{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "fu-talisman",
 "level": "kind",
 "parent": null,
 "names": {
  "th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน",
  "roman": "fu",
  "en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu)",
  "aliases": {
   "th": [
    "ฮู้",
    "ฮู้จีน",
    "ยันต์จีน",
    "ยันต์กระดาษจีน",
    "ยันต์เซียนจีน"
   ],
   "roman": [
    "fulu",
    "hu",
    "hu-a",
    "phù",
    "phù lục"
   ],
   "en": [
    "fulu",
    "Chinese paper charm",
    "Daoist talisman"
   ]
  },
  "other_scripts": {
   "zh": "符 · 符籙",
   "vi": "phù lục · bùa"
  }
 },
 "region": [
  "diaspora",
  "th",
  "my",
  "sg"
 ],
 "axes": {
  "class": "yantra_wattu",
  "functions": [
   "khum_khrong",
   "kan_phi"
  ],
  "materials": [],
  "figures": [
   "none"
  ]
 },
 "form": {
  "type": "other",
  "shape_th": "กระดาษเหลืองแผ่นยาวแนวตั้ง เขียนหมึกแดง (ชาด) หรือดำ ประทับตราแดง",
  "shape_en": "A tall narrow strip of yellow paper written top to bottom in cinnabar-red or black ink and stamped with a red seal; printed versions are sold at shrines",
  "size_mm": null,
  "wearable_th": "พับพกติดตัว ติดเหนือประตู หรือเผาละลายน้ำดื่ม",
  "wearable_en": "Folded and carried, pasted above a door, or burned and the ash stirred into water that is drunk; three uses, one object",
  "obverse_th": "หัวยันต์ (三清 สามขีด) ตัวยันต์ ท้ายยันต์ และตรา",
  "obverse_en": "Header (three ticks for the Three Pure Ones), body, foot, and seal",
  "reverse_th": "เปล่า",
  "reverse_en": "Plain",
  "notes_en": "Thai listing titles call it ยันต์ฮู้จีน / ยันต์กระดาษ / ยันต์เซียนจีน and say พกติดตัว ติดบ้าน (carry, or post at home)."
 },
 "iconography": [
  {
   "th": "สามขีดบนหัวยันต์แทนสามบริสุทธิ์",
   "en": "Three ticks at the head for the Three Pure Ones (三清)"
  },
  {
   "th": "อักษรคำสั่ง 敕令 'บัญชา'",
   "en": "The command formula 敕令 near the top on many types"
  },
  {
   "th": "อักษรซ้อนและเส้นยันต์ที่อ่านไม่ได้",
   "en": "Stacked characters and asemic strokes in the body"
  },
  {
   "th": "ตราแดงของสำนักหรือศาลเจ้า",
   "en": "Red seal of the shrine or lineage"
  }
 ],
 "origin": {
  "wat_slug": null,
  "wat_th": "",
  "wat_en": "",
  "maker_th": "ดาวสือ (道士) หรือหมอพิธี (法師) และศาลเจ้าจีน",
  "maker_en": "Daoist priests (daoshi) and ritual masters (fashi); in Southeast Asia also spirit mediums and shrine counters",
  "era_th": "ฮู้สมัยฮั่นมีบนไม้ไผ่จารึก ประเพณีสืบมา",
  "era_en": "Han-dynasty fu survive on bamboo slips; the practice is continuous",
  "place_th": "จีน แพร่ตามชุมชนจีนในไทย มาเลเซีย สิงคโปร์ เวียดนาม",
  "place_en": "China, carried by Chinese communities into Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam",
  "first_attested": ""
 },
 "diagnostics": [
  {
   "th": "กระดาษเหลือง หมึกแดงชาดหรือดำ",
   "en": "Yellow paper, cinnabar-red or black ink; the colours are the first read",
   "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "สามส่วน: หัว (สามขีด) ตัว ท้าย พร้อมตรา",
