{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "jade-buddha-burmese",
 "level": "kind",
 "parent": null,
 "names": {
  "th": "พระหยกพม่า",
  "roman": "kyauk sein hpaya",
  "en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant",
  "aliases": {
   "th": [
    "จี้หยกพม่า",
    "พระหยก",
    "หยกพม่าแท้",
    "พระหยกเจไดต์"
   ],
   "roman": [
    "phra yok phama",
    "jade Buddha",
    "Burma jade Buddha",
    "jadeite Buddha pendant"
   ],
   "en": [
    "jade Buddha pendant",
    "Burma jade amulet",
    "jadeite Buddha"
   ]
  },
  "other_scripts": {
   "my": "ကျောက်စိမ်းဘုရား"
  }
 },
 "region": [
  "mm"
 ],
 "axes": {
  "class": "phra_khrueang",
  "functions": [
   "khum_khrong",
   "chok_lap",
   "khlaeo_khlat"
  ],
  "materials": [],
  "figures": [
   "buddha"
  ]
 },
 "form": {
  "type": "figure",
  "shape_th": "จี้แกะสลักจากหยกเจไดต์ องค์พระนั่งหรือพระสังกัจจายน์ สีเขียว ขาว ม่วง มักเจาะรูร้อยเชือกหรือเลี่ยมทอง",
  "shape_en": "A carved jadeite pendant — a seated Buddha, sometimes a Sangkachai or a reclining figure — green, white or lavender, drilled for a cord or set in a gold bail. Carved, not moulded; no two identical.",
  "size_mm": null,
  "wearable_th": "ห้อยคอด้วยเชือกหรือเลี่ยมทอง",
  "wearable_en": "Hung at the neck on a cord or in a gold frame",
  "obverse_th": "องค์พระนูน",
  "obverse_en": "The figure in relief",
  "reverse_th": "เรียบขัดมัน",
  "reverse_en": "Flat and polished",
  "notes_en": "Materials axis left empty: the vault has no key for jade. The material is the record — jadeite, not nephrite, and untreated (A), bleached-and-polymer (B) or dyed (C)."
 },
 "iconography": [
  {
   "th": "พระพุทธรูปนั่งสมาธิ",
   "en": "seated Buddha in meditation"
  },
  {
   "th": "พระสังกัจจายน์",
   "en": "Sangkachai, common in Thai listings of Burmese jade"
  },
  {
   "th": "พระนอน",
   "en": "reclining Buddha"
  }
 ],
 "origin": {
  "wat_slug": null,
  "wat_th": "",
  "wat_en": "",
  "maker_th": "ช่างแกะหยกมัณฑะเลย์และตลาดหยก",
  "maker_en": "Mandalay lapidaries and the Mandalay jade market; King Mindon (1857–78) let Chinese lapidaries set up there to work stone between Burma and China",
  "era_th": "เหมืองผากันต์ รัฐกะฉิ่น",
  "era_en": "Stone from the Hpakant mines, Kachin State, 350 km north of Mandalay on the Uyu River; Chinese sources note Burmese jadeite from the 10th century",
  "place_th": "ผากันต์ (แหล่งหิน) และมัณฑะเลย์ (แกะสลัก)",
  "place_en": "Hpakant (stone) and Mandalay (carving and trade)",
  "first_attested": ""
 },
 "diagnostics": [
  {
   "th": "หยกเจไดต์ผิวขัดเป็นมันวาวแบบแก้ว หยกเนไฟรต์มันแบบน้ำมัน เจไดต์หนักกว่า",
   "en": "Jadeite polishes to a vitreous lustre; nephrite polishes oily. Jadeite is denser and has the higher refractive index",
   "source": "s:en-wiki-jadeite",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "เขียวจักรพรรดิมาจากโครเมียม สีในก้อนเดียวมักไม่สม่ำเสมอ",
   "en": "Imperial green comes from traces of chromium, and colour in a single stone is usually uneven; a flat, even green across the whole pendant is the thing to look at twice",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-jade",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "เกรด A ธรรมชาติ · B ฟอกและอัดเรซิน · C ย้อมสี · B+C ทั้งสองอย่าง",
   "en": "A untreated; B bleached and polymer-impregnated; C dyed; B+C both. Under a loupe dye pools in fractures, and polymer dulls the lustre",
   "source": "s:th-wiki-jade",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ตลาดมัณฑะเลย์ส่องด้วยไฟ UV",
   "en": "Mandalay traders inspect rough with a portable UV torch; polymer in B jade fluoresces where natural stone stays dull",
   "source": "s:tradition",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "th": "แกะสลัก ไม่ใช่พิมพ์ — ไม่มีตะเข็บแม่พิมพ์ รอยเครื่องมือมองเห็นใต้แว่น",
   "en": "Carved, not pressed: no mould seam, and tool marks read under the loupe. A moulded 'jade' with a seam is glass or resin",
   "source": "s:vault-materials",
   "tier": "inference"
  }
 ],
 "confusable_with": [
  {
   "id": "kuan-im",
   "tell_th": "เจ้าแม่กวนอิมหยกเป็นรูปสตรียืนถือแจกัน · พระหยกพม่าเป็นพระพุทธรูป",
   "tell_en": "Jade Guanyin pendants show a standing woman with a vase; a Burmese jade Buddha is a Buddha. Same stone, same trade, different figure and class."
