah_%28Syirik%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156701516",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Muhamad Izzul Fiqih",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ยันต์มลายู",
   "alt_en": "Jimat / azimat (Islamic-Malay written amulet) — Baju Rajah ini milik Ibrahim bin Abdul Gani dengan sebutan Datuk Ahim. Ia seorang Panglima Selempang Merah dari Desa Par",
   "sha256": "708d408beae22908cfd4dafb34e554dfa61cbe33e83a09895abe1d5173f148bb",
   "width": 3994,
   "height": 6643,
   "primary": true
  }
 ],
 "text": {
  "what_th": "เครื่องรางเขียนของโลกมลายู: กระดาษหรือผ้าจารอายะฮ์อัลกุรอาน พระนามพระเจ้า หรือตารางเลข พับเล็กพกติดตัว ผูกรถ หรือแขวนบ้าน พลังอยู่ที่ตัวเขียนและผู้เขียน ไม่มีผู้อยู่",
  "what_en": "The written amulet of the Malay world: Quranic verses, names of God or a numbered square, set down in Arabic on paper or cloth by a teacher or bomoh, folded small and carried, tied to a vehicle or hung in a house. Power sits in the writing and the hand that wrote it; nobody is home.",
  "story_th": "คำว่า azimat มาจากอาหรับ ʿazīma ส่วน jimat เป็นรูปย่อในภาษามลายู ของชนิดเดียวกันที่อินเดียเรียก ta'wiz วิกิพีเดียอินโดนีเซียนิยามว่าเป็นของหรือข้อความที่แขวนไว้กับร่างกาย รถ หรืออาคาร เพื่อป้องกันโรคและเคราะห์ (tolak bala) ในศาสนาอิสลามมีข้อโต้แย้งชัดเจน: สำนักที่เคร่งถือว่าเป็นชิริก ฝ่ายที่ผ่อนปรนยอมรับถ้าข้อความเป็นอัลกุรอานล้วน",
  "story_en": "Azimat is Arabic ʿazīma; jimat is what Malay made of it, and ta'wiz is the same thing in South Asia. Indonesian Wikipedia defines it as an object or writing hung on a body, a vehicle or a building to turn aside sickness and misfortune (tolak bala). The theological fight is part of the object: stricter schools call it shirk — seeking protection from other than God — while others accept it when the text is Quran alone. The Malay trade also sells it for kebal (invulnerability), pelaris (custom for a shop) and pengasihan (attraction); those three are what the vault's function keys are doing here.",
  "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ให้เกียรติตัวเขียนตามธรรมเนียม: ไม่ให้เปียก ไม่พาเข้าที่สกปรก ผู้ถือมักถือว่าห้ามเปิดซอง",
  "keeping_en": "Impersonal — nothing is owed and nothing is fed. Keepers treat the writing as scripture: kept dry, kept out of unclean places, and the trade holds that the fold is not opened."
 },
 "sources": [
  "s:vault-classes",
  "s:id-wiki-jimat",
  "s:ms-wiki-azimat",
  "s:en-wiki-tawiz",
  "s:en-wiki-magic-square",
  "s:tradition"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:en-wiki-tawiz"
  },
  "fields": {
   "axes.class": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "source": "s:vault-classes",
    "note": "impersonal inscribed object; the vault's yantra_wattu applies across the region"
   },
   "axes.functions": {
    "tier": "tradition",
    "source": "s:tradition",
    "note": "kebal / pelaris / pengasihan are trade claims, hedged"
   },
   "names.th": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "note": "descriptive Thai gloss; Thai has no settled term"
   },
   "text.keeping_en": {
    "tier": "tradition",
    "source": "s:tradition"
   },
   "origin": {
    "tier": "tradition",
    "source": "s:tradition"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "medium",
 "needs_verification": true,
 "updated": "2026-09-02",
 "class_facts": {
  "key": "yantra_wattu",
  "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)",
  "roman": "wattu mongkhon",
  "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object",
  "resident": "none",
  "upkeep": "none",
  "provenance_sensitivity": "low",
  "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.",
  "confidence": "high"
 },
 "function_terms": [
  {
   "key": "khum_khrong",
   "term": "คุ้มครอง",
   "roman": "khum khrong",
   "en": "general protection, watching over",
   "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."
  },
  {
   "key": "kan_phi",
   "term": "กันผี",
   "roman": "kan phi",
   "en": "warding spirits",
   "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."
  },
  {
   "key": "khong_kraphan",
   "term": "คงกระพัน",
   "roman": "khong kraphan",
   "en": "invulnerability to blades",
   "definition": "The body cannot be cut or pierced. Classically paired with ชาตรี in the martial compound คงกระพันชาตรี. Says nothing about firearms — that is มหาอุด."
  },
  {
   "key": "kha_khai",
   "term": "ค้าขาย",
   "roman": "kha khai",
   "en": "trade, selling",
   "definition": "Specifically commercial: custom comes to the shop, goods move. Distinguished from โชคลาภ because the gain is worked for rather than fallen into."
  },
  {
   "key": "maha_saneh",
   "term": "มหาเสน่ห์",
   "roman": "maha saneh",
   "en": "powerful attraction, allure",
   "definition": "Personal and frequently erotic attraction, directed at a particular person rather than at a room. Overlaps the love-wax (สีผึ้ง) and น้ำมันพราย material tradition."
  }
 ],
 "material_terms": [],
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "my",
   "th": "มาเลเซีย",
   "en": "Malaysia"
  },
  {
   "key": "id",
   "th": "อินโดนีเซีย",
   "en": "Indonesia"
  },
  {
   "key": "sg",
   "th": "สิงคโปร์",
   "en": "Singapore"
  }
 ],
 "market_stats": null,
 "primary_image": {
  "file": "jimat/jimat-baju-rajah-syirik-e81a39.jpg",
  "source": "commons",
  "title": "File:Baju Rajah (Syirik).jpg",
  "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Baju_Rajah_%28Syirik%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
  "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156701516",
  "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
  "author": "Muhamad Izzul Fiqih",
  "credit": "Own work",
  "view": "other",
  "alt_th": "ยันต์มลายู",
  "alt_en": "Jimat / azimat (Islamic-Malay written amulet) — Baju Rajah ini milik Ibrahim bin Abdul Gani dengan sebutan Datuk Ahim. Ia seorang Panglima Selempang Merah dari Desa Par",
  "sha256": "708d408beae22908cfd4dafb34e554dfa61cbe33e83a09895abe1d5173f148bb",
  "width": 3994,
  "height": 6643,
  "primary": true
 },
 "tier_labels": {
  "en": {
   "catalogue": "Catalogue — checkable against the corpus (catalog.db, a transcribed treatise)",
   "cited": "Cited — a named external source, linked",
   "tradition": "Tradition — general knowledge of the wider tradition, hedged",
   "inference": "Inference — this project's own reasoning from the above",
   "field": "Field — someone stood there"
  },
  "th": {
   "catalogue": "จากคลัง",
   "cited": "อ้างอิงแหล่ง",
   "tradition": "ตามประเพณี",
   "inference": "อนุมาน",
   "field": "พบเห็นเอง"
  }
 }
}