   "en": "Three parts, header with three ticks, body, foot, plus a seal impression; a sheet missing the seal is unfinished by the tradition's own account",
   "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ใช้สามทาง: ติด พก หรือเผาละลายน้ำ",
   "en": "Three uses: pasted, carried, or burned into 符水 talisman water; the type name (平安符, 鎮宅符, 護身符, 五雷符) says which",
   "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "อักษรผิดรูป ยืดยาว ซ้อนกัน อ่านไม่ออกโดยตั้งใจ",
   "en": "Irregular strokes that stretch or stack characters and mix in non-characters; deliberately unreadable to the uninitiated",
   "source": "s:en-wiki-fulu",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "th": "ในไทยขายเป็น 'ยันต์ฮู้จีน' พกติดตัว ติดบ้าน และมีฮู้ผ้าลายเทพ",
   "en": "Thai retail sells it as ยันต์ฮู้จีน for carrying or posting at home, and also a cloth version printed with a deity (ฮู้ยันต์ผ้า); the cloth form is a Thai-market crossover with ผ้ายันต์",
   "source": "s:catalog-db",
   "tier": "catalogue"
  },
  {
   "th": "ฮู้จากร่างทรงในเทศกาลกินเจมักเขียนสด บางทีด้วยเลือด — ความเชื่อในวงการ ยังไม่ตรวจ",
   "en": "Fu issued by spirit mediums at the Nine Emperor / vegetarian festival are said to be written in trance, sometimes with the medium's blood. The trade holds this; not verified against a source here",
   "source": "s:tradition",
   "tier": "tradition"
  }
 ],
 "confusable_with": [
  {
   "id": "bua",
   "tell_th": "bùa คือกรอบเวียดนาม รวมถุงผ้าและของโลหะ ฮู้คือแผ่นกระดาษเต๋าเอง",
   "tell_en": "Bùa is the Vietnamese word around the same paper, extended to cloth pouches and metal; the fu is the Taoist yellow strip itself."
  },
  {
   "id": "pha-yan",
   "tell_th": "ผ้ายันต์ไทยเป็นผ้า อักษรขอม ยันต์ตาราง ฮู้เป็นกระดาษเหลืองอักษรจีน",
   "tell_en": "Thai yantra cloth is cloth, in Khom script, in grids; the fu is yellow paper in stretched Chinese script. Thai shops now sell a cloth ฮู้ that sits between the two."
  },
  {
   "id": "takrut",
   "tell_th": "ตะกรุดม้วนโลหะ ฮู้พับกระดาษ",
   "tell_en": "A takrut is rolled metal; a fu is folded paper. Both carried, both impersonal."
  },
  {
   "id": "khmer-yantra-cloth",
   "tell_th": "ยันต์เขมรเป็นผ้าอักษรขอม",
   "tell_en": "Khmer yantra is cloth in Khmer script; the fu is paper in Chinese."
  }
 ],
 "market": {
  "search": [
   "ฮู้",
   "ยันต์จีน"
  ],
  "excludes": [
   "ฮู้ด"
  ],
  "tier": "retail"
 },
 "media": {
  "commons_categories": [],
  "commons_files": [
   "File:Fulu from Chao Pho Suea Shrine in Bangkok, March 2023.jpg",
   "File:道教符.jpg",
   "File:深坑集順廟的肅符兼平安符.jpg",
   "File:ZhongHe GuangJi Temple 2018 廣濟宮門符.jpg",
   "File:A Taoist magic writing on a bulletin board of Hsinchu City God Temple.jpg",
   "File:Chinese Fulu talisman han dynasty 乌程汉简浙江出土.jpg"
  ],
  "wanted_en": "A single sheet flat and straight on, with header ticks, body and seal all legible, from a Thai or Malaysian shrine; and one pasted over a shophouse door. Category:Fulu is empty on Commons as of 2026-09-02."