  },
  {
   "id": "pixiu",
   "tell_th": "ปี่เซียะเป็นสัตว์หยก · พระหยกเป็นพระ",
   "tell_en": "A pixiu is a jade beast for wealth; this is a Buddha for veneration."
  },
  {
   "id": "rup-lo",
   "tell_th": "รูปหล่อเป็นโลหะหล่อ มีตะเข็บ · พระหยกแกะจากหิน",
   "tell_en": "A cast figure is metal with a seam; a jade Buddha is carved stone with tool marks."
  }
 ],
 "market": {
  "search": [
   "หยกพม่า"
  ],
  "excludes": [],
  "tier": "retail"
 },
 "media": {
  "commons_categories": [
   "Category:Jade market in Mandalay (Myanmar)",
   "Category:Jadeite"
  ],
  "commons_files": [
   "File:Unfinished Jadeite rock with jade Buddha.jpg",
   "File:Mandalay-Jademarkt-40-Jade-gje.jpg",
   "File:Mandalay-Jademarkt-44-Juwelier-gje.jpg",
   "File:MandalayJadeInspection.jpg",
   "File:Jadeite Sodium aluminum silicate Burma 3025.jpg",
   "File:Burmese jadeite faceted stones - - Burke Museum.jpg"
  ],
  "wanted_en": "No free photograph of a wearable Burmese jade Buddha pendant exists on Commons as of 2026-09-02; the listed files show a museum Buddha on rough jadeite, the Mandalay market, and raw Burmese stone. Needed: one pendant straight on with its bail, and a loupe frame of a dyed fracture."
 },
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   "author": "Lilaac",
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   "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า",
   "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — Unprocessed Jadeite rock with a finished Jade Buddha on its side, from China, on public display at Museum of Natural His",
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   "license": "Public domain",
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   "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า",
   "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — Image of jadeite (also known as sodium aluminum silicate), a pyroxene mineral. This sample was excavated in northern Mya",
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 ],
 "text": {
  "what_th": "จี้พระพุทธรูปแกะจากหยกเจไดต์พม่า หินจากเหมืองผากันต์ในรัฐกะฉิ่น แกะและขายที่มัณฑะเลย์ ตลาดไทยขายในชื่อ 'หยกพม่าแท้' เรื่องสำคัญคือเนื้อหิน — เจไดต์หรือเนไฟรต์ ธรรมชาติหรือย้อม",
  "what_en": "A Buddha pendant carved from Burmese jadeite: stone from the Hpakant mines in Kachin State, cut and traded in Mandalay, sold in Thailand as 'genuine Burma jade'. A Buddha image with nobody home; the whole question is the stone — jadeite or nephrite, untreated or bleached and dyed.",
  "story_th": "พม่าผลิตหยกเจไดต์คุณภาพสูงราวร้อยละ ๗๐ ของโลก จีนรู้จักหยกพม่ามาตั้งแต่ศตวรรษที่ ๑๐ พระเจ้าเฉียนหลงถึงกับทำสงครามเพื่อหยกเขียว พระเจ้ามินดงอนุญาตให้ช่างจีนตั้งโรงแกะที่มัณฑะเลย์ เหมืองผากันต์ถล่มซ้ำ ปี ๒๕๖๓ ตายกว่า ๑๗๐ คน หินที่สวมคอมีประวัตินี้ติดมา",
  "story_en": "Myanmar supplies around seventy per cent of the world's high-quality jadeite. Chinese sources note Burmese stone from the tenth century; the Qianlong Emperor went to war for green jade; King Mindon let Chinese lapidaries set up in Mandalay, and the market there still grinds, polishes and inspects it by UV torch. Hpakant's landslides killed more than a hundred in 2015 and more than 170 in 2020. The Myanma Gems Enterprise grades imperial, commercial and utility jade, the last for carving. The pendant on a cord carries all of that.",
  "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง ดูแลอย่างพระเครื่อง คำถามคือของแท้ไหมและหินอะไร",
  "keeping_en": "Nobody home and nothing owed: a Buddha image, kept as any phra khrueang. The provenance question is authenticity and stone grade, never spiritual safety."