 },
 "text": {
  "what_th": "กระดาษเหลืองเขียนหมึกแดงหรือดำเป็นอักษรคำสั่งและเส้นยันต์ตามแบบเต๋า ประทับตรา ใช้ติดบ้าน พกติดตัว หรือเผาละลายน้ำดื่ม ศาลเจ้าจีนในไทย มาเลเซีย สิงคโปร์ออกให้ ไทยเรียกยันต์ฮู้จีน พลังอยู่ที่อักษรและตรา ไม่มีผู้สถิต",
  "what_en": "The Taoist paper talisman: a yellow strip written in red or black with commands to spirits and asemic strokes, sealed, and then pasted over a door, carried folded, or burned into water and drunk. Chinese shrines in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore issue them; Thai retail calls them ยันต์ฮู้จีน. Power in the writing and the seal, nobody home.",
  "story_th": "ผู้เขียนคือดาวสือหรือหมอพิธีที่ได้รับสืบทอดวิชา อักษรตั้งใจให้อ่านไม่ออก มีหัว ตัว ท้าย และตรา ประเภทบอกหน้าที่ — ผิงอันฮู้ ปกป้อง เจิ้นไจ๋ฮู้ ตรึงบ้าน อู่เหลยฮู้ ห้าอสนี ในไทยศาลเจ้าขายฉบับพิมพ์ และร้านออนไลน์ขายในชื่อยันต์ฮู้จีน 'ผ่านพิธีอธิษฐานจิตแล้ว พกติดตัว ติดบ้าน'",
  "story_en": "A daoshi or fashi who has received the craft writes it, and the writing is meant to be unreadable: instructions to deities, exorcistic signs, occasionally a recipe. The type names the job: 平安符 for safety, 鎮宅符 to settle a house, 護身符 to guard the body, 五雷符 the five thunders. Han-dynasty examples survive on bamboo. In Bangkok the Chao Pho Suea shrine sells printed sheets; online, Thai sellers list ยันต์ฮู้จีน as already blessed, to carry or post at home, and a cloth version printed with Nezha.",
  "keeping_th": "ไม่มีผู้อยู่ ไม่ต้องเลี้ยง หมดอายุหรือขาดให้เผา ไม่ทิ้งถัง",
  "keeping_en": "Nobody home, nothing owed. When it has done its year or is torn it is burned, not binned, which the trade holds and the record does not verify. A fu that a medium wrote for a named person is still impersonal in class; the personalisation is in the writing, not in a resident."
 },
 "sources": [
  "s:zh-wiki-fulu",
  "s:en-wiki-fulu",
  "s:vi-wiki-phu-luc",
  "s:catalog-db",
  "s:vault-classes",
  "s:tradition"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu"
  },
  "fields": {
   "axes": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "note": "yantra_wattu by analogy; the vault's members are Thai"
   },
   "names.th": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:catalog-db",
    "note": "Lazada titles: ยันต์ฮู้จีน ยันต์กระดาษ ยันต์เซียนจีน; ฮู้ยันต์ผ้า"
   },
   "origin.maker_en": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:zh-wiki-fulu",
    "note": "Southeast Asian mediums and shrine counters: tradition"
   },
   "text.keeping_en": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:vault-classes"
   },
   "market": {
    "tier": "catalogue",
    "source": "s:catalog-db",
    "note": "8 titles on ฮู้ and 1 on ยันต์จีน as of 2026-09-02"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "medium",
 "needs_verification": false,
 "updated": "2026-09-02",
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-fulu-from-chao-pho-suea-shrine-in-bangko-a88fa6.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Fulu from Chao Pho Suea Shrine in Bangkok, March 2023.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Fulu_from_Chao_Pho_Suea_Shrine_in_Bangkok%2C_March_2023.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133835109",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "HMGiovanniV",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน",
   "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​曼谷四枋厂古庙售卖的符箓",
   "sha256": "3a04f38f9fc07c5a779b273fcb23b093841f282c442d6f2818dae4adcf0f3ef8",
   "width": 4032,
   "height": 2268,
   "primary": true
  },
  {
   "file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-jpg-dc3bab.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:道教符.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99%E7%AC%A6.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7901081",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Mkckim",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน",
   "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​道教符",
   "sha256": "305b550d860a27eba462fae7074e0090ba49cb9cce42a7bd0bfebebfb46f86b1",
   "width": 795,
   "height": 1621
  },
  {
   "file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-zhonghe-guangji-temple-2018-f86130.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:ZhongHe GuangJi Temple 2018 廣濟宮門符.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/ZhongHe_GuangJi_Temple_2018_%E5%BB%A3%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%AE%E9%96%80%E7%AC%A6.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69524929",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Taiwankengo",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน",
   "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​ZhongHe GuangJi Temple   2018 廣濟宮門符",