 },
 "sources": [
  "s:vault-classes",
  "s:en-wiki-jadeite",
  "s:en-wiki-hpakant",
  "s:en-wiki-jade-trade-myanmar",
  "s:th-wiki-jade",
  "s:catalog-db",
  "s:tradition"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:en-wiki-jade-trade-myanmar"
  },
  "fields": {
   "axes": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-classes"
   },
   "axes.materials": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-materials",
    "note": "empty: no jade key in the vault; see form.notes_en"
   },
   "names": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:catalog-db",
    "note": "Thai aliases from listing titles; roman is a Burmese gloss (kyauk sein = jade), tier inference"
   },
   "form": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:catalog-db",
    "note": "figure types from Thai listing titles; carving from Commons file descriptions"
   },
   "diagnostics": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:th-wiki-jade",
    "note": "jadeite/nephrite and A/B/C cited; UV and loupe readings inference"
   },
   "market": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:catalog-db",
    "note": "หยกพม่า in 4 titles; พระหยก in 1"
   },
   "axes.functions": {
    "tier": "tradition",
    "source": "s:tradition",
    "note": "listing copy promises luck and protection; hedged"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "medium",
 "needs_verification": true,
 "updated": "2026-09-02",
 "class_facts": {
  "key": "phra_khrueang",
  "term": "พระเครื่อง",
  "roman": "phra khrueang",
  "en_gloss": "Buddhist amulet",
  "resident": "none",
  "upkeep": "none",
  "provenance_sensitivity": "low",
  "definition": "A votive Buddha image or famous-monk amulet. Power = the barami of the maker plus the consecration (ปลุกเสก). No occupant. Its provenance question is purely one of authenticity and market value, never of spiritual safety.",
  "confidence": "high"
 },
 "function_terms": [
  {
   "key": "khum_khrong",
   "term": "คุ้มครอง",
   "roman": "khum khrong",
   "en": "general protection, watching over",
   "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."
  },
  {
   "key": "chok_lap",
   "term": "โชคลาภ",
   "roman": "chok lap",
   "en": "luck and windfall",
   "definition": "Fortune arriving from outside — lottery, gifts, unexpected gain. โชค is the luck, ลาภ the thing that turns up because of it."
  },
  {
   "key": "khlaeo_khlat",
   "term": "แคล้วคลาด",
   "roman": "khlaeo khlat",
   "en": "evasion, narrow escape",
   "definition": "Harm passes by — the accident happens to the next vehicle, the bullet goes wide, you left the building early. Distinct in kind from คงกระพัน: nothing strikes you at all, so nothing needs to be resisted."
  }
 ],
 "material_terms": [],
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "mm",
   "th": "พม่า · เมียนมา",
   "en": "Myanmar"
  }
 ],
 "market_stats": {
  "listings": 4,
  "priced": 4,
  "median_thb": 149.0,
  "typical_thb": [
   59.0,
   1888.0
  ],
  "source": "s:catalog-db",
  "tier": "catalogue",
  "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"
 },
 "primary_image": {
  "file": "jade-buddha-burmese/jade-buddha-burmese-unfinished-jadeite-rock-with-jade-buddha-4d448f.jpg",
  "source": "commons",
  "title": "File:Unfinished Jadeite rock with jade Buddha.jpg",
  "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Unfinished_Jadeite_rock_with_jade_Buddha.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
  "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7041422",
  "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
  "author": "Lilaac",
  "credit": "Own work",
  "view": "other",
  "alt_th": "พระหยกพม่า",
  "alt_en": "Burmese jadeite Buddha pendant — Unprocessed Jadeite rock with a finished Jade Buddha on its side, from China, on public display at Museum of Natural His",
  "sha256": "c9939c50ed8b7a5574e363d9073e75bba49a7608bd27a2d479192224619187bb",
  "width": 3357,
  "height": 2233,
  "primary": true
 },
 "tier_labels": {
  "en": {
   "catalogue": "Catalogue — checkable against the corpus (catalog.db, a transcribed treatise)",
   "cited": "Cited — a named external source, linked",
   "tradition": "Tradition — general knowledge of the wider tradition, hedged",
   "inference": "Inference — this project's own reasoning from the above",
   "field": "Field — someone stood there"
  },
  "th": {
   "catalogue": "จากคลัง",
   "cited": "อ้างอิงแหล่ง",
   "tradition": "ตามประเพณี",
   "inference": "อนุมาน",
   "field": "พบเห็นเอง"
  }
 }
}