   "sha256": "bdf82950b4b7bd7ed2c0b4ae586da868826588352b6dd03eac8f0847b9f266de",
   "width": 3264,
   "height": 4896
  },
  {
   "file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-a-taoist-magic-writing-on-a-bulletin-boa-04c20f.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:A Taoist magic writing on a bulletin board of Hsinchu City God Temple.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/A_Taoist_magic_writing_on_a_bulletin_board_of_Hsinchu_City_God_Temple.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=101261192",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Nomad112",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน",
   "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​新竹都城隍廟廟口公布欄上香條",
   "sha256": "c628bbfe5dc745f5d6c57c56aed026f4f812260b507ab4ce533877a5fbd790ea",
   "width": 3632,
   "height": 5456
  },
  {
   "file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-chinese-fulu-talisman-han-dynasty-884575.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Chinese Fulu talisman han dynasty 乌程汉简浙江出土.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Chinese_Fulu_talisman_han_dynasty_%E4%B9%8C%E7%A8%8B%E6%B1%89%E7%AE%80%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139244364",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author",
   "credit": "http://wwj.zj.gov.cn/art/2023/5/19/art_1639083_59057140.html",
   "view": "other",
   "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน",
   "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — Chinese \"Fulu\" talisman from the Han dynasty, part of the Wucheng Bamboo-slips, found in Zhejiang",
   "sha256": "3f526efaecf60239ee1b1d6be35d27ed817336ed9088a2f7a008c792f1f73ba7",
   "width": 707,
   "height": 960
  }
 ],
 "class_facts": {
  "key": "yantra_wattu",
  "term": "วัตถุมงคล (ยันต์)",
  "roman": "wattu mongkhon",
  "en_gloss": "blessed/inscribed object",
  "resident": "none",
  "upkeep": "none",
  "provenance_sensitivity": "low",
  "definition": "Takrut, yantra cloth, blessed medallions — power in the inscription and the rite. Impersonal.",
  "confidence": "high"
 },
 "function_terms": [
  {
   "key": "khum_khrong",
   "term": "คุ้มครอง",
   "roman": "khum khrong",
   "en": "general protection, watching over",
   "definition": "Unspecified guardianship. **A holding pen, not a category** — when a source says only คุ้มครอง it usually has not said which of the specific functions above it means. Treat its presence as a gap to close, not an answer."
  },
  {
   "key": "kan_phi",
   "term": "กันผี",
   "roman": "kan phi",
   "en": "warding spirits",
   "definition": "Against ผี specifically — the dead, the hungry, the malicious — not against human violence. A different threat model from คงกระพัน entirely."
  }
 ],
 "material_terms": [],
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "diaspora",
   "th": "ชุมชนไทยโพ้นทะเล",
   "en": "Overseas Thai / Chinese-Thai collector communities"
  },
  {
   "key": "th",
   "th": "ทั่วประเทศไทย",
   "en": "Thailand, not regionally specific"
  },
  {
   "key": "my",
   "th": "มาเลเซีย",
   "en": "Malaysia"
  },
  {
   "key": "sg",
   "th": "สิงคโปร์",
   "en": "Singapore"
  }
 ],
 "market_stats": {
  "listings": 8,
  "priced": 8,
  "median_thb": 64.0,
  "typical_thb": [
   15.0,
   1200.0
  ],
  "source": "s:catalog-db",
  "tier": "catalogue",
  "note": "title matches only; delete-then-test excludes applied"
 },
 "primary_image": {
  "file": "fu-talisman/fu-talisman-fulu-from-chao-pho-suea-shrine-in-bangko-a88fa6.jpg",
  "source": "commons",
  "title": "File:Fulu from Chao Pho Suea Shrine in Bangkok, March 2023.jpg",
  "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Fulu_from_Chao_Pho_Suea_Shrine_in_Bangkok%2C_March_2023.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
  "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133835109",
  "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
  "author": "HMGiovanniV",
  "credit": "Own work",
  "view": "other",
  "alt_th": "ยันต์ฮู้จีน",
  "alt_en": "Taoist paper talisman (fu) — ​曼谷四枋厂古庙售卖的符箓",
  "sha256": "3a04f38f9fc07c5a779b273fcb23b093841f282c442d6f2818dae4adcf0f3ef8",
  "width": 4032,
  "height": 2268,
  "primary": true
 },
 "tier_labels": {
  "en": {
   "catalogue": "Catalogue — checkable against the corpus (catalog.db, a transcribed treatise)",
   "cited": "Cited — a named external source, linked",
   "tradition": "Tradition — general knowledge of the wider tradition, hedged",
   "inference": "Inference — this project's own reasoning from the above",
   "field": "Field — someone stood there"
  },
  "th": {
   "catalogue": "จากคลัง",
   "cited": "อ้างอิงแหล่ง",
   "tradition": "ตามประเพณี",
   "inference": "อนุมาน",
   "field": "พบเห็นเอง"
  }
 }
}